Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2023; 12(1): 52-57

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
https://www.phytojournal.com A phytochemical and pharmacological review on
JPP 2023; 12(1): 52-57
Received: 17-10-2022 Dalbergia sissoo: A potential medicinal plant
Accepted: 15-11-2022

Md. Farhad Hossen Md. Farhad Hossen, Rajia Sultana Nijhu and Ambia Khatun
Department of Pharmacy,
Stamford University DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2023.v12.i1a.14557
Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari
Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
Rajia Sultana Nijhu Dalbergia sissoo plant, often known as the Bangladesh Shishu, is a member of the Fabaceae family. It
Department of Pharmacy, widespread in Bangladesh, including Sylhet, Ranirhat, Isamoti, and Chittagong. It is also found in
Stamford University Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. This plant has been used to treat leukoderma, diarrhea,
Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari dyspepsia, ulcers, stomach disorders, itching, syphilis, scabies. This plant's extract comprised terpenoids,
Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh alkaloids, glycosides, flavanols, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. All segments of Dalbergia sissoo are
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, molluscicidal, antinociceptive, antioxidant,
Ambia Khatun antiulcer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, osteogenic, antispermatogenic, antitemite and neuroprotective
Department of Pharmacy, activities. The accessible information was acquired from research articles using a keyword search in
Stamford University Google Scholar, Pub med, Science direct, Springer Link, Wiley and Sci-Hub. The foregoing criteria
Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari
selected 35 suitable articles from 2000 to 2022 for this study. This research examines Dalbergia sissoo's
Road, Dhaka-1217, Bangladesh
botanical traits, therapeutic value, and bioactive compounds. This analysis will aid future scientific
research as pharmacologists must gather and identify data.

Keywords: Dalbergia sissoo, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, marketed product in

Bangladesh

Introduction
Plants, animals, bacteria, and marine organisms have been used in medicine since the
beginning of time to relieve pain and treat illnesses. Fossils show that people have been using
plants as medicines for at least 60,000 years [1]. Historically, medicinal plants have been an
excellent source of chemicals that could be used to treat diseases, and they are still a major
source of new drug leads. In the past, when making new medicines, the pharmaceutical
industry relied mostly on libraries of synthetic chemicals. At the same time, the number of new
drugs coming onto the market has been going down, which has made scientists more interested
in making drugs from natural sources [2]. Dalbergia sissoo is a member of the Fabaceae family
and has lovely flowers. It is also known as Indian Rose Wood. Three hundred of the twenty-
five known Dalbergia species are found in India. The wood from a Dalbergia tree is highly
demanded because of its aesthetic value, pleasant aroma, and high oil content. The 18th-
century Swedish brothers Nils and Carl Dalberg influenced the plant's name [3]. According to
reports, Dalbergia sissoo is a stimulant used in traditional medicine and traditional cures.
Traditional medicine uses it to treat gonorrhea and skin problems. In Ayurveda, the paste
prepared from the bark is used as an anthelmintic, antipyretic, and analgesic, while the juice
from the leaves is used to cure eye issues. The wood is also used to heal boils, leprosy, and
motion sickness in India [4]. Dalbergia sissoo leaves cure non-specific diarrhoea in animals in
rural India and Nepal. Leaf extract treats sore throats, heart issues, diarrhea, syphilis, and
gonorrhoea. Anthelmintic, eye, and nasal problems benefit from leaf juice. Scabies, syphilis,
scorching urine, and digestive issues are treated with it. Leaf decoction treats gonorrhoea.
Ayurveda recommends leaf juice for eye problems. The wood cooled, anthelmintic, and
antileprotic. Arial components were spasmolytic, aphrodisiac, and expectorant. Leprosy, boils,
and vomiting are all cured by wood. The Yunana used the wood to treat blood diseases, fever,
itching, scabies, hot urine, stomach problems, syphilis, and a variety of other maladies. Curing
herpes, vitiligo, and high temperatures with heartwood. Shimshapa Sara ksheerapaka treats
fever. Roots alleviate diarrhea and dysentery. In addition to relieving nausea and vomiting, the
roots may cure a hernia, relieve gonorrhea, and alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort. Dalbergia
Corresponding Author: sissoo contains glycosides, flavanols, tannins, saponins, sterols, and terpenoids, according to
Rajia Sultana Nijhu phytochemical analysis [5]. D. Sissoo purifies blood and treats leprosy. The bark, leaves, and
Department of Pharmacy, roots are usually utilized as stimulants and astringents. Traditional healers utilize bark the
Stamford University
Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari
most. The roots' bark has antidiarrheal properties, and inhaling their smoke may cure both
Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh bronchitis and migraines [6].
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry https://www.phytojournal.com

