∗

10-0 izLrkouk
10-1 iwooZ rhZ dkjd
10-2 xsLVkYV euksfoKku ds ewy fl)kar
10-2-1 izR;{k.kkRed laxBu ds fu;e
10-2-2 fpUru
10-2-3 lh[kuk
10-2-4 Le`fr
10-2-5 fodklkRed lEizR;
10-2-6 leÑfrdrk
10-3 dVZ ysfou vkSj {ks= fl)kUr
10-3-1 ysfou dk lafn'kkRed euksfoKku
10-4 lewg xfrdh
10-5 xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh vkykspuk,¡
10-6 lkjka'k
10-7 eq[; 'kCn
10-8 iqujkoyksdu iz'u
10-9 lanHkZ vkSj i<+us ds lq>ko
10-10 fp=ksa ds lanHkZ
10-11 vkWuykbu lalk/ku

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs%

• xsLVkYV euksfoKku dks tUe nsus okys lanHkZ vkSj cyksa dh O;k[;k djus esa(
• fofHkUu fl)karksa dh igpkuus esa ftUgksaus xsLVkYV iz.kkyh dks ,d vk/kkj
cuk;k( vkSj
• dVZ ysfou ds {ks= fl)kar ds ;ksxnku dk o.kZu djus esaA

1912] ds vkHkklh xfr ij vius iz;ksxksa dks izdkf'kr fd;k] blus

,d ubZ vfHkfoU;kl ds :i esa dke fd;k ftls xsLVkYV euksfoKku dgk x;kA

∗
oz'kkyh ikBd] “kks/kkFkhZ] euksfoKku foHkkx] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] ubZ fnYyh 221
 bldk usr`Ro onkZbej vkSj muds nks fudV lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj
us fd;k FkkA
^xsLVkYV* 'kCn dk 'kCn'k% esa vaxzsth vuqokn ugha gS] vkSj 'kCn ^vkdkj* :i]
foU;kl] lajpuk vkSj ^iSVZu* 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dk;kZRed vuqokn djus ds fy,
mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSA xsLVkYV euksfoKku oqUV ds lajpukRed euksfoKku vkSj
blds izkFkfed vk;keksa ds izfr fonzksg ds :i esa mHkjk vkSj bUgksaus vesfjdh
O;ogkjokn dh Hkh vkykspuk dhA ;g bl fopkj ds fo#) Fkk fd] vuqHko ds dqN
va'k vkSj VqdM+ksa ls feykdj ^^lEiw.kZ** dk :i cuk;k tk ldrk gSA xsLVkYV ;g
fo'okl djrs Fks fd ;g dHkh Hkh iwjk vuqHko ugha gks ldrk gS] bl izdkj] xsLVkYV
us O;Dr fd;k] fd euksfoKku dh ,d iz.kkyh dks euksoSKkfud ?kVukvksa dks
oSpkfjd :i nsdj laxfBr] lqlaxr vkSj ,dhÑr ?kVuk ds :i esa le>uk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ge eqLdqjkrs gSa] rks ;k ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls dke djus
okyh ekalisf'k;k¡ ugha gksrh gSaA O;fDr ds vklikl D;k py jgk gS bl ckr ij Hkh
fuHkZj djrk gS] ;k ?kVuk ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gksrk gS] fQj efLr"d bls lalkf/kr
djrk gS] vkSj ekalisf'k;k¡ ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls eqLdqjkus ds fy, izfrfØ;k djrh
gaSA
xsLVkYVokfn;ksa dk ekuuk gSa fd ,d rRo viuh igpku [kks nsrh gS] ;fn iwoZ-
dfYir <kapas ls bldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] ;g O;fDr ds vuqHkoksa dh lhek ;k
?kVuk dks 'kks/kdrkZ ds lkaps ds vuqdwy cukus ds fy, lhfer ugha djrk gSA blds
vuqlkj] xsLVkYV euksfoKku dk y{; ekufld xfrfof/k;ksa ds laxBu vkSj bl
izdkj O;fDr-i;kZoj.k dh ikjLifjd fØ;kvksa dh lgh izÑfr dk fu/kkZj.k djuk Fkk
¼czsuu vkSj gkSMs] 2017½A

