MOCK TEST 34

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
The Adolescents
A
The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes three stages of adolescence. These are
early, middle and late adolescence, and each has its own developmental tasks. Teenagers
move through these tasks at their own speed depending on their physical development
and hormone levels. Although these stages are common to all teenagers, each child will
go through them in his or her own highly individual ways.
B
During the early years young people make the first attempts to leave the dependent,
secure role of a child and to establish themselves as unique individuals, independent of
their parents. Early adolescence is marked by rapid physical growth and maturation. The
focus of adolescents’ self-concepts is thus often on their physical self and their evaluation
of their physical acceptability. Early adolescence is also a period of intense conformity to
peers. ‘Getting along,’ not being different, and being accepted seem somehow pressing to
the early adolescent. The worst possibility, from the view of the early adolescent, is to be
seen by peers as ‘different’.
C
Middle adolescence is marked by the emergence of new thinking skills. The intellectual
world of the young person is suddenly greatly expanded. Their concerns about peers are
more directed toward their opposite sexed peers. It is also during this period that the
move to establish psychological independence from one’s parents accelerates.
Delinquency behavior may emerge since parental views are no longer seen as absolutely
correct by adolescents. Despite some delinquent behavior, middle adolescence is a period
during which young people are oriented toward what is right and proper. They are
developing a sense of behavioral maturity and learning to control their impulsiveness.
D
Late adolescence is marked by the final preparations for adult roles. The developmental
demands of late adolescence often extend into the period that we think of as young
adulthood. Late adolescents attempt to crystallize their vocational goals and to establish a
sense of personal identity. Their needs for peer approval are diminished and they are
largely psychologically independent from their parents. The shift to adulthood is nearly
complete.
E
Some years ago, Professor Robert Havighurst of the University of Chicago proposed that
stages in human development can best be thought of in terms of the developmental tasks
that are part of the normal transition. He identified eleven developmental tasks associated
with the adolescent transition. One developmental task an adolescent needs to achieve is
to adjust to a new physical sense of self. At no other time since birth does an individual
undergo such rapid and profound physical changes as during early adolescence. Puberty
is marked by sudden rapid growth in height and weight. Also, the young person
experiences the emergence and accentuation of those physical traits that make him or her
a boy or girl. The effect of this rapid change is that young adolescent often becomes
focused on his or her body.
F
Before adolescence, children’s thinking is dominated by a need to have a concrete
example for any problem that they solve. Their thinking is constrained to what is real and
physical. During adolescence, young people begin to recognize and understand
abstractions. The adolescent must adjust to increased cognitive demands at school. Adults
see high school in part as a place where adolescents prepare for adult roles and
responsibilities and in part as preparatory for further education. School curricula are
frequently dominated by the inclusion of more abstract, demanding material, regardless
of whether the adolescents have achieved formal thought. Since not all adolescents make
the intellectual transition at the same rate, demands for abstract thinking prior to
achievement of that ability may be frustrating.
G
During adolescence, as teens develop increasingly complex knowledge systems and a
sense of self, they also adopt an integrated set of values and morals. During the early
stages of moral development, parents provide their child with a structured set of rules of
what is right and wrong, what is acceptable and unacceptable. Eventually, the adolescent
must assess the parents’ values as they come into conflict with values expressed by peers
and other segments of society. To reconcile differences, the adolescent restructures those
beliefs into a personal ideology.
H
The adolescent must develop expanded verbal skills. As adolescents mature
intellectually, as they face increased school demands, and as they prepare for adult roles,
they must develop new verbal skills to accommodate more complex concepts and tasks.
Their limited language of childhood is no longer adequate. Adolescents may appear less
competent because of their inability to express themselves meaningfully.
I
The adolescent must establish emotional and psychological independence from his or her
parents. Childhood is marked by a strong dependence on one’s parents. Adolescents may
yearn to keep that safe, secure, supportive, dependent relationship. Yet, to be an adult
implies a sense of independence, of autonomy, of being one’s own person. Adolescents
may vacillate between their desire for dependence and their need to be independent. In an
attempt to assert their need for independence and individuality, adolescents may respond
with what appears to be hostility and lack of cooperation.
J
Adolescents do not progress through these multiple developmental tasks separately. At
any given time, adolescents may be dealing with several. Further, the centrality of
specific developmental tasks varies with early, middle, and late periods of the transition.
Questions 1-6
Match the following characteristics with the correct stages of the adolescent.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
A early adolescence
B middle adolescence
C later adolescence
1 interested in the opposite sex
2 exposure to danger
3 the same as others
4 beginning to form individual thinking without family context
5 less need the approval of friends
6 intellectual booming
Questions 7-10
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letters, A-F, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
7 One of Havighurst’s research
8 High School Courses
9 Adolescence is a time when young people
10 The developmental speed of thinking patterns
A form personal identity with a set of morals and values
B develops a table and productive peer relationships
C are designed to be more challenging than some can accept
D varies from people to people
E focuses on creating a self-image
F become an extension of their parents
Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
11 The adolescent lacks the ability to think abstractly.
12 Adolescents may have a deficit in their language ability.
13 The adolescent experiences a transition from reliance on his parents to independence.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Ancient Chinese Chariots
The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the
Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC. Archaeological work at the Ruins of
Yin (near modern-day Anyang), which has been identified as the last Shang capital,
uncovered eleven major Yin royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites,
containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices.

