BSD REVIEWER (PARA SA MGA TAMAD) o Semi-Direct Lighting: 60-90% of

light falls directly downwards; the

GROUP 7: “Lighting and Mechanical Systems in rest illuminates the ceiling and
Building Including Vertical Transportation” walls.
o Semi-Indirect Lighting: 60-90%
of light is reflected off the ceiling,
the rest directly illuminates the
LIGHT: working plane.
o General Diffused Lighting: Light
is equally distributed upwards and
• Light is an electromagnetic, transverse wave
downwards.
that moves through a vacuum in a straight
line, exhibiting both wave and particle
properties (photons). LIGHT SOURCES:

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT: • Fluorescent: Uses mercury vapor to create

visible light, common in offices.
• Reflection: Light bounces back into its • Halogen Lamps: A type of incandescent
original medium. lamp with improved efficiency.
• Refraction: Light changes speed when • CFL: Compact fluorescent lamps, energy-
passing through different media. efficient replacements for incandescent
bulbs.
• Diffraction: Light bends around obstacles
or openings. • Mercury Vapor Lamp: Produces bluish
light, used in street lighting.
• Interference: Light intensity increases or
decreases. • LED Lamps: Efficient, long-lasting lights
using semiconductor technology.
• Polarization: Light vibrations are restricted
to a single plane. • Sodium Vapor: Produces yellow-orange
light, commonly used in street lights .
• Dispersion: White light splits into its
• OLED: Organic lights for screens, known
component colors.
for contrast and flexibility.
• Scattering: Gas molecules in the
atmosphere absorb and re-emit sunlight.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS:
LUMINOUS FLUX, INTENS ITY, AND
ILLUMINATION: • Mechanical systems involve machinery to
deliver power efficiently, with friction
reducing efficiency. Types include HVAC,
• Luminous Flux: Total light emitted per
plumbing, electrical, fire protection,
second from a source, measured in lumens.
building automation, security, and
• Luminous Intensity: Light emitted per unit
renewable energy systems.
angle in a specific direction, measured in
candelas.
• Illumination: Amount of light falling on a NEW TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL
surface. SYSTEMS:

LIGHTING SCHEMES: • Shape memory alloys, thermochromic

materials, and piezoelectric materials.
• A lighting scheme plans the use and
placement of light sources to achieve desired ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS:
effects.
o Direct Lighting: More than 90% • 3D printing, robotic construction, and
of light falls directly on the prefabrication/modular construction.
working plane.
o Indirect Lighting: More than 90% SENSING TECHNOLOGY:
of light is reflected off the ceiling.
 • IoT sensors, structural health monitoring, 2. Stormwater Plumbing: Carries excess
smart HVAC systems, BIM, robotics, AI, rainwater to storm sewers.
and green manufacturing. 3. Potable Water System: Supplies water for
use in buildings with valves and meters.
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION:
Functions of Plumbing Systems
• Systems like elevators, escalators, and
ramps transport people and goods between 1. Water supply
building levels. 2. Waste removal
3. Water heating
STAIRS TYPES: 4. Conservation
5. Contamination prevention
• Straight, dog-legged, geometric, circular,
Common Plumbing Issues
quarter turn newel, open stairs.

1. Leaky Pipes: Caused by corrosion or faulty

ESCALATORS:
connections, leading to water damage.
2. Clogged Drains: Caused by debris, leading
• Speeds range from 90 to 180 ft/min, to slow drainage.
carrying up to 10,000 people/hour at higher 3. Low Water Pressure: Caused by build-up or
speeds. leaks.
4. Slow Drainage: Caused by blockages.
RAMPS: 5. Frozen Pipes: Caused by exposure to
freezing, leading to bursts.
• Sloping surfaces connecting floors, ideal
next to stairs. Electrical System in Buildings
An electrical system distributes power safely within a
ELEVATORS: building, providing energy for various applications.

