TOPIC 1
2types of interview method
Direct
Indirect
DIRECT METHOD- The researcher personally interviews the respondent.
INDIRECT METHOD-The researcher uses telephone to interview the respondents.
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD-A questionnaire is a list of well-planned questions written on paper.
Guided-Response Type- The respondent is guided in making his/her reply.
Recall Type
➢ Profile variables
➢ Example: Age, sex, civil status. Length of stay in a community
➢ Number of times you have been hospitalized due to a serious illness.
Recognition Type- Using pictures/illustrations
Example: Which of the following is a square?
Dichotomous Type-Answerable by yes or no.
Multiple Choice Type-There are choices
Example:Which of the following means abattoir?
Multiple Response Type- Two/more answers
Free Response Type- The respondent is not guided in giving his reply.
Rating Scale Type
Example:How serious is the drug problem in your barangay? Write
a (/) before the problem.____ very serious____ serious____ fairly serious____not serious
____ not a problem
EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION METHOD-Observation is commonly used in psychological and
anthropological studies. It is a method of obtaining data through the use of our senses.
TEST METHOD-It is widely used in psychological research and psychiatry.
Standard tests are used because of their validity,reliability, and usability.
REGISTRATION METHOD-The examples gathered using this method are those that
are obtained from the National Statistics Office, the Land Transportation Office, the Department of Education,
CHED, SEC, Supreme Court, and many other government agencies.
MECHANICAL DEVICES-The mechanical devices that can be used for social and educational research in data gathering are the
camera,projector, video tape, tape recorder, etc.
TOPIC 2
SAMPLING
measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing.
Example: Sampling makes possible the study of a large,heterogeneous population. Sampling is foreconomy, speed, and
accuracy. Sampling savesthe sources of data from being all consumed.
Probability Sampling-The sample is a proportion (a certain percent) of the
population and such sample is selected from the population by means of some systematic way in which every element of the
population has a chance of being included in the sample.
4 TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
SIMPLE RANDOM-sampling technique where members of the population are selected in such a way that each
member has an equal chance of being selected. It is also called the lottery or raffle type of sampling.
SYSTEMATIC-one chooses a starting point and then select every kth (such as every 5th) element in the population.
STRATIFIED-the population is subdivided into at least two different subpopulations (or strata)
that share the same characteristics (suchas gender), and then a sample is drawn from each stratum.
CLUSTER-the population area is divided into sections(or clusters), a few of those sections are
randomly selected, and then all the members from the selected sections are chosen as samples.
GENERAL TYPES OF SAMPLING
(Non-Probability Sampling)-The sample is not a proportion of the population and thereis no system in selecting the sample.
The selection is dependent on the situation from which the sample is taken.
TYPES OF NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience
Quota
Purposive
Snowball
CONVENIENCE-This is used because of the convenience it offers to the researchers.
Example: The researcher wishes to investigate the most popular
noontime show may just interview the respondents
through the telephone.
QUOTA-The proportions of the various subgroups in the population aredetermined and the sample is drawn to have the same
percentage in it.
Example:Suppose we want to determine the teenager’s most favorite brand of t –shirt. If there are 1000 female and 1000 male
teenagers and we want todraw 150 members for our sample, we can select 75 female and 75male teenagers from the
population without using randomization.
PURPOSIVE-This is based on certain criteria laid down by the researcher. Peoplewho satisfy the criteria are interviewed. The
respondents are chosen on the basis of their knowledge of the information desired.
Examples:If a research is to be conducted on the history of a place, the old people
of the place must be consulted and included in the sample.
Suppose the target is to find out the effectiveness of a certain kind of
shampoo. Of course bald fellows will not be included in the sample.
SNOWBALL-In this type of sampling, research participants recruit other members for the study. This method isparticularly
useful when participants might be hard to find.
