🧠 SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY • Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with

no found physical cause.

Introduction to Psychology
Structuralism
• Freud proposed that there is an
➔ Focused on structure or basic
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and unconscious (unaware) mind into which we
elements of the mind.
mental processes. push, or repress, all of our threatening urges
➔ Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology
and desires.
laboratory
5 d's of Disorder • He believed that these repressed urges, in
➔ Germany in 1879
Danger trying to surface, created nervous disorders.
➔ Developed the technique of
Deviance • Freud stressed the importance of early
objective introspection – process of
Dysfunction childhood experiences.
objectively
Duration
➔ examining and measuring one’s
Distress “We bring the unconscious to the form of
thoughts
transcendence.”
➔ and mental activities.
Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow ➔ Edward Titchener
"Free Association"
5 Stages > Wundt’s student; brought
1. Physiological Needs structuralism to America.
Mental Iceberg
2. Safety and Security 1. Conscious
3. Love and Belongingness Functionalism
2. Sub/Pre Conscious
4. Self-esteem - How the mind allows people to adapt, live,
- ideas and memories
5. Self-Actualization - a process by which an work and play.
3. Unconscious
individual reaches his full potential. - Proposed by William James
- Irrational wishes
- Influenced the modern fields of
- fear
Educational, Evolutionary and Industrial
- trauma
Organizational Psychology.
- unacceptable sexual desires
- shameful experiences
Educational Psychology
- SpEd
**Dream Analysis
Evolutionary Psychology
Wish Fulfillment**
- Dorotheo Dix
- Philip Pinel

Gestalt Psychology
- Gestalt "good figure"
- Started with Wertheimer, who studied
sensation and perception.
- Gestalt ideas are now a part of the study of
cognitive psychology, a field focusing not only
on perception but also on learning, memory,
thought processes, and problem solving.

Psychoanalysis- The theory and therapy

based on the work of Sigmund Freud
 Defense Mechanisms Projection Assigning your Feeling attracted
own to someone other Behaviorism
unacceptable than your spouse, - science of behavior that focuses on observable
Defense Description Examples feelings or then fearing that behavior only.
Mechanism qualities to your spouse is - Must be directly seen and measured.
others cheating on you - Proposed by John B. Watson.
Displacement Taking feelings Being angry at • Based much from the work of Ivan Pavlov
out on others your boss but Intellectualizati Thinking about Losing a close who demonstrated that a reflex could be
taking it out on on stressful things family member
your spouse conditioned (learned). “Classical
in a clinical way and staying busy
instead with making the Conditioning”
necessary
Denial Denying that Being the victim arrangements > The case of Little Albert taught to fear a white
something of a violent crime, instead of feeling rat.
exists yet denying that sad > Watson believed that phobias were learned.
the incident Unlearning Phobia- systematic desensitization "in
occurred Reaction Replacing an Being sad about
vivo"
Formation unwanted a recent breakup,
Repression Unconsciously Being abused as impulse with its but acting happy - Ivan Parlor
keeping a child but not opposite about it Stimulus Response- BF Skinner
unpleasant remembering the Operant conditioning
information abuse Regression Reverting to Hugging a teddy - Burhus Frederick
from your childlike bear when you're
conscious behaviors stressed, like you
mind. did when you
were a child Modern Perspectives
*most common
defense Compensation Overachieving Someone who 1. Psychodynamic Perspective
mechanism* in one area to feels insecure
- Modern version of Psychoanalysis.
compensate for academically
Suppression Consciously Being abused as failures in might - More focused on the development of a sense
keeping a child but another. compensate by of self and the discovery of other motivations
unpleasant choosing to push excelling in behind a person’s behavior than sexual
information it out of your mind athletics. motivations.
from your 2. Behavioral Perspective
conscious mind Rationalization Justifying an Being denied a - B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of
unacceptable loan for your
voluntary behavior.
Sublimation Converting Being upset with feeling or dream house,
unacceptable your spouse but behavior with then saying it's a - Behaviorism became a major force in the
impulses into going for a walk logic good thing twentieth century.
more instead of fighting because the - Skinner introduced the concept of
acceptable house was too reinforcement to behaviorism.
outlets big anyway
*there’s 3. Humanistic Perspective
presence of
Founded by: Abraham Maslow and Carl
anxiety and
pain* Rogers
"client centered therapy"
• Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the Types of psychological Behavioral Psychology
field of philosophy. - Intervention of Behavioral Functioning
Professionals
> PCT
• Humanists held the view that people have free will, Forensic Psychology
● Psychiatrist - a medical doctor who has
the freedom to choose their own destiny. - Application of the principles of psychology in
specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of
Early founders: criminal proceedings
psychological disorders.
• Abraham Maslow
● Psychoanalyst - either a psychiatrist or a
• Carl Rogers Occupational Psychology
psychologist who has special training in the
➔ application of psychology in workplace
theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of
- Emphasized the human potential, the ability
psychoanalysis.
of each person to become the best person he Developmental Psych
● Psychiatric social worker - a social worker
or she could be. ➔ study of development from childhood to
with some training in therapy methods who
• Self-actualization - achieving one’s full adulthood
focuses on the environmental conditions that
potential or actual self
can have an impact on mental disorders,
Medical Health Psychology
such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and
4. Biopsychological Perspective ➔ medicine field (psychiatry or behavioral)
drug abuse.
- attributes human and animal behavior to biological
events occurring in the body, such as genetic Biopsychology
● Psychologist - a professional with an
influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous ➔ anatomy of the human brain.
academic degree and specialized training in
system.
one or more areas of psychology.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• Can do counseling, teaching, and research and may
5. Cognitive Perspective
specialize in any one of a large number of areas within
- focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem DEVELOPMENT - Progressive series of changes of
psychology.
solving and learning. an orderly and coherent type of maturity
• Areas of specialization in psychology include clinical,
counseling, developmental, social, and personality,
Cognitive Distortion ★ Nature Vs. Nurture
among others.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Pioneered by Nature - the influence of our inherited characteristics
Aaron Beck) on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth
Branches of Psychology and social interactions.
6. Sociocultural Perspective Nurture - the influence of the environment on
- focuses on the relationship between social behavior Clinical Psychology personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and
and culture. - branch of psychology concerned with the social interactions.
assessment and treatment of mental illness
7. Evolutionary Perspective and psychological problems.
- focuses on the biological bases of universal mental -
characteristics that all humans share. Abnormal Psychology - Psychopathology
• Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as > study of abnormalities
it does.
• Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival Educational Psychology
value. - Historical Perspective

