NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.

Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information

Designation: D1655 − 22a

Standard Specification for

Aviation Turbine Fuels1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fuel under contract. priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property re- 1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
quirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the
appendix.
iTeh Standards
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describ-
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
ing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the
aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality
assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and

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in the distribution system continues to comply with this
specification after batch certification. Such procedures are
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester
defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Stan-
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
dard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.ASTM D1655-22aleum Products by Copper Strip Test
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory
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D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions ration
of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
characteristics than is shown by this specification. and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may ity)
be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
designed and certified for this fuel. D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method)
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specifi-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
cation D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specifica-
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
tion for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and
standard. However, other units of measurement are included in Aviation Turbine Fuel
this standard. D1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of Aviation
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D1655 – 22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1655-22A. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D1655 − 22a
Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1992)3 tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia- D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Avia-
Fuel by Line Sampling tion Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels Evaluator (BOCLE)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-
and Distillate Fuels tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe- D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
(15-Theoretical Plate Column) D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-
(Potentiometric Method) carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Turbine Fuels Method with Refractive Index Detection
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
Aviation Turbine Fuels Systems
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus- Fuel
tion of Aviation Fuels D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)

iTeh Standards
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed for Middle Distillate Fuels
Cup Tester D6866 Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocar-
acteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-
bon Analysis
eter
D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and
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D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber
D4054 Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
Fuels and Fuel Additives
ASTM Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andD1655-22a
Kinematic Viscosity)
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Petroleum Products
D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid (Automatic Laser Method)
Fuels, and Lubricants D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami- (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures) D7170 Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils—Fixed Range Injec-
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec- tion Period, Constant Volume Combustion Chamber
3
trometry Method (Withdrawn 2019)
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for D7224 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination acteristics of Kerosine-Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Con-
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus- taining Additives by Portable Separometer
tion of Aviation Fuels D7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
D4625 Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Cup Tester (Ramp Method)
Stability at 43 °C (110 °F) D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
D4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)
Variable Equation D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision lation Method)
Method) D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec- Additives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle
Distillate Fuels—High Performance Liquid Chromato-
graph (HPLC) Method
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing
www.astm.org. Synthesized Hydrocarbons

2
 D1655 − 22a
D7619 Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in IP 156 Petroleum products and related materials—
Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Determination of hydrocarbon types—Fluorescent indica-
Counter tor adsorption method
D7668 Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane IP 160 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products—
Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils—Ignition Delay and Laboratory determination of density—Hydrometer
Combustion Delay Using a Constant Volume Combustion method
Chamber Method IP 170 Determination of flash point—Abel closed-cup
D7797 Test Method for Determination of the Fatty Acid method
Methyl Esters Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel Using IP 216 Particulate contaminant in aviation fuel
Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared
IP 225 Copper content of aviation turbine fuel
Spectroscopy—Rapid Screening Method
IP 227 Silver corrosion of aviation turbine fuel
D7872 Test Method for Determining the Concentration of
Pipeline Drag Reducer Additive in Aviation Turbine Fuels IP 274 Determination of electrical conductivity of aviation
D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and distillate fuels
and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant IP 323 Determination of thermal oxidation stability of gas
Pressure Viscometer turbine fuels
D7959 Test Method for Chloride Content Determination of IP 336 Petroleum products—Determination of sulfur
Aviation Turbine Fuels using Chloride Test Strip content—Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence method
D8073 Test Method for Determination of Water Separation IP 342 Petroleum products—Determination of thiol (mer-
Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale captan) sulfur in light and middle distillate fuels—
Water Separation Instrument Potentiometric method
D8148 Test Method for Spectroscopic Determination of IP 354 Determination of the acid number of aviation fuels—
Haze in Fuels Colour-indicator titration method
D8183 Test Method for Determination of Indicated Cetane IP 365 Crude petroleum and petroleum products—

iTeh Standards
Number (ICN) of Diesel Fuel Oils using a Constant Determination of density—Oscillating U-tube method
Volume Combustion Chamber—Reference Fuels Calibra- IP 406 Petroleum products—Determination of boiling range
tion Method distribution by gas chromatography
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
D8267 Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic,
Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Tur-
IP 423 Determination of particulate contamination in avia-
tion turbine fuels by laboratory filtration
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bine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum
IP 435 Determination of the freezing point of aviation tur-
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-
bine fuels by the automatic phase transition method
VUV)
IP 436 Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in
D8305 Test Method for The Determination of Total Aro-
matic Hydrocarbons and Total Polynuclear Aromatic ASTM aviation fuels and petroleum distillates—High perfor-
Hy-D1655-22a
mance liquid chromatography method with refractive
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drocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels and other Kerosene
index detection
Range Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to IP 523 Determination of flash point—Rapid equilibrium
Determine Conformance with Specifications closed cup method
2.2 EI Standards:4 IP 528 Determination for the freezing point of aviation
EI 1550 Handbook on equipment used for the maintenance turbine fuels—Automatic fibre optic method
and delivery of clean aviation fuel IP 529 Determination of the freezing point of aviation tur-
EI 1583 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels bine fuels—Automatic laser method
for aviation fuel filter monitors IP 534 Determination of flash point – Small scale closed cup
EI/JIG 1530 Quality assurance requirements for the ramp method
manufacture, storage and distribution of aviation fuels to IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation
airports turbine fuel—Jet evaporation method
IP 12 Determination of specific energy IP 564 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation
IP 16 Determination of freezing point of aviation fuels— turbine fuel—Laboratory automatic particle counter
Manual method method
IP 71 Section 1 Petroleum products—Transparent and
IP 565 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation
opaque liquids—Determination of kinematic viscosity and
turbine fuel—Portable automatic particle counter method
calculation of dynamic viscosity
IP 577 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation
IP 123 Petroleum products—Determination of distillation
characteristics at atmospheric pressure turbine fuel—Automatic particle counter method using
IP 154 Petroleum products—Corrosiveness to copper— light extinction
Copper strip test IP 583 Determination of the fatty acid methyl esters content
of aviation turbine fuel using flow analysis by Fourier
4
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, transform infrared spectroscopy—Rapid screening
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk. method