The Tomb of Fu Hao is an archaeological site at Yinxu, the ruins of the ancient Shang
Dynasty capital Yin, within the modern city of Anyang in Henan Province, China.
Discovered in 1976, it was identified as the final resting place of the queen and military
general Fu Hao. The artefacts unearthed within the grave included jade objects, bone
objects, bronze objects etc. These grave goods are confirmed by the oracle texts, which
constitute almost all of the first hand written record we possess of the Shang Dynasty.
Below the corpse was a small pit holding the remains of six sacrificial dogs and along the
edge lay the skeletons of human slaves, evidence of human sacrifice.

The Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 March 1974 to the east of Xi’an in Shaanxi.
The terracotta soldiers were accidentally discovered when a group of local farmers was
digging a well during a drought around 1.6 km (1 mile) east of the Qin Emperors tomb
around at Mount Li (Lishan), a region riddled with underground springs and
watercourses. Experts currently place the entire number of soldiers at 8,000 – with 130
chariots (130 cm long), 530 horses and 150 cavalry horses helping to ward off any
dangers in the afterlife. In contrast, the burial of Tutankhamun yielded six complete but
dismantled chariots of unparalleled richness and sophistication. Each was designed for
two people (90 cm long) and had its axle sawn through to enable it to be brought along
the narrow corridor into the tomb.

Excavation of ancient Chinese chariots has confirmed the descriptions of them in the
earliest texts. Wheels were constructed from a variety of woods: elm provided the hub,
rose-wood the spokes and oak the felloes. The hub was drilled through to form an empty
space into which the tampering axle was fitted, the whole being covered with leather to
retain lubricating oil. Though the number of spokes varied, a wheel by the fourth century
BC usually had eighteen to thirty-two of them. Records show how elaborate was the
testing of each completed wheel: flotation and weighing were regarded as the best
measures of balance, but even the empty spaces in the assembly were checked with millet
grains. One outstanding constructional asset of the ancient Chinese wheel was dishing.

Dishing refers to the dish-like shape of an advanced wooden wheel, which looks rather
like a flat cone. On occasion they chose to strengthen a dished wheel with a pair of struts
running from rim to rim on each of the hub. As these extra supports were inserted
separately into the felloes, they would have added even greater strength to the wheel.
Leather wrapped up the edge of the wheel aimed to retain bronze.
Within a millennium, however, Chinese chariot-makers had developed a vehicle with
shafts, the precursor of the true carriage or cart. This design did not make its appearance
in Europe until the end of the Roman Empire. Because the shafts curved upwards, and the
harness pressed against a horse’s shoulders, not his neck, the shaft chariot was incredibly
efficient. The halberd was also part of a chariot standard weaponry. This halberd usually
measured well over 3 meters in length, which meant that a chariot warrior wielding it
sideways could strike down the charioteer in a passing chariot. The speed of chariot
which was tested on the sand was quite fast. At speed these passes were very dangerous
for the crews of both chariots.