Benefits for the skin, gastrointestinal tract, neurological imparipinate; leaflets are 2.5-3.6 cm in diameter and are
system, heart, antioxidants, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, broadly ovate with acute apexes and glabrous margins. White
analgesic, osteogenic, and many more have been documented to pale yellow flowers, ranging in size from 5-8 mm, are
for Dalbergia sissoo [7]. It has also been used as a stimulant arranged in racemes. Axillary panicles that are just 2.5–
and astringent, and in the treatment of colorectal cancer and 3.7 centimeters long. Pods are 5–7.5 cm in length by 8–13
bacterial infections. The juice from the leaves is effective in mm in width and contain anywhere from one to four seeds.
treating ocular and nasopharyngeal disorders. In addition to They are indehiscent and glabrous [11]. In addition to its deep
relieving these symptoms, it is also used to treat scabies, a taproot, this plant also has several surface roots that produce
burning feeling, hot urine, and digestive issues. Coughs, numerous new growths known as suckers. Hairy, drooping
nausea, leucoderma, ulcers, and gout-like symptoms are young shoots. The stems have bark that varies in color from
among things that it may help with. Dandruff sufferers with pale to dark brown to grey and may be up to 2.5 cm (0.98 in)
long hair often use a filtrate made from cooked leaves to thick. Thin sections of it peel off. Superior limbs support a
cleanse their hair [8]. Flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, wide crown [12].
neoflavonols, and coumarins were extracted from Dalbergia
sissoo and examined for their potential medical use. Among
phytochemicals, isoflavones have a role in preventing bone
loss and fractures. The leaves of Dalbergia sissoo contain a
number of active compounds, such as genstein, biochanin A,
pratensein, caviunin, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, caviunin 7-
O—D-glucopyranoside, biochanin 7-O-glucoside, kampferol-
3-O-rutinoside, and others [9].

Taxonomical Classification of Dalbergia sissoo

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Dalbergia Fig 1: Bark
Species: Dalbergia sissoo [10].

Synonyms
Amerimnon sissoo (Roxb.)
Kuntze Amerimnon P. Browne
Coroya Pierre Ecastaphyllum P. Browne
Miscolobium Vogel
Triptolemea Mart [10].