Mechanisms that transport passengers or goods Primary Components of an Electrical System

vertically in buildings.
1. Power Source
• Types: Passenger, express, urban transport, 2. Distribution System
and freight elevators. 3. Load (e.g., lights, appliances)

GROUP 8: BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEM: PLUMBING Types of Electrical Systems

SYSTEM IN BUILDING ELECTRICAL,
COMMUNICATION, & SECURITY FIRE PROTECTION 1. Power Distribution System: Delivers
SYSTEM energy from substations to users.
2. Lighting System: Distributes light using
lamps, hardware, and power.
Plumbing
3. Emergency Power Systems: Provides
Plumbing refers to the system and fixtures in
backup power during outages.
buildings for water supply, waste removal, and
4. Fire Alarm and Safety Systems: Ensures
ventilation.
safety and evacuation during emergencies.
5. Communication and Data Systems:
Plumbing System Transfers data across networks.
A plumbing system includes pipes, fixtures, valves,
and drains to supply water and remove waste.
Electrical System Installation

Types of Plumbing Systems

1. Design: A blueprint guides electrical layout,
outlet placement, and circuit routing,
1. Sanitary Plumbing: Disposes of
wastewater via pipes to sewers.
 considering codes, aesthetics, and energy 3. Access Control: Restricts access using
efficiency. biometrics, card readers, or keypads.
2. Conduits & Fittings: Contractors install the 4. Fire Alarm: Detects fires early with smoke,
electrical infrastructure based on building heat, and flame detectors.
plans.
3. Cabling: Wires are installed according to Installation
design specifications.
4. Termination: Wires are connected to
1. Base Station: Install near an entryway and
outlets and devices, ensuring safety and power source.
functionality.
2. Sensors: Place door, window, and motion
sensors.
Safety Practices 3. Cameras: Position for maximu m coverage.
4. Additional Sensors: Install heat, smoke, or
• Turn off power CO detectors.
• Use proper tools and parts 5. Test System: Ensure all components work.
• Install junction boxes
• Replace old wiring Safety Practices
• Avoid overloading circuits
• Use PPE, secure mounting, proper cable
management, and ensure electrical safety.

Electrical System Importance

Electrical systems safely distribute power, enabling
lighting and appliances, essential for building safety Importance of Security Systems
and efficiency.
1. Protection: Ensures authorized access and
emergency response.
2. Prevention: Stops theft, vandalism, and
Communication Systems unauthorized entry.
Communication systems, including infrastructure,
cabling, and equipment, are crucial for building
operations.
3.
Types of Communication Systems 4. Asset Protection: Safeguards equipment
and information.
1. Phone Systems: Use UTP cables for 5. Fire Safety: Ensures fire alarms and exits
multiple phone lines. function.
2. Data Systems: LANs replace mainframes
for networked computing.
3. Sound Systems: Paging and audio systems
for announcements and music. Fire Protection System
Essential for detecting, controlling, and suppressing
Security System in Buildings fires, protecting lives and property.
A security system integrates access control, video
surveillance, alarms, and intercoms to protect
Types
buildings and occupants.
1. Active: Includes detection, suppression
Types of Security Systems systems (sprinklers, gas, foam), and
extinguishers.
1. Burglar Alarm: Detects unauthorized entry 2. Passive: Includes fire-rated doors, dampers,
via door/window sensors. and fire-resistant materials.
2. Surveillance Cameras: Monitor properties
with wired, wireless, or IP cameras. Installation & Safety
 1. Active Systems: Install detectors, sprinklers, D. Labor Costs
and extinguishers according to codes. Labor costs include wages, benefits, and other
2. Passive Systems: Ensure proper installation compensations. Methods to estimate labor costs
of fire-rated doors and materials. include unit pricing, square foot, and rule of two
3. Safety: Follow standards during installation methods.
and maintenance.
E. Project Management
Common Issues Project management ensures construction is
completed on time and within budget. It involves
• Design & Integration Errors: Poor planning, coordinating, and controlling resources,
placement or violations. labor, and costs.
• Maintenance Issues: Lack of upkeep causes
malfunctions. F. Contract Types
• Human Factors: Misuse or poor training Contract types define the agreement between the
reduces effectiveness. owner and contractor. Common types include lump
sum (fixed price), cost-plus, time and materials, unit
Importance of Fire Protection Systems price, design-build, GMP, and incentive contracts.