3
 D1655 − 22a
IP 585 Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), JP-8 that will Provide Adequate Icing Inhibition and
derived from bio-diesel fuel, in aviation turbine fuel— Biostatic Protection for Air Force Aircraft14
GC-MS with selective ion monitoring/scan detection
method 3. Terminology
IP 590 Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in 3.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer
aviation fuel—HPLC evaporative light scattering detector to Terminology D4175.
method
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
point of kerosine, manual and automated method 3.2.1 Certificate of Analysis (COA), n—the quality docu-
IP 599 Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in ment issued by independent inspectors and/or laboratories that
aviation turbine fuel by gas chromatography using heart- contains the results of measurements made of Table 1 proper-
cut and refocusing ties but does not necessarily contain or provide information
5
regarding those identified as being required at point of manu-
2.3 API Standards: facture.
API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Test- 3.2.1.1 Discussion—Typically, COAs are produced down-
ing of Aviation Fuel During Shipment from Refinery to stream of refineries in intermediate supply terminals or inter-
Airport mediate storage locations. A Certificate of Analysis is not
API 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, considered equivalent to a Certificate of Quality.
and Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Terminals
3.2.2 Certificate of Quality (COQ) (including Refinery Cer-
2.4 Joint Inspection Group Standards:6 tificate of Quality, RCQ), n—the quality document that is the
JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control & Operating Standards definitive original document describing the quality of aviation
for Into-Plane Fuelling Services fuel at the point of manufacture.
JIG 2 Aviation Fuel Quality Control & Operating Standards 3.2.2.1 Discussion—A COQ contains the results of
for Airport Depots & Hydrants measurements, usually made by the product originator’s
2.5 ANSI Standard:7 laboratory, of all the properties listed in Table 1, the additive
ANSI 863 Report of Test Results
2.6 Other Standards:
iTeh Standards information as per Table 2, as well as those additional testing
requirements detailed in Annex A1 for fuels containing syn-

Kerosine Type, Jet A-1 8 (https://standards.iteh.ai)

Defence Standard (Def Stan) 91-091 Turbine Fuel, Aviation thesized components and confirms conformance to the speci-
fication.

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IATA Guidance Material on Microbiological Contamination
in Aircraft Fuel Tanks Ref. No: 96809
3.2.3 co-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids, n—synthetic
hydrocarbons derived from the hydroprocessing of bio-derived
IATA Guidelines for Sodium Chloride Contamination mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids, and fatty acid
Troubleshooting and Decontamination of Airframe and esters with conventional hydrocarbons in accordance with the
9 ASTM D1655-22a
requirements of A1.2.2.1.
Engine Fuel Systems, 2nd Ed., February 1998
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EN14214 Automotive Fuels—Fatty Acid Methyl Esters 3.2.4 co-hydroprocessed Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons,
(FAME) for Diesel Engines—Requirements and Test n—synthetic hydrocarbons derived from the hydroprocessing
Methods10 of hydrocarbons derived from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to
Bulletin Number 65 MSEP Protocol11 paraffinic syncrude with conventional hydrocarbons in accor-
ATA-103 Standard for Jet Fuel Quality Control at Airports12 dance with the requirements of A1.2.2.2.
ICAO 9977 Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply13 3.2.5 co-hydroprocessed synthesized kerosene,
AFRL-RQ-WP-TR-2013-0271 Determination of the Mini- n—hydrocarbons in the kerosene boiling range derived from
mum Use Level of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) in non-petroleum sources such as coal, natural gas, biomass, fatty
acid esters and fatty acids by processes such as gasification,
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and hydroprocessing, that have
5
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, been processed simultaneously with hydrocarbons from con-
Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
6
Available from Joint Inspection Group (JIG), http://www.jigonline.com.
ventional sources.
7
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 3.2.6 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and com-
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. positions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation
8
Available from Procurement Executive DFS (Air), Ministry of Defence, St.
Giles Court 1, St. Giles High St., London WC2H 8LD. fuel specification but are not approved additives.
9
Available from International Air Transport Association (IATA), (Head Office) 3.2.7 metrological method, n—heater tube deposit rating
800 Place Victoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, H4Z 1M1, Quebec, Canada. www.i-
ata.org
methods employing an optically-based deposit thickness mea-
10
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 36 rue de surement and mapping technique described in the Test Method
Stassart, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cenorm.be. D3241 annexes.
11
Available from Joint Inspection Group (JIG), http://www.jigonline.com.
12
Available from Air Transport Association of America, Inc. (ATA) d/b/a
Airlines for America, 1275 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 1300, Washington, D.C.
14
20004, http://www.airlines.org. Available from Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), 8725 John J.
13
Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 Uni- Kingman Rd., Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-6218, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic, accession
versity St., Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada, http://www.icao.int. number ADA595127.