Common Names
Sanskrit: Shinshapa, aguru
English: Indian Rosewood, Bombay Blackwood Hindi:
Shisham, sissu, sissai, sisam
Tamil: Sisso, gette
Kannada: Beeti, shista baage, agaru, bindi
Bengali: Shishu French: Ébénier juane Arabic: Arabic [10].
Fig 2: Leaves
Description
In its natural habitat, Dalbergia sissoo may grow to a height
of 30 meters (98 feet) and a diameter of 80 centimeters (31
inches), making it a large deciduous tree. The thin top of the
crown spreads widely outward bark that is longitudinally
wrinkled, and grey and peeling. Both a taproot and lateral
ramifying roots may be seen in their early stages. Three to
five alternate, elliptical, acuminate, glabrous, and
imparipinate leaflets measure 2.5 to 3.6 centimeters in
diameter. Small axillary panicles host racemes 2.5–3.7 cm in
length, with 5-8 mm long, white to pale yellow flowers. Pods
are 5-7.5 cm long and 8-13 mm wide, indehiscent, glabrous,
and contain 1-4 seeds. Seeds that resemble kidneys and are
flat and pale brown Dalbergia sissoo may grow to be 30
meters tall and 80 centimeters in diameter at the base under
optimal conditions broad, low, and thin at the top. Bark that is
longitudinally wrinkled, gray, and peeling. A mature taproot Fig 3: Seed
with branching side roots. Petiolules are 3-3.5 mm long and
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8. Traditional Uses
Dalbergia sissoo plant components have been used as an
abortifacient, anthelmintic, antipyretic, aperitif, aphrodisiac,
expectorant, refrigerant, anal difficulties, diarrhea, dyspepsia,
leukoderma, and skin disorders. It treats Vata illnesses
including sciatica and hemiplegia. Dalbergia sissoo seed oil
treats skin burning, and scabies. Leaf extract treats sore
throats, heart problems, diarrhea, syphilis, and gonorrhea.
Anthelmintic leaf juice treats eye and sinus problems. It treats
scabies, body blistering, scalding urine, syphilis, and
digestion. The wood was antileprotic, anthelmintic, and
cooling. Spasms, aphrodisiacs, and expectorants were treated
using arial parts. Wood treats leprosy, sores, and vomiting.
Roots treat diarrhoea and dysentery [15].
Fig 4: Whole Plant
9. Chemical Constituents
6. Phenology Phytochemical analysis of an ethanolic extract of the bark of
In November, its leaves turn brown and fall. The tree may the Dalbergia sissoo plant revealed the presence of
lose its leaves by December or January in cold climates. In carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds,
particularly wet and warmer regions, some leaves may and flavonoids [16]. When analyzing the leaves and pods of the
survive, while new leaves start sprouting in the first half of plant, a phytochemical screen may reveal the presence of
February and flushing completes by the first week of March. flavonoids, tannic carbohydrate, reducing sugars,
New leaves and flower buds open in March-April. D. sissoo antroquinones, steroids and phenoids, saponins, glycosides,
may be wind-pollinated, insect-pollinated, or both. Its alkaloids, proteins, free amino acids, oils, and lipids [17].
pollination and fertilization timing, self-pollination, and Dalbergia sissoo pod oil was evaluated by gas
outcrossing status are unknown. The pods appear in April and chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID)
mature in July. By December or January, they darken and the and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to
seed ripens [13]. determine its constituent chemicals (Gas Chromatography
Mass Spectroscopy). The GC-FID technique identified the
7. Geographical Distribution following fatty acids: capric acid (1.496%), lauric acid
Native: Dalbergia sissoo has a wide distribution in (5.695%), myristic acid (4.925%), palmitic acid (10.130%),
Afghanistan and Bangladesh, where it thrives in natural and palmitoleic acid (2.166%), palmitoleic acid (2.862%), stearic
artificial forests in tropical and subtropical climates. Bhutan, acid (2.862%), oleic acid (10.232%), and linoleic acid
India, Iraq, and Pakistan [3]. (22.35%) [18]. Dalbergia sissoo leaves may contain beneficial
chemicals such as genstein, biochanin A, pratensein, caviunin,
Exotic: Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, caviunin 7-O—D- glucopyranoside,
Thailand, Togo, the USA, and Zimbabwe are included [5]. biochanin 7-O-glucoside, kampferol-3-O-rutinoside, and more
[9]
.
Bangladesh: Rangpur, Nilphamari, Dinajpur, Chua-danga,
and Khulna are all cities in Bangladesh [14].

Fig 5: Chemical Structure of Important Constituents in Dalbergia sissoo Leaves [9].

