Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University

Topic: Influence radiation on humans

Peformed: Kamashova Aruzhan

Abstract
 This article examines the effects of radiation on the human body.
Radiation can be categorized into two types: ionizing and non-ionizing.
Ionizing radiation, which can displace electrons and form ions, poses
significant health risks. Measured in "rems," radiation exposure effects
range from mild (nausea, hair loss) to severe (bleeding, cancer, or even
death). Acute radiation sickness is observed with exposures above 100
rems, while severe cases occur above 200 rems, often leading to organ
failure or death. Prolonged exposure can cause DNA mutations,
resulting in cancer or genetic disorders. While radiation is also present in
medical applications like X-rays and therapy, stringent limits are
maintained to protect human health.

Keywords
Radiation, sickness, ionizing radiation, DNA mutations, radiation
exposure, acute radiation syndrome, long-term effects

Introduction
Radiation is an integral yet controversial part of human life. It is used
extensively in medicine, industry, and research to advance technology
and improve quality of life. However, radiation also poses significant
risks, especially ionizing radiation, which has the potential to cause
severe harm to living tissues. The ability of ionizing radiation to displace
electrons in atoms creates ions, leading to cellular damage. This damage,
depending on the dose and duration of exposure, can range from mild
symptoms like nausea to long-term effects, such as cancer and genetic
mutations, or even immediate death in cases of high exposure.
The effects of radiation on the human body have been studied
extensively following nuclear accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster
and the Three Mile Island incident. These events serve as tragic
reminders of the potential consequences of radiation exposure.
Understanding radiation's biological impact is crucial not only for
medical applications, such as X-rays and radiation therapy, but also for
managing risks in nuclear energy production and responding to
accidental or intentional radiation exposure.
This paper explores the mechanisms of radiation's impact on the human
body, distinguishing between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and
focuses on the effects of acute and chronic exposure. By analyzing data
from real-world incidents and scientific studies, this work aims to
provide a comprehensive overview of the health risks posed by radiation
and the measures necessary to mitigate these dangers.

Method
This study employs a comprehensive analytical approach to assess the
impact of ionizing radiation on the human body. Data is gathered from
documented nuclear incidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster and the
Three Mile Island incident, as well as from clinical observations and
peer-reviewed studies. Dosimetric measurements are used to correlate
radiation exposure levels with biological effects, focusing on acute
radiation sickness and long-term consequences like DNA mutations and
cancer. The methodology also includes a comparative analysis of safety
measures and exposure limits in medical and industrial applications to
identify best practices for minimizing risks.

Results
The analysis reveals that radiation exposure has a dose-dependent
effect on the human body. Acute radiation sickness occurs at exposure
levels exceeding 100 rems, with symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and
a decrease in white blood cells. At higher doses, ranging from 300 to
1000 rems, severe organ damage and high mortality rates are observed.
Long-term exposure, even at lower doses, can lead to DNA damage,
mutations, and increased cancer risk. Studies on Chernobyl survivors
highlight significant increases in thyroid cancer and leukemia.
Moreover, the research confirms the efficacy of stringent exposure limits
and protective measures in reducing radiation-related health risks in
medical and industrial settings.

Discussion
The findings underline the critical need for stringent safety protocols to
limit radiation exposure, especially in high-risk settings such as nuclear
energy and medical diagnostics. Historical incidents like Chernobyl
demonstrate the catastrophic consequences of inadequate safeguards and
poor crisis management. The data also emphasize the importance of
monitoring and supporting individuals exposed to radiation, both
immediately and over the long term. Advances in medical technology,
such as precision radiation therapies, highlight the potential to harness
radiation's benefits while mitigating its risks. Future research should
focus on genetic studies to better understand radiation-induced
 mutations and the development of protective drugs and treatments to
mitigate exposure effects.

Conclusion
Radiation is a powerful force with both beneficial and harmful effects
on human health and the environment. While its applications in
medicine and industry have brought significant advancements, the risks
associated with ionizing radiation demand careful management. The
study highlights the dose-dependent nature of radiation effects, ranging
from acute sickness to long-term genetic damage and cancer. Historical
disasters, such as the Chernobyl incident, underline the importance of
strict safety measures, effective crisis management, and public
awareness. Moving forward, ongoing research and technological
innovations are essential to mitigate radiation risks while maximizing its
potential benefits.

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