4
 D1655 − 22a
4. General NOTE 1—Conventionally refined jet fuel contains trace levels of
materials that are not hydrocarbons, including oxygenates, organosulfur,
4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes and nitrogenous compounds.
the required properties of aviation turbine fuel at the time and
place of delivery. 6.1.2 Fuels used in certified engines and aircraft are ulti-
mately approved by the certifying authority subsequent to
5. Classification formal submission of evidence to the authority as part of the
5.1 Two types of aviation turbine fuels are provided, as type certification program for that aircraft and engine model.
follows: Additives to be used as supplements to an approved fuel must
5.1.1 Jet A and Jet A-1—Relatively high flash point distil- also be similarly approved on an individual basis (see X1.2.4
lates of the kerosene type. and X1.15.1).
5.2 Jet A and Jet A-1 represent two grades of kerosene fuel 6.2 Additives—Additives are used to improve the perfor-
that differ in freezing point. Other grades would be suitably mance of the fuel or for fuel handling and maintenance
identified. purposes.
5.3 This specification previously cited the requirements for 6.2.1 Only additives approved by the aviation industry
Jet B. Requirements for Jet B fuel now appear in Specification (including the aircraft certifying authority) are permitted in the
D6615. fuel on which an aircraft is operated. Practice D4054 guides the
6. Materials and Manufacture practice used to evaluate additives intended for incorporation
into Specification D1655. The additives included in Specifica-
6.1 Aviation turbine fuel is a complex mixture predomi-
nantly composed of hydrocarbons and varies depending on tion D1655 jet fuel are shown in Table 2 and may be used
crude source and manufacturing process. Consequently, it is within the concentration limits shown in the table subject to
impossible to define the exact composition of Jet A/A-1. This any restrictions described in the table footnotes.
specification has therefore evolved primarily as a performance 6.2.2 Where it is necessary to dilute an additive for handling
specification rather than a compositional specification. It is purposes, a refined hydrocarbon stream from a refinery, pro-

iTeh Standards
acknowledged that this largely relies on accumulated experi-
ence; therefore the specification limits aviation turbine fuels to
duced in accordance with Materials and Manufacture require-
ments of Specification D1655, or a reagent grade (or better)
hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture (excluding non-
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
those made from conventional sources or by specifically
approved processes. hydrocarbons) from a chemical supplier shall be used. Since
6.1.1 Aviation turbine fuel, except as otherwise specified in not all additives and diluents are compatible (for example, an

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this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydro-
carbons (see Note 1) derived from conventional sources
additive may drop-out if diluted with alkylate versus
reformate), the additive manufacturer should be consulted
including crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, regarding the preferred diluent. Reporting does not change
shale oil, and oil sands. The use of jet fuel blends containing when dilution is used; additive package content as received or
ASTM D1655-22a
components from other sources is permitted only in accordance active ingredient content as described in Table 2 is the
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Annex A1. concentration to be reported.
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine FuelsA
Test MethodsB
Property Jet A or Jet A-1
Referee Alternative
COMPOSITION
Acidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242/IP 354
Aromatics
(1) percent by volume, or max 25 D1319 IP 156C or D8267 or D8305D
(2) percent by volume max 26.5 D6379/IP 436
Sulfur, mercaptan,E percent by mass max 0.003 D3227/IP 342
Sulfur, total percent by mass max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453,
or IP 336
VOLATILITY
Distillation temperature, °C: D86F D2887/IP 406,G D7344,H, I
D7345,H
IP 123F
10 % recovered, temperature max 205
50 % recovered, temperature report
90 % recovered, temperature report
Final boiling point, temperature max 300
Distillation residue, % max 1.5
Distillation loss, % max 1.5
Flash point, °C min 38J D56 D93,K D3828,K D7236,K IP 170,K
IP 523,K or IP 534K
Density at 15 °C, kg/m3 775 to 840 D1298/IP 160 or D4052 or IP 365
FLUIDITYL
Freezing point, °C max −40 Jet AM,N D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, or
D2386/IP 16
D7154/IP 528
M,N
−47 Jet A-1
Viscosity −20 °C, mm2/sO max 8.0 D445/IP 71, Section 1 D7042P or D7945

5
 D1655 − 22a
TABLE 1 Continued
Test MethodsB
Property Jet A or Jet A-1
Referee Alternative
COMBUSTION
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8Q D4809 D4529, D3338, or IP 12
One of the following requirements shall be
met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25.0 D1322/IP 598
(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18.0 D1322/IP 598
Naphthalenes, percent by volume max 3.0 D1840 D8305R
CORROSION
Copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C max No. 1 D130/IP 154
THERMAL STABILITYL
(2.5 h at control temperature of 260 °C min)
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241S /IP 323S
Tube rating: One of the following require-
ments shall be met:T
(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less 3 (no peacock or ab-
than normal color deposits)
(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR, max 85
nm average over area of 2.5 mm2
CONTAMINANTS
Existent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381 IP 540
Microseparometer,U Rating D3948
Without electrical conductivity additive min 85
With electrical conductivity additive min 70
ADDITIVES See 6.2
V
Electrical conductivity, pS/m D2624/IP 274
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11. Where applicable, the referee test methods are identified in Table 1.
C
In analyzing Aviation Turbine Fuel by Test Method D1319 or IP 156, users shall not report results obtained using any of the following lot numbers of Fluorescent Indicator

iTeh Standards
Dyed Gel: 3000000975, 3000000976, 3000000977, 3000000978, 3000000979, and 3000000980.
D
Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation for total aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test Method D8305.
The bias-corrected aromatics result shall also be used in Test Method D3338.