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10. Pharmacological Activity Analgesic Activity decreased the ulcer index, TBARSs, H2O2, and MPO
Three doses (100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg) of an alcohol extract activity. Diclofenac-treated rats had their CAT, SOD, GSH-
of Dalbergia sissoo were tested for their analgesic properties. Px, GST, GSH, and NP-SH activities increased by a methanol
The hot-plate method and a tail-clip test in mice were used to extract of the stem bark of D. sissoo. Diclofenac increased the
evaluate leaf extract. The flavonoids in Dalbergia sissoo leaf alkalinity of stomach juice and decreased its total, free, and
extract may be responsible for its analgesic effects by volumetric acidity [25].
inhibiting prostaglandin production [19]. Dalbergia sissoo bark
extract's analgesic impact on peripheral activity was Antimicrobial Activity
investigated (Non norcotic). The fact that it took the pain The in vitro antibacterial activity of Dalbergia sissoo was
stimulus much longer to impact the response time after taking tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
Dalbergia sissoo indicates that it has potent analgesic aeruginosa, and both aqueous and methanolic extracts
efficacy. The pain sensitivity was not affected by extract demonstrated antibacterial activity with a Zone of Inhibition
dosages of 300 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg, but a dose of 1000 (ZOI) of 14 mm at doses of 0.386 mg/ml and 0.005 mg/ml,
mg/kg administered 30 minutes later seems to have had this respectively. The dilution technique was used to establish the
effect [20]. minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) [26]. Leaf, pod, and
bark methanolic extracts from the D. sissoo plant were
Anti-inflammatory activity effective against most bacterial and fungal strains. M. luteus,
The anti-inflammatory effects of an oral dosage range of 100, B. cereus, S. saprophyticus, Proteus sp., Citrobactor, K.
300, and 1000 mg/kg of an ethanolic extract of Dalbergia pneumoniae, and salmonella typhi were all suppressed by the
sissoo leaves were investigated in several rat models of methanolic extract of D. sissoo leaves. The bacterial species
inflammation. Anti- inflammatory effects were studied using M. luteus, B. cereus, S. saprophyticus, Proteus sp.,
a nystatin-induced paw oedema model. Despite supporting Citrobactor sp., and K. pneumoniae were all inhibited by a
data, flavonoids often credited with anti-inflammatory effects methanolic extract of D. sissoo pods. Significant antibacterial
remain elusive [21]. Using a right hind paw oedema model of activity was shown by a methanolic extract of D. sissoo bark
inflammation, a 90% ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo against B. cereus, S. saprophyticus, Proteus sp., and
bark was examined for its anti-inflammatory properties in Citrobacter sp. [27].
Wistar rats. The right hind paw edema resolved after oral
administration of ethanolic extract at doses of 300, 500, and Antidiabetic Activity
1000 mg/kg. The ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark at Dalbergia sissoo DC stem bark extract exhibits anti-diabetic
1000 mg/kg demonstrated the greatest anti- inflammatory effects when taken orally in either ethanol or water. Dalbergia
effect compared to the other groups (300 and 500 mg/kg) [22]. sissoo is efficacious when given orally at doses of 250 and
The ethanolic leaf extract of Dalbergia sissoo was evaluated 500 mg/kg in settings where streptozotocin is used to trigger
utilizing the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane the disease [28].
stabilization in vitro assay and the cotton pellet granuloma
test in mice. The findings showed that Dalbergia sissoo leaf Anthelmintic Activity
extract in ethanol was able to stabilize the HRBC membrane. The anthelmintic properties of the Dalbergia sissoo plant bark
47.622.25, 55.152.04, 56.410.51, 77.662.88 and 78.393.39 have been the subject of much research. Three different
percent protein denaturation was inhibited at 100, concentrations of Dalbergia sissoo extracts (25mg/ml,
200, 400, 800, and 1000 g/ml, respectively [23]. 50mg/ml, and 75mg/ml) were evaluated for their potential
anthelmintic effects. The use of earthworms in the study of
Antinociceptive Activity anthelmintic effectiveness. Tannins have been shown to have
The antinociceptive properties of the methanol extract of D. anthelmintic properties, and it is thought that they do so via
sissoo leaves were studied in mice. Methods including: 100, binding to and disrupting free proteins in the host animal's
200, and 400 mg/kg (P.O.) of formalin, glutamate, and digestive system or glycoprotein on the parasite's cuticle [29].
cinnamaldehyde in mice; hot plate and tail immersion in mice The efficacy of an anthelmintic was evaluated by measuring
to mimic heat pain; acetic acid to mimic writhing in mice. the amount of time it took for worms to become paralyzed
Despite the fact that certain flavonoids have shown and die when treated with 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml of
antinociceptive activity [8]. Using the tail flick method, we Dalbergia sissoo petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride,
examined the analgesic effects of an ethanolic extract of D. benzene, and ethanol. Citrate of piperazine, the standard form.
sissoo plant bark in Wistar rats. Oral administrations of 300, Dalbergia sissoo was shown to be toxic to earthworms,
500, and 1000 mg/kg of 0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulose rendering them unable to move before ultimately killing them.
(CMC) were performed. Antinociception was tested against Both 19 minutes and 48 minutes and fifteen seconds of
asprin at a range of doses. D. sissoo bark extract may have paralysis were recorded with 100 milligrams per milliliter of
antinociceptive effects due to phytochemicals such flavanoids Dalbergia sissoo carbon tetrachloride extract [30].
[16]
.
Antioxidant Activity
Antiulcer activity Extracts of Dalbergia sissoo leaves were tested for their
The leaves of the Dalbergia sissoo plant were used to cure antioxidant activity against ascorbic acid using the DPPH
experimental ulcers. Induced gastric ligation and method. Both the ethanolic and the methanolic extracts
Indomethacin-induced ulcers at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg are demonstrated the ability to eliminate DPPH. Extracts of D.
used to assess the plant's antiulcer effects. Even though sissoo leaves demonstrated that the DPPH activity was dose-
saponins have been found to have antiulcer activity [24]. The dependently slowed. The ethanol extracts were more effective
protective effects of a methanol extract of the stem bark of D. than the methanol ones. Methanolic extract had an EC50 of
sissoo on ulcers caused by diclofenac sodium in rats. In rats 815.53 g/ml, whereas ethanolic extract had an EC50 of 106.32
with gastric ulcers, a methanol extract of D. sissoo stem bark g/ml [31].
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry https://www.phytojournal.com