The advantages offered by the new chariots were not entirely missed. They could see
how there were literally the Warring States, whose conflicts lasted down the Qin
unification of China. Qin Shi Huang was buried in the most opulent tomb complex ever
constructed in China, a sprawling, city-size collection of underground caverns containing
everything the emperor would need for the afterlife. Even a collection of terracotta
armies called Terra-Cotta Warriors was buried in it. The ancient Chinese, along with
many cultures including ancient Egyptians, believed that items and even people buried
with a person could be taken with him to the afterlife.
Questions 14-17
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
14 When Tomb of Fu Hao was discovered, the written records of the grave goods
proved to be accurate.
15 Human skeletons in Anyang tomb were identified as soldiers who were killed in the
war.
16 The Terracotta Army was discovered by people lived nearby by chance.
17 The size of the King Tutankhamun’s tomb is bigger than that of in Qin Emperors’
tomb.
Questions 18-23
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 18–23 on your answer sheet.

18 The hub is made wood from the tree of ___________

19 The room through the hub was to put tempered axle, which is wrapped up by leather,
aiming to retain ___________
20 The number of spokes varied from ___________
21 The shape of wheel resembles a ___________
22 Two___________ was used to strengthen the wheel.
23 The edge of the wheel was wrapped up by leather aiming to retain ___________
Questions 24-26
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage
for each answer.
24 What body part of the horse was released the pressure from to the horse shoulder
after the appearance of the shafts?
25 What kind of road surface did the researchers measure the speed of the chariot on?
26 What part of his afterlife palace was the Emperor Qin Shi Huang buried in?
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Homeopathy
Overdosing on nothing
A
An international protest this week aims to demonstrate the truth about homoeopathy –
that there/s literally nothing in it, says Martin Robbins AT 10.23 am on 30 January, more
than 300 activists in the UK, Canada, Australia and the US will take part in a mass
homoeopathic “overdose”. Skeptics will publicly swallow an entire bottle of
homoeopathic pills to demonstrate to the public that homoeopathic remedies, the product
of a scientifically unfounded 18th-century ritual, are simply sugar pills. Many of the
sceptics will swallow 84 pills of Arsenicum album, a homoeopathic remedy based on
arsenic which is used to treat a range of symptoms, including food poisoning and
insomnia. The aim of the “10:23” campaign, led by the Merseyside Skeptics Society,
based in Liverpool, UK, is to raise public awareness of just exactly what homeopathy is,
and to put pressure on the UK’s leading pharmacist, Boots, to remove the remedies from
sale. The campaign is called 10:23in honor of the Avogadro constant (approximately 6 x
1023, the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance), of which more later.
B
That such a protest is even necessary in 2010 is remarkable, but somehow the
homeopathic industry has not only survived into the 21st century, but prospered. In the
UK alone more than £40 million is spent annually on homoeopathic treatments, with £4
million of this being sucked from the National Health Service budget. Yet the basis for
homoeopathy defies the laws of physics, and high-quality clinical trials have never been
able to demonstrate that it works beyond the placebo effect.
C
The discipline is based on three “laws”; the law of similars, the law of infinitesimals and
the law of succession. The law of similars states that something which causes your
symptoms will cure your symptoms, so that, for example, as caffeine keeps you awake, it
can also be a cure for insomnia. Of course, that makes little sense, since drinking
caffeine, well, keeps you awake. Next is the law of infinitesimals, which claims that
diluting a substance makes it more potent. Homoeopaths start by diluting one volume of
their remedy -arsenic oxide, in the case of Arsenicum album -in 99 volumes of distilled
water or alcohol to create a “centesimal”. They then dilute one volume of the centesimal
in 99 volumes of water or alcohol, and so on, up to 30 times. Application of Avogadro’s
constant tells you that a dose of such a “30C” recipe is vanishingly unlikely to contain
even a single molecule of the active ingredient. The third pillar of homoeopathy is the