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E
The mercaptan sulfur determination may be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by the doctor test described in Test Method D4952.
F
D86 and IP 123 distillation of jet fuel is run at Group 4 conditions, except Group 3 condenser temperature is used.
G
D2887/IP 406 results shall be converted to estimated D86 or IP 123 results by application of the correlation in Appendix X4 on Correlation for Jet and Diesel Fuel in Test
Method D2887 or Annex G of IP 406. Distillation residue and loss limits provide control of the distillation process during the use of Test Method D86, and they do not apply

I
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to Test Method D2887/IP 406. Distillation residue and loss shall be reported as “not applicable” (N/A) when reporting D2887 results.
H
Results from Test Method D7344 and D7345 shall be corrected for relative bias as described in each of the test methods.
Data supporting inclusion of the Test Method D7344 methodology is on file at ASTM International Headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Research Reports
RR:D02-1621 and RR:D02-1855. Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.
J
A higher minimum flash point specification can be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
K ASTM D1655-22a
Relative to D56, results obtained by Test Method: D93 can be up to 1.5 °C higher; IP 170, IP 534, and D7236 can be up to 0.5 °C higher; D3828 (IP 523) can be up to

L https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/802a4d45-e707-441e-bcb1-2a22b5b2c846/astm-d1655-22a
0.5 °C lower (a research report is pending being filed at ASTM and is available at the Energy Institute as ILS2019_MMS_1).
For Annex A1.2.2 co-processing the more stringent limits and test methods listed in Table A1.1 shall be applied at point of manufacture. Downstream from manufacture
standard Table 1 limits and test methods apply.
M
Other freezing points can be agreed upon between supplier and purchaser.
N
During downstream distribution if the freezing point of the fuel is very low and cannot be determined within the ASTM D2386/IP 16 lowest achievable temperature of minus
65 °C, if no crystals appear during cooling of the fuel and when the thermometer indicates a temperature of minus 65 °C, the freezing point shall be recorded as below
minus 65 °C. This limit does not apply if the freezing point is measured by D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, or D7154/IP 528.
O
1 mm2/s = 1 cSt.
P
Test Method D7042 results shall be converted to bias-corrected kinematic viscosity results by the application of the correction described in Test Method D7042 for jet
fuel at –20 °C (currently subsection 15.4.4).
Q
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Calculate and report the net heat of combustion corrected for the sulfur
content when using Test Method D4529 and D3338 empirical test methods. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative.
R
Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation for total polynuclear aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test
Method D8305.
S
D3241/IP 323 Thermal Stability is a critical aviation fuel test, the results of which are used to assess the suitability of jet fuel for aviation operational safety and regulatory
compliance. The integrity of D3241/IP 323 testing requires that heater tubes (test coupons) meet the requirements of D3241 Table 2 and give equivalent D3241 results
to the heater tubes supplied by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). A test protocol to demonstrate equivalence of heater tubes from other suppliers is on file at
ASTM International Headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1550. Heater tubes and filter kits, manufactured by the OEM (PAC, 8824
Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064) were used in the development of the D3241/IP 323 test method. Heater tube and filter kits, manufactured by Falex (Falex Corporation,
1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585) were demonstrated to give equivalent results (see D3241 for research report references). These historical facts should
not be construed as an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.
T
Tube deposit ratings shall be measured by D3241 Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR, when available. If the Annex A2 ITR device reports “N/A” for a tube’s volume
measurement, the test shall be a failure and the value reported as >85 nm. Visual rating of the heater tube by the method in D3241 Annex A1 is not required when Annex
A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR deposit thickness measurements are reported. In case of dispute between results from visual and metrological methods, the referee shall be
considered the Annex A3 ETR method if available, otherwise Annex A2 ITR.
U
At point of manufacture. See X1.13 for guidance concerning the application of microseparometer results in fuel distribution.
V
If electrical conductivity additive is used, the conductivity shall not exceed 600 pS/m at the point of use of the fuel. When electrical conductivity additive is specified by
the purchaser, the conductivity shall be 50 to 600 pS/m under the conditions at point of delivery.
1 pS/m 5 1 3 10212 Ω 21
m 21

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 D1655 − 22a
TABLE 2 Detailed Information for Additives for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Additive Dosage
Fuel Performance Enhancing Additives
AntioxidantsA, B 24.0 mg/L maxC
One of the following:
2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol
2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol
2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol
75 % minimum, 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol plus
25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butyl-phenols
55 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
15 % minimum 2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol,
remainder as monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols
72 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-butyl-phenols

Metal Deactivator (MDA)A

N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propane diamine
On initial blending 2.0 mg/L maxC, D
After field reblending cumulative concentration 5.7 mg/L max

Fuel System Icing InhibitorE, F, G, H 0.07 % by volume, minI

Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (see Specification D4171 Type III) 0.15 % by volume, max
Fuel Handling and Maintenance Additives
Electrical Conductivity ImproverJ

One of the following:

AvGuard SDAK, L
On initial blending 3 mg/L max
After field reblending, cumulative concentration 5 mg/L max