xsLVkYV euksfoKku ij izHkko Mkyus okyh dqN cyksa ij uhps ppkZ dh x;h gS%
d½
dkUV ds vuqlkj izR;{khdj.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djus ds ckn fo'ys"k.k
ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vkSj ;k fo'ks"k fopkj xsLVkYV lEiznk; dk lcls
egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr cukA laxBu dks ,d py jgh izkÑfrd izfØ;k ds :i esa
le>k x;k gS] vkSj ftl rjg ls ge vkUrfjd :i ls ?kVuk dk vuqHko
djsaxsA nwljk egRoiw.kZ igyw tks xsLVkYVokfn;ksa us dkUV ds fopkjksa ls fy;k
Fkk] fd gekjh le; vkSj LFkku dk izR;{khdj.k dh {kerk flQZ lh[kus ij
fuHkZj ugha djrh gS cfYd ;g tUetkr ;k ewy gksrh gSA
[k½
oqUV vkSj fey nksuksa us ^euksjlk;u* dh mudh vo/kkj.kk Fkh½ ekuk fd dqN
u;h fo'ks"krk,¡ psruk ds nks ;k vf/kd rRoksa ds la;kstu ls mRiUu gks ldrh
gSa] bl izdkj] bUgksaus Lohdkjk dh lEiw.kZrk vkSj mlds fgLlksa ds ;ksx ds chp
vUrj gks ldrk gSA bl fopkj dk xsLVkYV euksfoKku ij lh/kk izHkko iM+k]
222
 ftldk ekuuk Fkk fd lEiw.kZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ mldh O;fDrxr fo'ks"krk,¡ ls
fHkUu gks ldrh gSA
x½
cszaVksuks vkSj LVEQ us ml euksfoKku ij vkifÙk trkbZ ftuesa rkfRod lkexzh
dk iz;ksx dj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA mudk euksfoKku dqN pjksa ij
fu;U=.k djus okyh izk;ksfxd fof/k ugha ekuk] cfYd ;g ?kVuk fØ;k foKku
vkSj xsLVkYV euksfoKku nksuksa ds euksfoKku ds fo"k; ds ckjs esa vyx-vyx
fopkj Fks ysfdu ;s nksuksa teZuh esa ,d gh ckSf)d cy ds mRikn FksA nksuksa
lEiznk; dh fu;af=r iz;ksx'kkyk fof/k;ksa ds fo'ys"kkRed pfj= ds ckjs esa Hkh
lansg Fks vkSj bl izdkj mUgsa ,d lw=hdj.k dh ryk'k Fkh tks tUetkr
laxBu vkSj eu dh fØ;kvksa dks Lohdkj djrs FksA
?k½
eSd us nks izdkj dh laonsukvksa ij ppkZ dh LFkku izk:i vkSj le; izk:i]
ftUgsa mUgksaus lexzkÑfr ekukA gkykafd eSd dk vuqHkookn xsLVkYV
euksoSKkfudksa ds fy, vlguh; Fkk] ysfdu laosnuk ij muds dke ds fy,
,d izsj.kknk;d lzksr FkkA mUgksaus LFkku :iksa vkSj le; :iksa dks muds rRoksa
ls Lora= ekukA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;|fi ,d /kqu oS;fDrd lqj ¼blds rRo½
ls cuk gksrk] vius lqjksa ls vyx gksrk gS] vkSj mldh ,d igpku Hkh gksrh
gSA tc ge vkxs fdlh vyx /kqu ds fy, LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS] rks
O;fDrd lqj cny tkrs gSa ysfdu /kqu ogh jgrh gSA
³½
xksfVaxu fo'ofo|ky; esa iz;ksx'kkyk esa fd;k tk jgk 'kks/k dk;Z us ,d izeq[k
iwoZorhZ cy ds :i esa dke fd;kA eqyj dk dke xsLVkYV ds ?kVukRed
n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk feyrk tqyrk FkkA onkZbej] dks¶dk vkSj dksgyj us muds
dk;ksZa dk leFkZu fn;k vkSj os tsUlp ¼Jaensch½ ¼n`'; izR;{khdj.k½] dkt ¼jax
dk izR;{khdj.k½ vkSj :fcu ¼Rubin½ ¼vkÑfr-i`"BHkwfe ds izR;{khdj.k½ dke ls
vR;f/kd izHkkfor Fks] tks xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh uhao ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lkfcr
gq,A

esDl onkZbej us - ¼Phi-phenomena½ ij 1910 esa iz;ksx djus izkjEHk

fd;s] tks xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh vkSipkfjd 'kq#vkr FkhA QkbZ-?kVuk ;k vHkklh
xfr ¼tSlk fd bls dHkh-dHkh dgk tkrk gS½ dks nks vyx jks'kfu;ksa dk mi;ksx
djds mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA tc nks fLFkj oLrqvksa ¼izdk'k½ dks n`f"ViVy ij
¼fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij½ ¶yS'k fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ;fn ;g ,d nwljs ds ckn NksVs
varjky esa mifLFkr fd;k tkrk gS rks iz;ksT; ,d izdk'k ds ,d ¶yS'k ls nwljs
rd ,d fn'kk esa O;kid xfr ls djrk gSA bl izdkj] iz;ksT; nks vyx rRoksa dks
ugha ns[krk gS] tks nks vyx izdk'k gS cfYd ,d lEiw.kZ ?kVuk] tks blds rRoksa ls
ekSfyd :i ls vyx gS] dks ns[krk gSA xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa ds fy, ;g cgqr 223
 Li"V Fkk fd O;fDrd rRoksa dk Øe ls ijh{k.k dHkh Hkh lEiw.kZ ds vuqHko dh
O;k[;k ugha dj ldrk gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh vkadk fd fgLlksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj
Hkh iw.kZ ugha cukrs gSa] tcfd lEiw.kZ vius fgLlksa esa igys ls ekStwn gSA dksgyj ds
vuqlkj ¼1947½] ^^xsLVkYV euksfoKku dk ,d eq[; dk;Z lEiw.kZ ds fdlh Hkh
dkYifud fgLls ds ctk; okLrfod dks n'kkZuk gS** ¼i`"B-168½ ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
dsoy O;fDrxr vkSj i`Fkd fgLlksa ij /;ku nsuk dkYifud gks ldrk gSA

onkZbej us ¼1923@1938½ ik;k fd] xsLVkYV ds ewy fl)kUr fofHkUu ckSf)d vkSj
laosnh {ks=ksa esa lgh cus jgsA ge tks dqN Hkh djrs gaS] ge gekjh nqfu;k dks ,dhÑr
:i eas ns[krs gSa vkSj laxBu igys gh gekjs vuqHko esa gksrk gSA xsLVkYV
euksoSKkfudksa us dqN fl)kUrksa dks O;Dr fd;k] tks izR;{k.kkRed ^lEiw.kZ* ds ewy
laxBu dks crkus gaSA bu fl)kUrksa dks ewy laxBu ds fu;e Hkh dgk tkrk gS] bl
le> ds dkj.k fd ;s ewy vkSj izkÑfrd FksA dqN egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr bl izdkj gSa %
d½ ;g fl)kUr crkrk gS fd rRo tks ,d nwljs ds
fdlh Hkh rjg leku gS ¼jax] vfHkfoU;kl] vkdkj vkfn½ dks ,d ,dhÑr lewg
ds :i esa izR;{khdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA fp= 10-1 esa vkÑfr ds vk/kkj ij nks
vyx-vyx lewgksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS - o`Ùk vkSj oxZA

https://healthywaymag.com/psychology/gestalt-psychology-principles-
theory

[k½ rRo tks ;k rks le> ;k LFkku esa ,d lkFk lehi gS(
mUgsa ,dhÑr lewg ds :i esa izR;{khdj.k fd;k tkrk gS fp= 10-2 esa pkj
Å/okZdkj js[kkvksa ds vis{kk nks tksM+h Å/okZdkj js[kk,¡ ns[krs gSAa

x½ ;g fl)kUr crkrk gS fd vxj dqN ,sls Hkkx gSa tks

224 xk;c gaS ;k izR;{k dh x;h oLrq esa NwV x;s gaS] rc ge bls euksoSKkfud :i
 ls iwjk dj ;k fjDr LFkku dks Hkjdj ,d lEiw.kZ fp= ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA
fp= 10-3 ge v/kwjh js[kkvksa ds ctk; ,d orZ vkSj rkjk ns[krs gSaA

https://uxpro.cc/publications/using-gestalt-laws-of-perceptual-organization -in-
ui-design/