Our brain works on the principle of "use it Cognitive psychology

or lose it." - learning and mental processes
Genetics and Development Periods of Pregnancy ➢ Gross and fine motor skills develop at a fast
pace during infancy and early childhood.​
1. ​ erminal period - first two weeks after
G
★ Genetics - the science of inherited traits.​ fertilization, during which the zygote moves
down to the uterus and begins to implant in
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - special the lining embryo name for the developing
​Cognitive Development
molecule that contains the genetic material of organism from two weeks to eight weeks after ★ The development of thinking, problem
the organism.​ fertilization.​ solving, and memory scheme (plural
2. Embryonic period - the period from two to schemas) a mental concept formed through
★ Gene - section of DNA having the same eight weeks after fertilization, during which experiences with objects and events.​
arrangement of chemical elements.​ the major organs and structures of the
organism develop.​ Jean Piaget's Cognitive Stage of Development​
★ Dominant and Recessive Traits ➔ Critical periods - times during
➔ Dominant - referring to a gene that which certain environmental 1. Sensorimotor ​
actively controls the expression of a influences can have an impact on ➔ Birth to 2 years
trait.​ the development of the infant.​ 2. Preoperational ​
➔ Teratogen - any factor that can ➔ 2 to 7 years
➔ Recessive - referring to a gene that cause a birth defect.​ 3. Concrete operational​
only influences the expression of a 3. Fetal period - the time from about eight ➔ 7 to 11 years
trait when paired with an identical weeks after conception until the birth of the 4. Formal operational​
gene.​ child.​ ➔ 11 years and beyond
★ Chromosome - tightly wound strand of Fetus - name for the developing organism from eight
genetic material or DNA.​ weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby.​ Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Development​

Chromosome disorders include Down syndrome, Level 1: Preconventional Morality​

Klinefelter’s syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome, Physical Development in Infancy and Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience​
whereas, Childhood Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation​

Genetic Disorders include PKU, cystic fibrosis, sickle Level 2: Conventional Morality​
cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.​ Four critical areas of adjustment for the newborn Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation​
are:​ Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation​
❖ Conception - the moment at which a female 1. Respiration​
becomes pregnant.​ 2. Digestion​ Level 3: Postconventional Morality​
❖ Ovum - the female sex cell, or egg.​ 3. Circulation​ Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation​
❖ Fertilization - the union of the ovum 4. Temperature regulation​ Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle
and sperm.​ Orientation​
❖ Zygote - cell resulting from the uniting of the ➢ Infants are born with reflexes that help the
ovum and sperm; divides into many cells, infant survive: sucking, rooting, Moro
eventually forming the baby.​ (startle), grasping, and Babinski.​

➢ The senses, except for vision, are fairly well

developed at birth. ​
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of
Development​

1. Trust vs. Mistrust​

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt​
3. Initiative vs. Guilt​
4. Industry vs. Inferiority​
5. Identity vs. Role confusion​
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation​
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation​
8. Ego-integrity vs. Despair​

Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Stages of

Development​

1. Oral stage​
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage​
4. Latency stage​
5. Genital stage​

Godbless<3
Puhon;Padayon, PSY235!