Stadis 450L, M
On initial blending iTeh Standards
After field reblending, cumulative concentration
3 mg/L max
5 mg/L max

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If the additive concentrations are unknown at time of retreatment, additional
concentration is restricted to 2 mg/L max

Leak Detection Additive

Tracer A (LDTA-A)N Document Preview 1 mg/kg max

Biocidal AdditivesE, O, P
Biobor JFQ
Kathon FP1.5R ASTM D1655-22a
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S
Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improvers
One of the following:
HiTEC 580T 23 mg/L max
Innospec DCI-4AU 23 mg/L max
Nalco 5403 23 mg/L max

Into-Plane Water Management

Kerojet Aquarius PRD 30568468V 250 ppmv, max
A
The active ingredient of the additive must meet the composition specified.
B
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1125. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org.
C
Active ingredient (not including weight of solvent).
D
At the point of manufacture, Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) may be added to improve thermal oxidative stability subject to the following limitations:
(1) No more than 5 % of the jet fuel batches produced in a 12 month period may be treated with MDA to meet Table 1 thermal oxidative stability requirements (260 °C
test temperature).
(2) The batch of fuel shall pass Table 1 thermal oxidative stability requirements at a test temperature of 245 °C prior to any MDA addition.
(3) The fuel batch after MDA addition (2.0 mg/L maximum MDA) shall pass Table 1 thermal oxidative stability requirements at a test temperature of 275 °C.
(4) The thermal oxidative stability test result at 245 °C prior to MDA addition, the original test result at 260 °C and the test result at 275 °C (post MDA addition) and the
concentration of MDA added shall be reported on the Refinery Certificate of Quality.
Initial addition of more than 2.0 mg/L MDA to jet fuel that meets Table 1 thermal oxidative stability requirements (260 °C test temperature) prior to MDA addition is
permitted when fuel will be transported in supply chains where copper contamination can occur: the maximum cumulative addition in this table still applies.
MDA may be added to jet fuel in the distribution system to recover thermal oxidative stability performance lost during distribution (after refinery release). The Certificate
of Quality shall show the initial thermal oxidative stability test result, the result after the addition of the MDA and the concentration of MDA added.
E
The quantity shall be declared by the fuel supplier and agreed to by the purchaser.
F
The lower FSII concentration limit allowable in Jet Fuel is based on research by the U.S. Air Force as documented in report AFRL-RQ-WP-TR-2013-0271. Some engines
and aircraft as certified require higher minimum concentrations of icing inhibitor than the lower limit in this jet fuel specification. When fueling an aircraft, the fuel should
be additized to the concentration levels specified in the appropriate engine and aircraft manual.
G
DiEGME content can by analyzed by Test Method D5006.
H
DiEGME is not suitable for use in systems that will later use EI 1583 filter monitors, which are commonly used at the point of aircraft fueling. Additional guidance is
provided in EI 1550 Chapter 9.
I
Some aircraft require higher levels than 0.07 % by volume.

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 D1655 − 22a
J
If electrical conductivity improver is used, the conductivity shall not exceed 600 pS/m at the point of use of the fuel. When electrical conductivity additive is specified by
the purchaser, the conductivity shall be 50 pS ⁄m to 600 pS/m under the conditions at point of delivery. 1 pS/m51310212 Ω 21 m 21
K
AvGuard is a trademark of Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street Richmond, VA 23219. Supporting documentation for this additive is found in RR:D02-1861.
L
Electrical conductivity improver content can be analyzed by Test Method D7524.
M
Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec Inc., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
N
Tracer A (LDTA-A) is a registered trademark of Praxair Services, Inc., Tucson, AZ 85705.
O
Biocidal additives are available for controlled usage. Where such an additive is used in the fuel, the approval status of the additive and associated conditions must be
checked for the specific aircraft and engines to be operated.
P
Refer to the Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) to determined if either biocide is approved for use and for their appropriate use and dosage.
Q
Biobor JF is a registered trademark of Hammonds Technical Services, Inc. 910 Rankin Rd., Houston, TX 77073.
R
KATHON is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow, 2030 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48674.
S
More information concerning minimum treat rates of corrosion inhibitor/lubricity improver additives is contained in X1.10.2.
T
HiTEC 580 is a trademark of Afton Chemical Corp., 500 Spring St., Richmond, VA 23219.
U
Innospec DCI-4A is available from Innospec Inc., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
V
Kerojet Aquarius is available from BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany. Any process or formulation change to Kerojet Aquarius
Product Number (PRD) 30568468 that invalidates the data submitted in ASTM Research Report RR:D02-2001 will require a new and unique PRD. Note that given the
unique function of Kerojet Aquarius and the need for careful management of use, the additive should only be used in compliance with the following controls: (1) Refer to
the Aircraft Documentation (e.g., approved additives listed in the Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS), Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM),
Consumable Materials List (CML), or other relevant documentation) for approved usage and dosage for the specific aircraft/engine/APU combination. (2) Additive to be
injected after final filtration at the skin of the aircraft. For possible defueling of aircraft, do not allow additive to pass through EI 1581 and EI 1583 filters. (3) Dose only in
compliance with Aircraft Documentation and recommended practice detailed in this specification. (4) Handling, usage, and injection equipment information is contained
in the Kerojet Aquarius User Manual and RR:D02-2001.