?k½ ftu oLrqvksa esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk fujUrjrk gksrh

gS] mUgsa ,d dh fn'kk esa tkrs gq, ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa ,d vkÑfr ds :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gS ¼tSlk fd fp= 10-4 eas ns[kk tk ldrk gS½A bls vPNh
fujUrjrk ds fl)kar ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ¼QhYM ,oa vU;] 1993½A tc
Hkh rRoksa ds iSVuZ ,d fn'kk dk ladsr nsrs gSa] rks ge vkÑfr dk vuqlj.k
djrs gaSA

³½ ;g crkrk gS fd lwpuk dks vdsys

laxfBr :i esa izR;{khdj.k ugha fd;k tkrk gS] vk¡dM+ksa ls tkudkjh ls
tkudkjh bdV~Bk djus ds fy, dqN foijhr dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSA
¼1886-1951½ us O;k[;k nh fd tks rRo ds :i esa mHkj dj
fn[kk;h nsrk gS] vkSj nwljh oLrq tks i`"BHkwfe dh rjg le>h tkrh gS] dks
i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g eq[; :i ls rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd
i`"BHkwfe ls vkÑfr dks igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ gSA vkÑfr dh ,d eq[; fo'ks"krk
gS fd ;g i`"BHkwfe dh rqyuk esa vyx gSa tks vLi"V vkSj vfoHkkT; gSaA ,d
izfrorhZ vkÑfr esa] vkÑfr vkSj i`"BHkwfe ihNs gVus yxrh gS ;k ,d nwljs ds
ihNs fn[krs gSa] O;fDr mls viuh vk¡[kksa esa mrkjrk gSA

225
 feEczsl dYpj ikV, c. 1000 -1150 AD
Figure–ground (perception) - Wikipedia

p½ onkZbej ds vuqlkj] Åij fn;s x;s lHkh fl)kUr]

izsxuSUt ds fu;e esa ;ksxnku nsrs gaS ;g fu;e dgrk gS fd ge oLrqvksa ds
loksZÙke laHkkfor :Ik dh dYiuk djrs gSa Hkys gh HkkSfrd oLrq,¡ mlds
leferh; vkSj fodflr vkdkj esa u gksA bl izdkj ;g gekjh nqfu;k dks ,d
lqlaxr vkSj O;ofLFkr rjhds ls ns[kus esa enn djrk gSA
izR;{k.kkRed laxBu ds ewy fl)kUrksa esa dqN vUl fl)kUrksa dks Hkh tksM+k x;k
FkkA muesa ls rhu bl izdkj gaS%
N½ vkdkj o :i esa leku rRoksa dks ,d lewg esa
izR;{khdj.k fd;k tkrk gS] ;fn os Li"V ifjHkkf"kr lhek ds {ks= dks lk>k
djrs gSaA ge bUgsa ml lsV ls vyx djrs gSa] tks layXu ugha gksrk gSA uhps
fn;s x;s fp= esa o`Ùk leku :i ls vyx-vyx LFkku ij gS] fQj Hkh ge mUgsa
nks lewgksa esa vyx djrs gaSA

https://www.usertesting.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/common-
regions_0.png

t½ ;g fl)kUr dsoy xfr'khy rRoksa ij ykxw gksrk gS

vkSj ;g bls lkekU; {ks= ds fl)kUr dks vyx djrk gSA tc rRo ,d gh
fn'kk esa xfr'khy gksrs gSa rks efLr"d mUgsa lewg ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa
ekurk gS] os iwjh Nfo esa ckdh rRoksa ls vyx Hkh gks tkrs gSaA

226
 https://uxpro.cc/publications/using
https://uxpro.cc/publications/using-gestalt-laws-of-perceptual-
organization-in-ui-design/

>½ ;g fl)kUr dgrk gS fd laxfBr vkÑfr;k vkÑfr;ka fLFkr gksrh gS

vkSj míhid
hid dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa dqN ifjorZu gksus ds ckotwn os viuh ffLFkrjrk
dks iw.kZ cuk, j[krh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cgqr nwj [kM+k ,d vkneh geas
cgqr NksVk ugha fn[krk cfYd ge mls mlh vkdkj dk vuqHko djrs gSa] tc
og fudV gksrk gSA

1½ xsLVkYV fl)kUr ij dqN izeq[k izHkko

kkoks dk irk yxk,a vkSj blds iwoZoÙkhZ;ksa
dkjdksa dks foLrkj ls crkb,A
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2½ QkbZ ?kVuk dh O;k[;k dhft,A
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3½ izR;{k.kkRed laxBu ds lHkh fl)kUrksa dks lwphc) dhft,A
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 4½ izsxuSUt dk fl)kUr D;k gS\
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onkZbej ¼1980½ us Lohdkj fd;k fd] xsLVkYV dk vuqLFkkiu] ^^fpUru ds