1. Life Safety: Ensures safe evacuation during G. Site Conditions

Site conditions refer to factors like topography, soil
a fire.
2. Property Protection: Minimizes fire type, groundwater, existing structures, and
damage to buildings and assets. environmental factors. Site investigation helps ensure
proper planning, design, and risk mitigation.
3. Fire Spread Control: Limits fire spread to
reduce damage.
4. Operational Continuity: Allows businesses H. Design and Engineering
to resume quickly after a fire. Design and engineering transform ideas into
practical, secure structures. Key areas include
architectural design, structural engineering,
GROUP 9: FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP), and
FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING COSTS LIFE-CYCLE
civil engineering.
COSTS
I. Economic Factors
Fundamentals of Building Costs Economic factors, such as the time value of money,
labor costs, and risk control, impact project
A. Cost Estimation budgeting, material purchasing, and decision-making.
Cost estimation forecasts the financial and resource
requirements to complete a project. It includes direct II. Life-Cycle Cost (LCC)
costs (labor, materials, equipment) and indirect costs LCC evaluates the total cost of owning, operating,
(overheads like utilities). Key elements are labor,
maintaining, and disposing of a system over its
materials, equipment, facilities, vendors, and risk lifespan. It includes acquisition, operation,
management. maintenance, disposal, support, environmental, and
risk costs.
B. Budgeting and Cost Planning
Budgeting involves creating a financial plan, setting
Laws in the Philippines
goals, estimating revenues and expenses, allocating Public sector laws like the Government Procurement
resources, and monitoring actual costs. Cost planning Reform Act and the BOT Law require LCC analysis
is more detailed, focusing on cost estimation,
for long-term project evaluation. The private sector
allocation, control, tracking, and forecasting. follows regulations in the Civil Code and
Environmental Impact Statement System.
C. Material Costs
Material costs include direct (raw materials) and Problems with LCC
indirect costs (materials used in production but not
Challenges include data availability, inflation, lack of
part of the final product, like cleaning supplies). expertise, focus on initial costs, and corruption,
which can affect the accuracy of LCC analysis.
Implementing Life-Cycle Costs 4. Clustered: Proximity-based arrangement of
Steps include defining scope, collecting data, similar or different spaces.
estimating costs, analyzing alternatives, and 5. Grid: Pattern-based organization using a
monitoring the implementation. After disposal, modular grid structure.
review LCC accuracy for future projects.
Review and Revise: After planning, revise for errors
GROUP 3: “Technical Documentation” or improvements.

Space Planning is essential for creating comfortable Why Space Planning Matters: Proper space usage
and functional rooms by understanding how the space enhances satisfaction and benefits the organization.
will be used and dividing it into areas for different
activities. The layout ensures furniture placement and Calculations in Building Projects involve
effective movement for both employees and visitors. evaluating factors like soil quality, structural load,
concrete needs, and other technical aspects.
Key Considerations:
2.1 Soil Analysis:
• Organization's Goals: Align design with Soil testing assesses its physical and chemical
objectives like boosting engagement or properties to guide design and structure. Common
fostering collaboration. tests include:
• Use of Space: Ensure the layout supports
employee activities. • Moisture Content Test: Determines soil
• Ergonomic Design: Prioritize comfort for strength and termite risk by comparing wet
enhanced productivity. and dry sample weights.
• Specific Gravity Test: Measures the soil
Space planning supports long-term goals by creating sample's density.
a functional interior, adaptable for different work • Dry Density Test: Measures the weight of
styles and promoting employee health with flexible soil particles within a specific volume.
seating options. • Atterberg Limits Test: Classifies soil based
on moisture consistency (liquid, plastic, or
Space Plan Types: semi-solid states).

