GENERAL GEOLOGY (LESSON 1) BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY

GEOLOGY: The study of the Earth and its system. General Geology Ore deposits-Geochemistry

What is Geology? ✓ Structural Geology ✓ Mineral deposits

- Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Zoology, Botany, ✓ Sedimentology-sedimentary ✓ Geochemistry
Construction, Mining, and other engineering courses. petrography
- the history of the earth ✓ Petroleum Geology
- its combination of rock ✓ Stratigraphy
- soil and water Mineralogy-Petrography Applied Geology
- science of studying evolution
✓ Mineralogy ✓ Engineering Geology
Geological engineering:
- provides the use of geological data for practical engineering purposes. ✓ Petrography ✓ Hydrogeology

✓ Mathematical Geology
Relationship between Geological Engineering and other engineering
sciences
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
Civil Engineering:
➢ The Earth is a unique planet with an abundance of water.
- safety and economical construction of buildings.
The Earth consists of core, mantle, and crust.
Mining Engineering: * 70% of the earth is composed of water
- safety and economical factors in mining deposition operating and
development. CRUST

Petroleum Engineering: - outer surface of the Earth

- economic design for extracting petroleum and obtaining petroleum - makes up less than 1 of Earth and is
products. of two types: - Oceanic crust
- Continental crust.
Geophysical Engineering:
- earth physical properties and its engineering applications.
Architecture: - project designing
OCEANIC CRUST CONTINENTAL CRUST
City and Regional Planners:
*beneath ocean *beneath surface/land
- The magma that erupts from - The igneous, metamorphic, and
seafloor cools down to create sedimentary rocks make up the
intrusive igneous rocks. continental crust.
- The sediments are thickest - The continental crust rises
near the shore. *(oceanic crust higher than oceanic crust due to
formed) its low density.
 ➢ Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on
MANTLE
continents that are now far apart. This suggested that these
- 68 percent of the Earth's composition. continents were once joined together and that the plants and
- features/made up of solid rocks from animals lived there before the continents drifted apart.
seismic waves, heat flow, and
meteorites, and it is hot. ➢ Continental drift was not widely accepted at the time because
*shields the hotness of core Wegener could not explain what force was causing the continents to
*boundary ng init at tubig move.
CORE - However, the theory helped to lay the foundation for the theory of
plate tectonics, which is the modern explanation for continental
- 31 percent of the composition of Earth. * heat creates geothermal movement.
- said to be a metal heat
- made up of nickel and iron PLATE TECTONICS
Plate Tectonics
- Explains how plates (large bodies of rock) move slowly around the
earth on partly melted rock.
* what causes the earthquake
Plates
- large section of the earth’s crust
- moves as one unit.
- There are 8 large plates and several plates.
Fault
- Place where two plates meet.
Plate Tectonics
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
- As these plates float, they move in three different ways.
➢ early hypothesis that continents move slowly across Earth's surface - Each way that they move has a special name associated with the
over millions of years. boundary where two plates meet.
➢ Alfred Wegener
- a German scientist
Types of plates movement:
- first proposed this theory in [1912]
- has a compiled evidence showing that the continents fit together • Convergent: two plates move together
like a jigsaw puzzle, with matching coastlines and geological
formations across continents that are now separated by oceans. • Divergent: two plates are drifting apart
* continents are from a big landmass called Pangea - 255 years • Sliding: the plates slide past one another
ago
* Pangea -> Triassic -> Jurassic -> Cretaceous -> Present day
VOLCANO ➢ New plates can be created during an earthquake (especially at mid-
- An opening in the earth’s surface. ocean ridges).
➢ Seismograph – measures earthquakes.
FORMATION
- Magma (melted rocks) from the mantle sometimes pushes upward. ➢ Richter scale – gives them a number.
- The crust usually blocks it, but sometimes it seeps through cracks in
➢ Earthquakes between 1-2 on the scale - people cannot feel
the crust. When it builds up inside a magma chamber, the pressure
starts to increase and then -- BAAAM!!! ➢ Receives 7-8 - destroys buildings.
*two plates banggaan -> magiinit sa loob -> puputok
Magnitudes:
AFTER ERUPTION 1-2.9: - called micro
- The magma (melted rocks) explodes through the main vent of the - usually not feel, but can be recorded by topography
volcano.
Interesting facts… 3-4.9: - minor to light
- A deep hole called crater is often - vibrations detected
left on the top of the volcano. ✓ Hawaii - formed by volcanoes
*crater formed erupting in the Pacific Ocean 5-5.9: - moderate
- windows rattle or break
✓ Two types of volcanoes
- The erupting magma is called lava. - light damage
- erupting and oozing.
- Gases, volcanic bombs, ash, and ✓ Lava - can flow up to 50 mph 6-6.9: - Strong
melted rock also burst from the - just flows 10 mph. - crack in buildings
inside of the volcano. - falling branches
- The lava layers and ash layers build 7-8.9: - major
up around the outside of the volcano. - buildings collapse
- landslide
9 above: - great
EARTHQUAKES
- devastation
What causes earthquakes? - many deaths
- sudden shifts in the earth’s rock layers
- the focus or epicenter - earthquake begins.
Earthquakes can create or destroy
* close to epicenter - mahina ang earthquake
* far from epicenter - malakas ang earthquake CREATES: DESTROYS:

During an earthquake, the plates might: - land (mountains and - Land

valley ) - Homes
- Meet in a rubbing way – sliding - Structures
- Spread away from each other – divergent
- Meet in a pushing way – convergent
3 TYPES OF ROCK 3. SEDIMENTARY ROCK
- Formed through the accumulation and compaction of minerals
1. IGNEOUS ROCK or organic materials.
- means “fiery” - The sediment builds up over many years and becomes
- Formed when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies cemented together to form sedimentary rock.
- When formed: * cemented/latak na nagpatong-patong, nabuo, naging stone
• Inside of the earth - called intrusive, or plutonic
• Outside or on Earth's surface - called extrusive, or volcanic
* mainit na lava, nag solidify

WEATHERING AND EROSION

2. METAMORPHIC ROCK 1. Physical (mechanical) weathering

- It means “change” - happens when the earth’s crust is exposed to water, air, and
- Formed when an existing rock is subjected to very high changes in temperature.
temperatures/pressures. a. Rocks can wear away, making smaller rock pieces, or
sediments.
b. Freezing water expands or takes up more space and can
cause rocks to crack.
 2. Chemical weathering
- happens when gases in the air chemically SLOT CANYONS
react with other elements and minerals. - caused by flash floods.
a. Acid rain can dissolve limestone rocks.

3. Erosion
- carrying away of weathered rock by gravity, water, wind, and ice.
- can wash away boulders and mountains.
PLACES ON EARTH
Mt. Everest
- highest place on earth
- 29,032 feet high

The Mariana Trench

- lowest place on earth
- 36,069 feet deep
* located at Guam

The Dead Sea

- lowest place on the surface of the earth
- 1,388 feet below sea level
EXAMPLES OF WEATHERING AND EROSION
SEA CLIFFS Galesnjak, Croatia
- form when a rocky shore erodes at - most perfect heart-shaped island on earth
approximately the same rate
throughout an area.
- results in a steep walled structure
- cliff moves landward as the waves
attack its base.