euksfoKku esa] ;k ^^oksydjlkbdksyksth** izR;{khdj.k esa gksus ds ctk;] fpUru ds
euksfoKku esa] ;k ^oksyDjlkbdksyksth* esa ik;k tkrk gS ¼i`"B-13½A blfy, onkZbej
fpUru ds euksfoKku dk vf/kdrj ;ksxnku mudh iqLrd ¼1945 esa ej.kksijkar
izdkf'kr½ ^izksMDfVo fFkfdax* esa ik;k tk ldrk gSA mRikndrk lksp ogh ik;h x;h
gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i u;s] vfHkuo vkSj lQyrk ds fopkj lkeus vkrs gaSA nwljh
rjQ iqu% mRiknd fpUru iqujko`fÙk] vuqcU/ku] lkekU; vH;kl] fu;fer dk;ksZa ls
lEcfU/kr gSaA onkZbej us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd ;|fi rdZ egRoiw.kZ gSa] ysfdu vius
vki mRiknd fpUru dks tUe ugha ns ldrh gSA bl izdkj] rkfdZd gksuk vkSj
ltZukRed gksuk nks vyx-vyx phtsa gks ldrh gSA mUgkasus bl ckr ij tksj fn;k
fd fdlh leL;k dks gy djrs le;] fdlh ds fooj.k ij /;ku nsus ds ctk;
iw.kZr% fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A [kafMr ;k VqdM+ksa dh vis{kk lajpukRed lPpkbZ;kas
ij vf/kd /;ku nsus ls lksp dh laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gSA
iqLrd ¼izMfDVo Fkhafdax½ ^mRiknd fpUru* esa bls dbZ mnkgj.kksa ls le>k;k x;k
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d Ldwy f'k{kd us vius NksVs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ljy tksM+-
?kVk okyh leL;k ij dke djus ds fy, dgkA leL;k bl izdkj Fkh % 1 $ 2 $
3 $ 4 $ 5 $ 6 $ 7 $ 8 $ 9 $ 10 ¾ \ 55 Nk=ksa esa ls ,d yxHkx rqjUr
leL;k lek/kku ds lkFk vk;k] f'k{kd us mlls Li"Vhdj.k iwNk vkSj ik;k fd tc
nwljs 1 $ 2 $ 3 $ 4 bl rjg ls tksM+ jgs Fks] rks bl Nk= us iwjh J`a[kyk dks
ns[kk vkSj mlesa 5] 11 dk iSVuZ ik;kA mUgksua s okLro esa 1 $ 10] 2 $ 9] 3 $ 8
vkSj blh rjg la;kstu fd;kA bl izdkj bl u;s rjhds ls bl fo'ks"k leL;k ds
lek/kku rd igqapus dk rjhdk bl rF; dks iznf'kZr djrk gS fd mRiknd lksp
VqdM+ksa dh ctk; lEiw.kZ dh O;kid tk¡p dk ifj.kke gSA
;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsuk vko';d gS fd og Nk= dkyZ ÝsMfjd xkWl Fkk] tks ckn esa
,d izfl) xf.krK cu x,A
,d vkSj izdkj dk fpUru ftl ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS] og ^vH;kl vkSj =qfV* gSA
;gka dksbZ laHkkouk rd igqaprk gS ¼;fn ,slk gksrk gS½] rks la;ksx ls mRiknd fpUru
dh lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ^^dsUnzh;dj.k vkSj iqu%dsUnz;hdj.k** ¼flag] 2011½ gSaA
dsUnzhdj.k dk vFkZ] futh ;k O;fDrxr n`f"Vdks.k ls gVdj fLFkfr;ksa ds vyx
228 n`f"Vdks.k dh jpuk] ;g ,d i{kh dh vk¡[k dks ns[kus dh rjg gS bls oLrqfu"B
rjhds ls vkSj lEiw.kZ :i ls ns[kk iqu% dsUnzh;dj.k dk vFkZ ,d u;k vkSj ,d rst
ifjizs{; gksrk gSA ;g lkoZtfud lek/kku rd igqapus ds fy, ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k
iznku dj ldrk gSA onkZbej dk ekuuk Fkk fd mRiknd fpUru dh izfØ;k
fofHkUu leL;ksa esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA tks ekuo thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa] Ldhek] ;kstuk
vkSj Kku lajpuk dks izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA

xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa us O;ogkjokn vkSj muds fl)kUrksa ij geyk fd;k vkSj