1. Bubble Plan: Conceptual layout with 2.2 Concrete:

simple shapes to represent space functions. Concrete requires consideration of humidity,
2. Detailed Scale Plan: Accurate plan with temperature, aggregate ratio, and concrete type. To
precise measurements for furniture and calculate needed concrete:
layout.
• Quantify required slabs or walls by
Steps: dimensions.
• Account for waste and material proportions.
1. Gather information on space size, features,
and user needs. 2.3 Building Load:
2. Define objectives and constraints. Building design must accommodate forces like dead,
3. Plan spatial relationships (e.g., space within live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads. These loads
space, adjacent spaces). affect structural elements like columns, beams, and
slabs.
Spatial Organization Types:
2.4 Columns:
1. Centralized: Central space with secondary Columns transfer load from the structure to the
areas around it. foundation. Example calculation: weight of a column
2. Linear: Repeating spaces or a single linear with given dimensions and materials.
space.
3. Radial: Outward-facing design extending 2.5 Beams:
from a central point. Beams span openings and carry lateral loads. Their
load calculations consider dimensions and material 1. Performance Specifications:
density. Focus on the desired outcomes of a project,
such as aesthetics or acoustics, allowing
2.6 Walls: contractors flexibility in achieving results.
Walls can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Load 2. Prescriptive Specifications:
calculations depend on wall dimensions and brick Detail exact materials and methods to be
density. used, reducing the need for ongoing
approval during construction.
2.7 Slabs: 3. Proprietary Specifications:
Require specific products due to
Slabs are horizontal surfaces supported by beams,
compatibility with existing materials or
columns, or foundations. Their load calculation
involves thickness, self-weight, and live loads. design needs.
4. General Specifications:
Provide general guidance on materials and
Factor of Safety (FoS): methods without specifying manufacturers,
FoS ensures safe performance by dividing ultimate and may include quality testing
stress by typical working stress. requirements.
5. Detailed Specifications:
2.8 Plumbing & HVAC: Offer comprehensive, precise instructions on
Plumbing involves water fixtures and pipe all aspects of the project, especially useful
installation, while HVAC systems manage heating, for less experienced owners.
cooling, air quality, and humidity. o Standard Specifications: Common
to many projects (e.g., flooring,
Sound and Thermal Control in Construction steel thickness).
o Special Specifications: Apply to
Sound Insulation: unique or complex requirements
Noise pollution impacts health, causing heart issues and may need approval.
and sleep disturbances. Effective sound insulation
reduces noise through materials like masonry, plaster,
and glass. Thickness alone is not enough—
airtightness, rigidity, and isolation also play a role in Purpose and Importance of Technical
soundproofing. Specifications

Thermal Control: Purpose:

Thermal control ensures occupant comfort by
regulating indoor temperatures and reducing drafts. It • Clarify Details: Provide information not in
also improves energy efficiency, minimizing heating drawings.
and cooling energy use.
• Estimate Costs: Help in cost
estimation by listing materials and
methods.
Construction Specifications • Methodology: Explain construction
steps.
Specifications (specs) are detailed documents that • Tools/Equipment: Specify
outline the work, materials, and quality standards for necessary machinery.
a project. They complement drawings and ensure • Design Record: Document the
consistency, quality, and adherence to design
standards.
design and materials.

Importance:

Types of Construction Specifications 1. Construction Guide: Specifications

serve as a blueprint for contractors,
 detailing materials, installation, and
outcomes.
2. Cost Control: Prevent unexpected
costs and delays, keeping the project
within budget.
3. Quality Assurance: Ensure high-
quality, safe construction, preventing
future issues.

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