6.3 Identified Incidental Materials—Table 3 lists specific 7.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
materials that have an agreed limit, known as Identified than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance
Incidental Materials. Specification D1655 does not require that shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
each batch of fuel be analyzed for identified incidental mate- determine conformance to the specification requirement, a test
rials where there is essentially no risk of contamination result may be rounded to the same number of significant figures
exceeding Table 3 limits. Where a supplier risk assessment as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple determina-
suggests that identified incidental materials could exceed Table tions are made, the average result, rounded in accordance with
iTeh Standards
3 limits, jet fuel should be confirmed to comply with Table 3
limits prior to airport supply because airports generally are not
Practice E29, shall be used.

8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

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equipped to mitigate identified incidental material content that
exceeds specification limits. Further guidance concerning these 8.1 The aviation turbine fuel specified in this specification
materials is presented in X1.16. shall be visually free of undissolved water, sediment, and
6.4 Guidance material is presented inDocument
Appendix X2 con- Preview
suspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating
cerning the need to control processing additives in jet fuel or irritating. If the fuel has an odor similar to that of “rotten
production. egg,” please refer to X1.12.5 for further discussion. No
ASTM D1655-22a
substance of known dangerous toxicity under usual conditions
7. Detailed Requirements of handling and use shall be present, except as permitted in this
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specification.
7.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the require-
ments prescribed in Table 1.
9. Sampling
9.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
TABLE 3 Identified Incidental Materials
dures in Practice D4057 to obtain a representative sample from
Material Permitted Level Test MethodsA the batch of fuel for specification compliance testing. This
Referee Alternative requirement is met by producing fuel as a discrete batch then
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester 50 mg/kgC,D IP 585 D7797/IP 583, testing it for specification compliance. This requirement is not
(FAME),B max IP 590,
IP 599 satisfied by averaging online analysis results.
Pipeline Drag Reducing Additive 72 µg ⁄LF D7872
9.2 A number of jet fuel properties, including thermal
(DRA),E max stability, water separation, electrical conductivity, and others,
A
Where applicable, the referee test methods are identified in Table 3. are very sensitive to trace contamination, which can originate
B
For the purpose of meeting this requirement FAME is defined as material from sample containers. For recommended sample containers,
meeting the limits of EN14214 or Specification D6751. Fatty acid methyl esters refer to Practice D4306.
that fail to meet the biodiesel quality standards are not permitted in aviation turbine
fuel.
C
On an emergency basis, up to 100 mg/kg FAME is permitted in jet fuel when 10. Report
authorized by the airframe and engine manufacturers and managed in compliance
with airframe and engine manufacturer requirements. 10.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance
D
Subcommittee J intends to evaluate field experience in December 2016 to with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually
determine if a ballot to increase the FAME content limit to 100 mg/kg is supported
by the absence of significant FAME-related problems.
agreed upon by the seller and the purchaser of the aviation
E
Active polymer ingredient. turbine fuel.
F
DRA is not approved as an additive for jet fuel. This level is accepted by approval
authorities as the functional definition of “nil addition.” 10.2 When Table 1 test results and Table 2 additive addi-
tions are reported at the point of batch origination or at full

8
 D1655 − 22a
certification in a form commonly known as a “Certificate of recommended to certify and recertify jet fuel using either Test
Quality” or “Certificate of Analysis,” at least the following Method D5972/IP 435 or Test Method D7153/IP 529, or both,
should be included: on the basis of the reproducibility and cross-contamination
10.2.1 The designation of each test method used, detection reported in RR:D02-1572.15 The cause of freezing
10.2.2 The limits from Table 1, Table 2, and specific Annex point results outside specification limits by automated methods
Table, for each item reported with units converted as appro- should be investigated, but such results do not disqualify the
priate to those measured and reported, and fuel from aviation use if the results from the referee method are
10.2.3 The designation of the quality system used by the within the specification limit.
reporting test laboratory. If no quality system is used then this 11.1.5 Viscosity—Test Method D445/IP 71 Section 1,
shall be reported as “None.” D7042, or D7945. Results from Test Method D7042 shall be
10.3 For examples on reporting, see Appendix X3 “Forms reported as bias-corrected kinematic viscosity results by appli-
for Reporting Inspection Data on Aviation Turbine Fuels.” cation of the correction in Test Method D7042, relative bias for
jet fuel at –20 °C (currently subsection 15.4.4).
11. Test Methods 11.1.6 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Method D4809,
NOTE 2—Where IP test methods are referenced in this specification as D4529, D3338, or IP 12.
alternatives to ASTM test methods, the following nomenclature is used. 11.1.7 Corrosion (Copper Strip)—Test Method D130/
Where test methods are officially jointed, this is denoted as Dxxxx/IP xxx.
IP 154.
Where test methods are technically equivalent or related but not officially
jointed, this is denoted as Dxxxx or IP xxx. 11.1.8 Total Acidity—Test Method D3242/IP 354.
11.1.9 Sulfur—Test Method D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453,
11.1 Determine the requirements enumerated in this speci-
or IP 336.
fication in accordance with the following ASTM test methods.
11.1.10 Mercaptan Sulfur—Test Method D3227/IP 342.
In case of dispute among measurements, the referee test
11.1.11 Water Separation—Test Method D3948.
methods are identified in Table 1, Table 3, and Table A1.1.
11.1.12 Existent Gum—Test Method D381 or IP 540. Test
11.1.1 Density—Test Method D1298/IP 160 or D4052 or IP
Method D381, using steam jet operating conditions, shall be
365.
iTeh Standards
the referee test method.
11.1.2 Distillation—Test Method D86 or IP 123. For Jet A
11.1.13 Thermal Stability—Test Method D3241/IP 323.
and Jet A-1, Test Methods D2887/IP 406, D7344, and D7345
11.1.14 Aromatics—Test Method D1319, IP 156, D6379/IP
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may be used as an alternative. Results from Test Method
436, D8267, or D8305.
D2887 shall be reported as estimated D86 results by applica-
11.1.14.1 In analyzing Aviation Turbine Fuel by Test
tion of the correlation in Appendix X4 on Correlation for Jet
Document Preview
Method D1319 or IP 156, users shall not report results obtained
and Diesel Fuel in Test Method D2887/IP 406. Results from
using any of the following lot numbers of Fluorescent Indicator
Test Method D7344 and D7345 shall be corrected for bias by
Dyed Gel: 3000000975, 3000000976, 3000000977,
applying the GRP4 corrections in each of the test method’s
3000000978, 3000000979, and 3000000980.
Precision and Bias section. ASTM D1655-22a11.1.14.2 Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-
11.1.3 Flash Point—Test Method D56, D93, D3828,
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D7236, IP 170, IP 523, or IP 534.
corrected using the bias-correction equation for total aromatics
in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test Method D8305.
11.1.4 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386/IP 16,
11.1.15 Smoke Point—Test Method D1322/IP 598.
D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, or D7154/IP 528. Any of these
11.1.16 Naphthalene Content—Test Method D1840 or
test methods can be used to certify and recertify jet fuel. An
D8305. Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-
interlaboratory study (RR: D02–157215) that evaluated the
corrected using the bias-correction equation for total poly-
ability of freezing point methods to detect jet fuel contamina-
nuclear aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test
tion by diesel fuel determined that Test Methods D5972/IP 435
Method D8305.
and D7153/IP 529 provided significantly more consistent
11.1.17 Electrical Conductivity—Test Method D2624/
detection of freezing point changes caused by contamination
IP 274.
than Test Methods D2386/IP 16 and D7154/IP 528. It is
12. Keywords
15
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1572. Contact ASTM Customer 12.1 aviation turbine fuel; avtur; Jet A; Jet A-1; jet fuel;
Service at service@astm.org. turbine fuel