vkykspuk dh] fd fdl izdkj ;g 19oha 'krkCnh ds HkkSfrd foKku ds ijek.kqokn
vkSj ra= ij vk/kkfjr FkkA mUgksaus okVlu ds ,l- vkj- euksfoKku] FkkuZMkbd ds
lEcU/kkRed vkSj ikoyo ds dsUnz izfrorZokn dk fojks/k fd;kA
bl {ks= esa mYys[kuh; 'kks/k esa ls ,d dksgyj }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA iz;ksT;kvksa dks
?kwlj jax ds nks xgjs jaxksa dk p;u djus ds fy, ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA iz;ksT;kvksa
dh mifLFkfr nks oLrqvksa esa ls xgjs jax dh oLrq dk p;u djus ds fy, iqjLÑr
fd;k x;k FkkA iz;ksx ds izR;sd pj.k esa] igys ls iqjLÑr oLrq dks fdlh vU;
oLrq ds lkFk tksM+k x;k Fkk] tks bl fo'ks"k oLrq dh rqyuk esa vf/kd xgjk FkkA
pj.k-1 esa nks oLrqvksa ds chp ped varjky leku FksA vc] tc mUgksaus nks vU;
oLrqvksa ¼igys iqjLÑr vkSj ,d vkSj xgjk½] rc iz;ksT;k us xgjs oLrq dks pqukA
;gka /;ku nsus okyh egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ;s xgjs jax dh oLrq ftls mUgksaus
pjk.k-2 esa pwuk dks dHkh Hkh iqjLÑr ugha fd;k x;k FkkA bl izdkj ds ifj.kke
lEcU/krkokn] ,l- vkj- fl)kUr vkSj iqucZyu fl)kUrksa ds Hkh fojks/k esa tkrs gaSA
dksgyj us O;k[;k fd dh bl iwjs {ks= izk:i esa iz;ksT;kvksa us rdZ ls ^xgjs ls
vf/kd esa vUrj djuk lh[kk u fd ,d fuf'pr míhid ds izfrfØ;k djukA bl
izdkj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k fd iz;ksT;kvksa us lEcU/kksa ds iSVuZ dks rdZ fo'ks"k
rRo dks ns[kkA ;fn lEca/kksa dk izR;{khdj.k LFkkfir gks tkrk gS] rks iz;ksT;k cl
mls ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh esa LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] bl ekeysa esa
;g ^ls vf/kd xgjk** gS tks Øe ifjorZu esa thrrk gSA lEcU/k dh igpkuuk vkSj
le>uk vkSj ml Kku dk ,d ?kVuk esa nwljh esa varj.k Øe ifjorZu dgykrk gSA
;s fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa ftUgsa fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa tk¡pk x;k] us Hkh bls iznf'kZr fd;k
¼czsuu vkSj gkSaMs] 2017½A lh[kus ds {ks= esa xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa dk ,d vU;
izeq[k ;ksxnku ;g fopkj Fkk fd lh[kuk esa vUrnZf"V gksrh gS] tc fdlh O;fDr dks
,d leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] rks lEHko lek/kku ds :i esa dbZ
ifjdYiuk,¡ fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA tSls-tSls oks lgh lek/kku rd igqaprk gS ¼ftlls
leL;k dk lek/kku gksrk gS½ ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vUrnZ`f"V vkrh gS vkSj lkFk-
lkFk lh[kuk Hkh ?kfVr gksrk gSA
vUrnZ`f"V dks izR;{kKkukRed {ks= esa vpkud cnyko ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gS ¼ekDlZ vkSj Øksuu-fgfyDl] 1987½A D;ksafd vUrnZ̀f"V vpkud gksrh gSa]
blfy, lh[kus dks Hkh ;gka vpkud ekuk tkrk gS] u fd dqN ,slk tks vH;kl ds
lkFk /khjs-/khjs lq/kjrk gSA dksgyj us i'kqvksa ds lkFk vius v/;;u ds ek/;e ls
iznf'kZr fd;k fd os vDlj ,d iw.kZ fLFkfr dh dYiuk djrs gaS vkSj fQj blds
fofHkUu fgLlksa dk iquxZBu dj] okafNr y{; izkIr djus@leL;k dk lek/kku djrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d dsys dks fpaikth ds flj ds Åij cka/kdj NksM+k x;k Fkk] 229
 mls dsyk izkIr djuk FkkA dwnus dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd yVdk;k
gqvk dsyk] ,d fpaikth dh lkekU; dwn ls vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij FkkA vklikl ds {ks=
esa tehu ij cDls iM+s gq, Fks vkSj muds ek/;e ls fpikath leL;k dks <wa< ldrk
Fkk ¼ekWxZu] fdax] oht vkSj 'kksiyj] 2006½A fpEikth ds fy, fLFkfr dks lhfer dj
fn;k x;k Fkk] og cDlksa dh O;oLFkk ,d ds mij ,d ml fcUnq rd j[kdj dsys
rd igqap ldrk FkkA dksgyj ds fpikaft;ksa esa ls ,d ftldk uke xzkaMs Fkk] tks
cDlksa dh pkj eafty lajpuk ls igqap ldkA
lqYrku uke ds ,d fpEikath ds lkFk ,d vU; iz;ksx esa ¼ftls lcls cqf)eku
fpikth esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk Fkk½ nks ckal dh NM+s Fkh] ftUgsa lqYrku ds lkFk
fiatjs esa j[kk x;k Fkk] u rks ykBh bruh yEch Fkh fd fiatjs ds ckgj dsys rd
igqap ldsA gkykafd ykBh bl rjg ls cukbZ x;h Fkh fd os ,d lkFk tqM+ ldrh
Fkh vkSj ,d nwljs esa vPNh rjg fQV gks ldrh FkhA tc lqYrku us nksuksa esa ls
fdlh Hkh ykBh dh enn ls dsys rd igqapus dh dksf'k'k dh] rks og vlQy jgkA
blfy, mUgksaus ykBh ds lkFk [ksyuk 'kq: dj fn;k bl nkSjku og ykfB;ksa dks ,d
lkFk tksM+us esa lQy gqvkA bu tqM+h gqbZ NM+h ds lkFk dsys dh rjQ Hkkxrs gq,
mlus dsyk izkIr fd;kA yEch NM+h us mls leL;k lek/kku dh vUrnZ̀f"V nhA
vxys fnu lqYrku leL;k dks fcuk fdlh vuko';d dks.k ds gy dj ldrk FkkA
dksgyj ¼1925½ us vUrnZ̀f"V dh dlkSVh ij dgk] ^^lEiw.kZ {ks= ds uD'ks ds lUnHkZ esa
,d iw.kZ lek/kku dh mifLFkfr**A

- vpkud vlk/;rk ls n{krk esa ifjorZu

- fl)kUrksa dh le> ds ckn izn'kZu esa tYnh vkSj lgtrk
- /ofu /kkj.kk
- leku fl}kUr ls lEcfU/kr leku leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dks LFkkukarfjr djus
dh rRijrkA
dksgyj vkSj dks¶dk nksuksa us] O;ogkj lEcU/kh v/;;uksa dh vkykspuk bl rF; ij
dh fd os cgqr lajfpr Fks vkSj i'kqvksa dks iwjs {ks= ds uD'ks dks ns[kus dh lEHkkouk
dks ckf/kr dj jgs FksA ,d HkwyHkSy;k esa n`'; dh dYiuk dh lEHkkouk,¡ lhfer gSa
vkSj dsoy vH;kl vkSj =qfV gh lEHko gSA ;|fi mUgksaus FkkuZMkbd ds vH;kl vkSj
=qfV lh[kuk dks vLohÑr fd;k ysfdu dksgyj ds iz;ksx de ls de varnZ̀f"V gksus
ls igys iz;kl vkSj =qfV izrhr gq,A

xsLVkYV ds fl)kUrksa dks Le`fr ij Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kA ml le; Le`fr dks
le>us dk ,d lkekU; rjhdk ;g Fkk fd fdlh pht dk izR;{khdj.k djus ds
ckn] efLr"d esa NksM+s x;s fpUg ds dkj.k ge mls lQyrkiwoZd ;kn dj ik,A
fpUg /khjs-/khjs lkQ gks tkrs gSa ftlls foLej.k gksrk gSA xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa
}kjk Le`fr dks ,d xR;kRed izfØ;k ds :i esa le>k x;k gS] ftlesa Le`fr fpUg
le; chrus ds dkj.k fofHkUu ifjorZuksa ls xqtjrs gSaA
230
 ¼1922½ }kjk fd;s x;s ,d iz;ksx esa ;k iznf'kZr fd;k fd dSls
izR;{kKkukRed laxBu ds fl)karksa ds vuqlkj Le`fr fpUgksa esa ifjorZu gq,A
iz;ksT;kvksa ds lkeus 5 lsd.M dh vof/k ds fy, ljy ysfdu vfu;fer T;kferh;
fp= izLrqr fd, x;sA fQj mUgsa 30 lsd.M] 24 ?k.Vs vkSj ,d lIrkg ds varjky
ds ckn] muds }kjk ns[ks x;s fp=ksa dks cukus ds fy, dgk x;kA ifj.kke esa ;g
ik;k x;k fd iz;ksT;k us fp=ksa dks xgjk fd;k] ftlls ;s vPNs lexzkÑfr esa fn[ksA
blh izdkj ds vkxs leFkZu Hkh feys ¼fxClu] 1929( ckVZysV] 1932( vkWyiksVZ ,aM
iksLVesus] 1947½A ;g dgk x;k fd] igys ns[kh x;h vkÑfr fQj ls iqu% mRiknu
ds ifj.kkeLo:i foÑfr gks ldrh gS ysfdu ;g vPNs vkdkj dh fn'kk esa gSA