law of succession. This states-and I’m not making this up -that by tapping the liquid in a
special way during the dilution process, a memory of the active ingredient is somehow
imprinted on it. This explains how water is able to carry a memory of arsenic oxide, but
apparently not of the contents of your local sewer network.
D
The final preparation is generally dropped onto a sugar pill which the patient swallows.
Homeopaths claim that the application of these three laws results in a remedy that, even
though it contains not a single molecule of the original ingredient, somehow carries an
“energy signature” of it that nobody can measure or detect. Unsurprisingly, when tested
under rigorous scientific conditions, in randomized, controlled and double-blind trials,
homoeopathic remedies have consistently been shown to be no better than a placebo. Of
course, the placebo effect is quite powerful, but it’s a bit like justifying building a car
without any wheels on the basis that you can still enjoy the comfy leather seats and play
with the gear shift.
E
Even some retailers who sell the treatments have admitted there is no evidence that they
work. In November, Paul Bennett, the superintendent pharmacist at Boots, appeared
before the UK parliament’s Commons Science and Technology Committee’s “evidence
check” on homoeopathy. He was questioned by Member of Parliament Phil Willis, who
asked: “Do they work beyond the placebo effect?””I have no evidence before me to
suggest that they are efficacious,” Bennett replied. He defended Boots’s decision to sell
homoeopathic remedies on the grounds of consumer choice. “A large number of our
consumers actually do believe they are efficacious, but they are licensed medicinal
products and, therefore, we believe it is right to make them available,” he said.
F
You might agree. You might also argue that homoeopathy is harmless: if people want to
part with their money for sugar pills and nobody is breaking the law, why not let them?
To some extent that’s true -there’s only so much damage you can do with sugar pills
short of feeding them to a diabetic or dropping a large crate of them on someone’s head.
However, we believe there is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homoeopathy is
equivalent to modern medicine. People may delay seeking appropriate treatment for
themselves or their children.
G
We accept that we are unlikely to convince the true believers. Homoeopathy has many
ways to sidestep awkward questions, such as rejecting the validity of randomized
controlled trials, or claiming that homoeopathic remedies only work if you have
symptoms of the malady they purport to cure. Our aim is to reach out to the general
public with our simple message: “There is nothing in it”. Boots and other retailers are
perfectly entitled to continue selling homoeopathic remedies if they so wish and
consumers are perfectly entitled to keep on buying them. But hopefully the 10:23
campaign will ram home our message to the public. In the 21st century, with decades of
progress behind us, it is surreal that governments are prepared to spend millions of tax
pounds on homoeopathy. There really is nothing in it.
Questions 27-33
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of heading below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The definition of three laws
ii Quoting three laws to against the homeopathy
iii There are many methods of avoiding answering ambiguous questions.
iv The purpose of illustrating the symptoms of homeopathy
v The constant booming of homeopathy
vi Some differences between homeopathy and placebo
vii Placebo is better than homeopathy
viii A example of further demonstrating the negative effect of homeopathy.
ix The purpose of staging a demonstration to against homeopathy
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G

Questions 34-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading passage 3?
In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage
34 Skeptics planning to hold a demonstration in the “10.23″campaign is against UK’s
leading pharmacist, Boots.
35 National Health Service budget gained a small portion of homoeopathic industry
36 The example of Caffeine is to present that homoeopathy resists the laws of similars.
37 Instilling the idea to people that homoeopathy is equal to modern medicine poses
danger.
38 Paul Bennett claimed effectiveness of taking the homoeopathic medicine is proved
39 The adoption of homoeopathy mainly contributes to the delay in seeking appropriate
treatment for themselves or their children.
40 The campaign has exerted pressure on Boots and other retailers.