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 D1655 − 22a
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. FUELS FROM NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

A1.1 Introduction A1.2.2 Co-processing16,17—Feedstocks other than those de-

A1.1.1 Jet fuel has contained synthesized hydrocarbons fined in A1.2.2.1 or A1.2.2.2 are excluded from jet fuel
since the inception of Specification D1655. However, these co-processing.
synthesized materials are generated from petroleum, oil sand or A1.2.2.1 Co-processing of mono-, di-, and triglycerides,
shale derived feedstocks in the refinery and exhibit properties free fatty acids, and fatty acid esters producing co-
substantially similar to historically refined kerosene. The fuel hydroprocessed synthesized kerosene is recognized as being
property requirements defined in Specification D1655, Table 1 acceptable for jet fuel manufacture. The process streams used
are batch-to-batch quality control tests which historically have for jet fuel production in co-processing refinery units shall not
provided fit-for-purpose jet fuel but assume that the jet fuel has exceed 5 % by volume of mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free
a composition that is substantially similar to historical compo- fatty acids, and fatty acid esters in feedstock volume with the
sitions. There is no basis to assume that fuels having novel balance (≥ 95 % by volume) being conventionally sourced
compositions provide fit-for-purpose performance in current hydrocarbons as described in 6.1. Co-processing shall include
aviation hardware even if they appear to satisfy Specification hydrocracking or hydrotreating and fractionation. Processing
D1655, Table 1 requirements. While the use of synthesized may also include other conventional refinery processes. The
hydrocarbons is known and an acceptable practice, the use of final product is limited to 5 % by volume of co-hydroprocessed
synthesized hydrocarbon blend stocks from new sources re- synthesized kerosene derived from mono-, di-, and
quires specific guidance. This guidance can be found in triglycerides, free fatty acids, and fatty acid ester feedstock in
Specification D7566. any jet batch. Refer to X1.15.5 for a discussion of biobased

iTeh Standards
A1.1.2 Specification D7566 was developed by Subcommit-
tee D02.J0 to provide control for jet fuel produced with
carbon content and identification of the applicable test method.
A1.2.2.2 Co-processing of hydrocarbons derived from syn-