dks¶dk ds dke us cPps ds efLrd ds fodkl ij tksj nsus ds lkFk fodkl

izfØ;kvksa ds fy, xsLVkYV fl)kUrksa dk foLr`r mi;ksx iznku fd;kA dks¶dk
¼1924@1980½ us cPpksa esa laonh izsjd lh[kuk ij mnkgj.k fn;k] ^^,d ckj tyk
gqvk cPpk yiV ¼vkx½ ls cprk gS** ¼i`"B] 302½A tys gq, gkFk dks cPps }kjk
izkÑfrd izfoorZ ihNs [khap fy;k tkrk gS] ysfdu bl izfØ;k esa gkFk ihNs [khapuk
ugha lh[kk cfYd Hkfo"; esa vkx ls cpuk lh[kk] nnZ vkSj vkx dks lEcfU/kr djuk
lh[kuk] izfroÙkZ ugha gS tks izkÑfrd :i ls mRiUu gksA bl izdkj] ;g fu"d"kZ
fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd cPpk flQZ lEcU/k ugha lh[krk gS cfYd ,d jpukRed
miyfC/k Hkh djrk gS ftldk Hkfo"; esa vuqdwyh izHkko iM+rk gSA dks¶dk dk ;g Hkh
ekuuk Fkk fd cPpksa esa lh[kus dk izeq[k igyw esa vuqdj.k Hkh 'kkfey gSA tks
vkerkSj ij Ñf=e ;k udyh fLFkfr;ksa ds ctk; ?kVukvksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds
izkÑfrd :i esa gksrk gSA dks¶dk ds vuqlkj ^^oSpkfjd lh[kuk** lh[kus dk mPpre
izdkj Fkk ftlls Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA cPpksa ds fy, oLrqvksa esa rF;ksa dks
Lohdkjuk] uke nsuk vkSj le>uk ,d egRoiw.kZ pj.k gSA 'kq#vkr esa os ekurs gaS
fd uke gh oLrq esa ekStwn gS] ysfdu bl pj.k ds ckn ml pj.k esa igqaprs gSa tgk¡
os Hkk"kk ds lEcU/k esa yphysiu dks le>rs gSaA
os ,d gh 'kCn dks dbZ vU; phtksa ij ykxw dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
fgYMk LVus us ukd 'kCn lh[kk vkSj bls vius twrs dh uksd ds fy, iz;ksx fd;kA
djsu onkZbej us ^frryh* ds fy, vius Lo;a ds 'kCn ^Lianu* mRiUu fd;kA ;gka
ij /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd ^Lianu* 'kCn o.kkZRed gS] bl rjg ^frryh* ,d
'kCn ds :i esa ugha gSA ;g ekSf[kd iqulZajpuk ,d midj.k gks ldrk gS tks
gekjh leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk dh foLrkfjr dj ldrk gSA

xsLVkYV leÑfrdrk dks eu-efLr"d dh leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa ns[krs FksA

^leÑfrdrk* 'kCn dk vFkZ ^^leku :i ;k fn[kkdj gksuk gSA bls fuEufyf[kr
'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS % ^^LFkku esa vuqHkoh Øe ges'kk lajpukRed :i ls
vUrfuZfgr efLr"d izfØ;kvksa ds forj.k esa ,d dk;kZRed Øe leku gksrk gS**
¼dksgyj 1929@1947( i`"B 61½A ;g ^^vuqHko vkSj varfuZfgr efLr"d izfØ;kvksa ds
chp lajpukRed vuq:irk gS** ¼czsuu] 2017( i`"B] 381½ mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn ge
,d y; dk vuqHko djrs gSa ¼tks lkef;d Jo.k vuqØe gS½ rks ge vuqHko ds lkFk 231
 efLr"d esa ,slh ?kVukvksa ds iSVuZ dks mEehn dj ldrs gSa tks le:i ¼vkdkj ;k
fn[kkoV esa ,d½A leÑfrdrk izfrfuf/k izR;{kukRed vkSj 'kkjhfjd Lrjksa ds chp
lekukarj izfØ;k gS] fdl izdkj izR;{kKkukRed ls ¼míhid fØ;k }kjk izkIr
gkfly½ efLr"d {ks= ¼fo|qr jlk;fud fØ;k ls cuk½ ls lEcfU/kr gSA
lekÑfrdrk ds fl)kar dks Hkh O;kid :i ls xyr rjhds ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
muesa ls ,d] HkkSfrd lajpuk ds leku rLohj gekjs efLr"d esa curh gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] loky mBk, x;s fd D;k ckgjh nqfu;k eas ftl rjg ls jax ekStwn gSa] og
efLr"d ds ,d fgLls ds lkFk lekÑfrdrk gS tks ml jax ls esy [kkrk gSA ;gka
lcls egRoiw.kZ igyw ftls NksM+k x;k gS] og dk;kZRedrk gSA ¼dksgyj]
1938@1966( i`"B 195½ us dgk fd] ^^,d jax ds led{k dk;kZRed dkfVZdy dks
jax ugha gksuk pkfg,] u gh /ofu ds led{k dk;kZRed dkfVZdy dks /ofu gksuk
pkfg,] tSls ok;fyu dh /ofu dks /ofu dh HkkSfrd fo'ks"krkvksa dh rjg gksuk
pkfg,**A oqMoFkZ ¼1948½ us le:irk dh O;k[;k ds fy, ,d lkn`'; dk mi;ksx
fd;kA mUgksaus ekufp= vkSj ml ns'k ds chp lEcU/k dks fn[kk;k] tks ekufp= dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA nksuksa leku ugha gaS ij bl vFkZ esa lekurk lk>k djrs gSa fd
ns'k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks orZeku ekufp= ls i<+k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;g dguk
Bhd gksxk fd ;g efLr"d esa ?kVukvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa ds chp lEcU/k ds ckjs esa
,d fl)kUr ugha gS] cfYd ;g efLr"d izfØ;kvksa vkSj vuqHko ds chp lEcU/k ds
ckjs esa gSA