Neuroprotective Activity Osteogenic activity

Neuroprotective properties of 300 and 600 mg/kg of oral Ethanolic extracts of Dalbergia sissoo leaves produced
ethanol extracts of Dalbergia sissoo leaves were investigated. isoflavones, flavonols, and their glucosides, as well as a new
The passive avoidance (PA) method was utilized in this itaconic derivative, (E)-4-methoxy-2-(3, 4
assessment. The leaves of Dalbergia sissoo have shown dihydroxybenzylidene)-4- oxobutanoic acid. The osteogenic
promise as a therapy for a variety of neurological disorders activity of these compounds was evaluated using primary
[32]
. calvarial osteoblast cells [35].

Antidiarroheal activity Anti-spermatogenic activity

Compared to controls, D. sissoo leaf ethanol extract Dalbergia sissoo Roxb's stem bark ethanol extract was tested
significantly reduced both stool production and episodes of for anti-spermatogenic properties. 15 healthy fertile males
castor oil- and MgSO4-induced diarrhoea. D. sissoo was just aged 25–35 provided semen for the in vitro investigation.
as effective as the usual antidiarrheal medicine loperamide at Sander-Cramer tested sperm motility. Ethanol extract affected
reducing diarrhoea brought on by castor oil and MgSO4. Milk sperm motility and viability dose- and time- dependently.
peristalsis induced by charcoal meal and barium sulfate when Concentrations impacted sperm motility. 20 mg/mL ethanol
administered by D. sissoo with atropine sulfate was extract immobilized in 3 minutes. This concentration
significantly reduced in mice [33]. decreased sperm viability and hypo-osmotic edema. Swiss
male albino mice were used in vivo. Testis and epididymis
Molluscicidal activity weight decreased significantly (p<0.001) with 200 mg/kg
D. sissoo fruits, leaves, roots, and stem bark extracted in ethanol extract. Sperm motility and epididymal sperm count
ethanol are lethal to B. alexandrina snails within 24 hours in decreased (p<0.01). Epididymis and testis histology were
the lab. LC50 and LC90 readings were from 8.8 to 34.4 ppm examined [36].
for fruits, 12.5 to 64.3 ppm for leaves, 16.4 to 76.4 ppm for
roots, and 32.8 to 136.6 ppm for stem bark. At 50 mg/l, an Anti-termite activity
ethanolic extract of the fruits was 100% effective, but extracts The combination of n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol
of the leaves, roots, and stem bark were all ineffective. 24 extracts of Dalbergia sisso oil may have anti-termite effect.
hour LC50 and LC90 values for B. alexandrina egg masses The chloroform fraction eluted with methanol, on the other
ranged from 10.8 to 38.6 ppm, 18.5 to 68.3 ppm, 20.4 to 88.4 hand, exhibited three times the anti-termite activity, reaching
ppm, and 36.8 to 144.6 ppm, respectively [34]. 92% [37].

11. Dalbergia sissoo Marketed Product in Bangladesh

Product name Ingredients Manufacturer Indication References

Dalbergia sissoo, Cassia angustifolia, Acne vulgaris, pimples and boils, skin
Rheum emodi, Cassia sophera, Ocimum Drug International eruptions, impurities in blood, chronic [38]
Hemosaf
sanctum, Operculina turpethum, Rosa Limited & temporary constipation, general lassitude,
damascene etc. heat rash and itching, epistaxis
Dalbergia sissoo, Cassia angustifolia, Acne, boils, rashes, eczema, psoriasis, scabs
Hamdard Laboratories [39]
Safi Rheum emodi, Cassia occidentalis, Ocimum and itching, nosebleeds, constipation, obesity,
(Waqf) Bangladesh
sanctum etc. measles, heartburn, general malaise

12. Conclusion
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