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thesis gas via the Fischer-Tropsch process using iron or cobalt
non-petroleum, non-shale, non-oil sands derived synthesized catalyst producing co-hydroprocessed synthesized kerosene is
components. This specification guides the preparation of fuel recognized as being acceptable for jet fuel manufacture. The
Document Preview
blends that are compositionally similar to the refined fuels
generated to Specification D1655 and can be controlled thereby
process streams used for jet fuel production in co-processing
refinery units shall not exceed 5 % by volume of Fischer-
in the distribution system. Aviation turbine fuels with synthetic Tropsch hydrocarbons in feedstock volume with the balance
components produced in accordance with Specification D7566 (≥95 % by volume) being conventionally sourced hydrocar-
ASTM D1655-22a
meet the requirements of Specification D1655. Specification bons as described in 6.1. Co-processing shall include hydroc-
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does not yet include all fuels from non-conventional racking and fractionation. Processing may also include other
sources, so as an interim solution, it has been deemed neces- conventional refinery processes. The final product is limited to
sary to recognize, on an individual basis, fuels from non- 5 % by volume of co-hydroprocessed synthesized kerosene
conventional sources whose performance complies with the derived from Fischer-Tropsch feedstock in any jet batch. Refer
intent of this specification and that have been approved by a to X1.15.5 for a discussion of biobased carbon content and
coordinated specification authority. identification of the applicable test method.
A1.2 Acceptable Fuels from Non-Conventional Sources A1.2.2.3 For semi-synthetic kerosene manufactured by
co-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids or Fischer-Tropsch
A1.2.1 SASOL: hydrocarbons, the following additional requirements and Table
A1.2.1.1 The SASOL semi-synthetic fuel, a blend of con- A1.1 limits apply:
ventionally produced kerosene and a synthetic iso-paraffinic
kerosene by itself or as combined with SASOL heavy naphtha
16
#1 and specified in Defence Standard (Def Stan) 91-091, is A task force studied the impact of co-hydroprocessing esters and fatty acids at
up to 5 % by volume with crude oil derived middle distillates following Specifica-
recognized as meeting the requirements of Specification tion D7566 Annex 2 approval. Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Interna-
D1655. tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-
A1.2.1.2 The SASOL fully synthetic fuel, a blend of up to 1886. Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.
17
Supporting data concerning co-processing of hydrocarbons derived from
five synthetic streams, specified in B.3 of Defence Standard
synthesis gas via the Fischer-Tropsch process has been filed at ASTM International
(Def Stan) 91-091, is recognized as meeting the requirements Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1929.
of Specification D1655. Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.

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 D1655 − 22a
TABLE A1.1 Extended Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Co-hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids or Fischer-
Tropsch HydrocarbonsA, B
Test MethodsC
Property Jet A or Jet A-1
Referee Alternative
THERMAL STABILITYD, E
(2.5 h at control temperature of 280 °C min)
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241/IP 323

Tube rating: One of the following

requirements shall be met:F

(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3

No peacock or abnormal color
deposits

(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex 3 ETR, nm max 85

average over area of 2.5 mm2

Viscosity –40 °C mm2/sG max 12.0 D445/IP 71, Section 1H D7945

Freezing point °C Table 1 freezing point limits D5972/IP 435 D7153/IP 529 or D7154/IP 528
apply

Unconverted esters and fatty acids, mg/kgI max 15 D7797/IP 583I,J

A
Applies at the point of manufacture only.
B
Applies for the finished batch of jet fuel as opposed to the product of the refinery hydroprocessing unit which is used to blend the finished batch of jet fuel.
C
Where applicable, the referee test methods are identified in Table A1.1.
D
A D3241 test temperature of 280 °C has been selected to help ensure that reactive compounds introduced through co-hydroprocessed of esters and fatty acids are
limited. Research is ongoing on the actual requirement for a more restrictive thermal stability limit.
E
Metal Deactivator (MDA), as described in Table 2 and the associated footnotes, may not be used to meet this requirement.
F
Refer to Table 1, Footnote T.
G
The kinematic viscosity specification of 12.0 mm2/s at –40 °C maximum mitigates the potential risk of increased viscosity due to n-paraffin enrichment. Compared to

iTeh Standards
conventional hydrocarbons, a co-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids stream may contain a higher concentration of n-paraffins. Research is ongoing on how n-paraffin
enrichment from co-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids impact low temperature viscosity. The results of that research will be used to confirm the necessity of and
possibly adjust this requirement.

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H
D445 or IP 71, Section 1 allows measuring the viscosity at –40 °C, however the precision values were determined down to –20 °C. Data correlating test results at –40 °C
for D445 and other related ASTM test methods is provided in Research Report RR:D02-1776.
I
Applies only to co-processing esters and fatty acids

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J
The ability for D7797/IP 583 to identify carbonyl containing compounds in addition to FAMEs is acknowledged. The reported value may be corrected for a local
sample-specific bias related to trace carbonyl species inherent in aviation turbine fuel derived from conventional sources (as per A1.2.2.3 (1)). Corrected values shall be
identified as such.

ASTMorD1655-22a
(1) Only one co-processing route as defined in A1.2.2.1 fatty acid esters to hydrocarbon or Fischer-Tropsch hydrocar-
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A1.2.2.2 may be used for production of any single jet fuel bons to synthetic kerosene when added to any jet batch. Refer
batch. to the research report16 for additional considerations for MOC.
(2) An initial management of change (MOC) study shall be (3) The refinery certificate of quality (RCQ) shall include
undertaken and documented for sites manufacturing semi- wording to reflect that the batch may contain up to 5 % by
synthetic kerosene by coprocessing. Changes that impact the volume co-hydroprocessed synthesized kerosene.
conversion process shall require an updated MOC. Specific A1.2.2.4 For semi-synthetic kerosene manufactured by co-
changes that may have to be managed during initial and hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids the following additional
subsequent ongoing commercial operation include, but are not requirement applies:
limited to, feedstock (for example, selection, composition, (1) The extent of conversion shall be assessed via
pre-treatment), and hydroprocessing severity (for example, D7797/IP 583. In addition to the Table A1.1 limit on the
hydrogen partial pressure, residence time, temperature, finished product, the preferred methodology for assessing
catalyst, conversion capability). Each MOC shall ensure that conversion is comparison of D7797/IP 583 results between
the cumulative processing severity is evaluated to be sufficient process unit rundown jet line samples prior to and during
to convert mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and co-processing.

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