1½ mRiknd vkSj iqu% mRiknd fpUru ds chp vUrj dhft,A

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2½ mnkgj.k lfgr vUrnZ`f"V lh[kus dh O;k[;k dhft,A
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3½ fodklkRed izfØ;kvksa ds izfr xsLVkYV dk D;k ;ksxnku jgk gS\
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232 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4½ eu-efLr"d leL;k ds fy, xsLVkYV n`f"Vdks.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A D;k ^^flj
esa fp=** leÑfrdrk dh xyr izfrfuf/kRo gS\
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ifjHkk"kk
onkZbej] dksgyj vkSj dks¶dk us dgk fd] euksfoKku izR;{khdj.k] fpUru] Le`fr]
lh[kus vkfn tSls dk;ksZa dks izHkkfor djus okys rkRdkfyd izR;{k vuqHko dk
v/;;u gSA ckn ds xsLVkYVokfn;ksa tSls ysfou] izR;{khdj.k vkSj O;ogkj dks
lEcfU/kr djrs gq, euksfoKku dh fo"k;oLrq ds rgr Hkh O;ogkj dks fy;kA bl
izdkj euksfoKku tho ds rRdky izR;{k vuqHko vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa dk v/;;u ekuk
tkrk gSA
fof/k;k¡
mUgksaus iz;ksx vkSj varfuZjh{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;kA ;|fi muds }kjk varfuZjh{k.k
fof/k dk mi;ksx lajpukRed ds foijhr FkkA
vfHk/kkj.kk,a
izkFkfed vfHk/kkj.kk % laiw.kZ blds Hkkxksa dk ;ksx ugha gSA lEiw.kZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡
blds Hkkxksa ls fHkUu gSA
f}rh;d vfHk/kkj.kk % le:irk dk fl)kar -
vo/kkj.kkRed laxBu dk fl)kar
xSj-fujUrjrk n`f"Vdks.k ¼lhs[kus ds lEcU/k esa fd ;g vpkud gks ldrk gS½
lh[kus dh o`f) ¼fodklkRed vo/kkj.kk½
fopkjkRed lh[kuk ¼fodklkRed vo/kkj.kk½
eu-efLr"d leL;k
mUgksaus leÑfrdrk dh fLFkfr dks fy;k izR;{kKkukRed vuqHko vkSj efLr"d
vuqHko izR;sd ls vyx vk/kkj ij ugha] cfYd lEca/kksa ds lanHkZ esa esy [kkrs gSA

233
 vk¡dM+ksa dh izÑfr
vk¡dM+s rRdky ^^fo'ys"k.k ugha** vfirq vuqHko ls izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA xsLVkYV
euksoSKkfudksa us vkadM+ksa dks vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr fn;k x;k dgk**A rkRdkfyd
vfo'ysf"kr vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr vkadM+ksa dks Lohdkj djus ij os lajpukokfn;ksa ds
leku Fks] ysfdu os muls vyx Fks D;ksafd mUgksaus lajpukokfn;ksa }kjk nh x;h
O;k[;k dks vLohdkj dj fn;k FkkA
p;u ds fl)kar
xsLVkYVokfn;ksa ds fy, izR;{khdj.k esa rRoksa dk p;u fdl izdkj gksrk gS ls
egRoiw.kZ vkÑfr fdl izdkj laxfBr dh x;h gS] D;ksafd os ekurs Fks fd
izR;{khdj.k esa {ks= ds lHkh fgLlksa dh Hkwfedk gksrh gS] gkykafd mUgksaus ;g Hkh
crk;k fd izR;{kKkukRed lEiw.kZ ds dqN fgLlksa dks vkÑfr ds :i esa vkSj dqN
dks i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa pquk tkrk gSA

dVZ ysfou ,d izeq[k O;fDr Fks] ftudk xsLVkYV euksfoKku dks O;kid cukus esa
cM+k ;ksxnku jgkA ysfou us vius {ks= fl)kar dks LFkykÑfrd vkSj lafn'kkRed
euksfoKku ds :i esa of.kZr fd;kA mUgksaus ;s nksuksa in LFkykÑfrd vkSj lafn'kk
nksuksa xf.kr ls m/kkj fy, gSaA bl vuqHkkx esa ge ysfou dh LFkykÑfrd ;k
lajpukRed vo/kkj.kkvksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA igys ls pys vk jgs iz.kkfy;ksa us] y{k.k
iwoZofÙk] vUrjkZRed izfØ;kvksa ij vf/kd tksj fn;kA bl izdkj mudh izÑfr
O;fDroknh FkhA nwljh vksj ysfou us O;fDr vkSj okrkoj.k dh ijLij fuHkZjrk ij
tksj fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd O;ogkj] O;fDr vkSj okrkoj.k ds dk;Z ds
QyLo:i gksrk gS] vkSj mUgksaus viuk fo'ks"k lw= ¼fp= 10-8 esa] ch ¾ ,Q ¼ih-] bZ-½
fn;kA lEiw.kZ euksfoKku dks fodflr djus ds fy,] mu cyksa dh lEiw.kZ {ks= dks
Lohdkj djuk egRoiw.kZ gS] ftudh ekuo thou esa Hkwfedk gS vkSj ftlesa mudk
euksoSKkfud okrkoj.k Hkh 'kkfey gSA
ysfou us viuh iz.kkyh dks ^thou LFkku* ds fooj.k vkSj fo'ys"k.k ds lkFk 'kq:
fd;kA blesa fofHkUu euksoSKkfud rF; 'kkfey gSa tks izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh
O;fDr ds thou dj.k esa fuf'pr le; esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gaSA thou LFkku esa
HkkSfrd ?kVuk,¡] O;fDrxr vkSj tSfod rF; vkSj lkekftd rF; 'kkfey gSAa ysfou
dk ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk dh ,d cPps ds thou esa thou lfe"Vk gksrh gS] vU;Fkk
;g lhfer jg tkrh gS ¼LFkkfud vkSj vLFkk;h nksuksa :i ls½A

234 Singh (2011)

fp= 10-7 esa] O;fDr ¼ih½ dks layXu o`Ùk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA O;fDr dks thou
lef"V esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS ysfdu okrkoj.k ls foHksfnr gSA ysfou ds vuqlkj
¼1936½ O;fDr u dsoy i;kZoj.k ls vyx gS] cfYd mls [kqn ls Hkh vyx dj fn;k
x;k gSA O;fDr dks nks {ks=ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% izR;{kKkukRed is'kh; {ks=
vkSj vkUrfjd O;fDrxr {ks= ¼flag] 2011½A izR;{kKkukRed {ks= og gS] tks ^ih*
fpUg okys o`Ùk dh ifjf/k ij fLFkr gS] vkSj fdlh O;fDr ds izR;{kukRed vkSj
is'kh; dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
vkUrfjd O;fDrxr {ks= o`Ùk dk eq[; ;k dsUnzh; Hkkx gS] tks izR;{kKkukRed eksVj
{ks= ls f?kjk gqvk gS] vkSj O;fDr ds izR;sd igyqvksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vkUrfjd
{ks= dk okrkoj.k ds lkFk lh/kk lEcU/k ugha gksrk gSA os ekurs Fks fd igys nwljs
euksoSKkfudksa us izsj.kk vkSj nwljs lkekftd cyksa dh Hkwfedk dks vLohdkj fd;k Fkk
vkSj bl rjg mUgksaus bUgsa vius ra= esa 'kkfey fd;kA
thou lef"V dh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk euksoSKkfud i;kZoj.k ¼bZ½ gS] ysfou
us bls dbZ {ks=ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] mUgkasus rdZ fn;k fd dqN {ks=ksa esa ikjxE;
lhek,¡ gks ldrh gS] vkSj ftlds }kjk ge nwljksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gS ;k muls
izHkkfor gks ldrs gS] dqN {ks= vHks| lhekvksa ds lkFk Hkh gksrs gSA bl izdkj] ekuo
O;ogkj O;fDr vkSj i;kZoj.k dk ;k thou lef"V esa lexzrk dk Qy gSA
,d vU; in ftls ysfou us O;k[;k dh oks ckg~; vkoj.k gSA ckg; okrkoj.k tks
fdlh O;fDr ds thou lef"V ls ckgj gS mls ckg~; vkoj.k dgk tkrk gSA O;fDr
ds thou lef"V ds ckgj ds okrkoj.k dks ckg~; vkoj.k dgk tkrk gSA ;s i`"BHkwfe
esa HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd rF; gS vkSj thou lef"V dk fgLlk ugha gSA mUgksaus
ckg~; vkoj.k vkSj euksoSKkfud okrkoj.k ds chp lhek dks izos'k crk;k vkSj bl
izdkj] bu nksuksa ds chp ,d nks rjQ vknku iznku lEHko gSA blds ek/;e ls ;g
fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd] euksoSKkfud okrkoj.k] HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa
cnyko yk ldrk gS vkSj HkkSfrd nqfu;k esa gksus okyh ?kVuk,¡ euksoSKkfud
okrkoj.k vkSj O;fDr dks foLrkj ls izHkkfor djus esa l{ke gSA
thou lef"V esa oLrqvksa dh ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed fo'ks"krkvksa dks ysfou dh
iz.kkyh esa d"kZ.k 'kfDr dgk tkrk gSA ,d oLrq esa okaNuh; vkSj vkd"kZd xq.kksa dks
ldkjkRed d"k.kZ 'kfDr dgk tkrk gS] tcfd udkjkRed d"kZ.k 'kfDr esa oLrq esa
vuvkd"kZd ;k izfrdkjd xq.k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ;gka ;g /;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS
fd O;fDr dh vko';drkvksa ds lkFk d"kZ.k 'kfDr cny ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ,d oLrq ds :i esa Hkkstu] ,d Hkw[ks cPps ds fy, ldkjkRed d"kZ.k 'kfDr
gksxh] ysfdu ,d ckj f[kyk, tkus ds ckn] bldh d"kZ.k 'kfDr de gks tkrh gS
vkSj fQj 'kk;n Vsyhfotu lsV ;k dqN f[kykSus esa mPp ldkjkRed d"kZ.k 'kfDr
gks ldrh gS ¼fdax] cqMh] vkSj fous;] 2015½A
;g igys gh ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS fd thou lef"V ds fofHkUu {ks= ,d nwljs ds
lkFk lEidZ djrs gSa vkSj ,d nwljs dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA vc loky ;g gS fd ;s
fofHkUu {ks= vkil esa dSls tqM+rs gSa\ tc thou lef"V ds dksbZ nks igyw ;k {ks=
vkil esa vUr%fØ;k djrs gSa rks bls ,d ?kVuk dgk tkrk gSA ;s {ks= ,d nwljs dks
nks izfØ;kvksa lapkj vkSj xeu ds }kjk izHkkfor djrs gaSA lapkj] og ?kVuk gS]
235
 ftlds ek/;e ls thou lef"V dk ,d {ks= nwljs ds lkFk lEidZ esa vk tkrs gS ;k
nwljs ds lkFk lapkj djrk gSA xeZu esa O;fDr thou lef"V ds ,d igyw ls nwljs
esa 'kkjhfjd ;k euksoSKkfud xfr 'kkfey gSA blls vo/kkukRed ;k izR;{k.kkRed
izfØ;kvksa ¼euksoSKkfud {ks= esa½ esa ifjorZu gks ldrs gS] ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd
xeu dh izfØ;k gksus ds dkj.k ,d fuf'pr ekxZ vko';d gS vkSj bls
gksMksykWftdy Lisl ¼Hodological space½ dh laKk nh gSA ysfou ¼1936½ us lapkj
vkSj xeu fu;af=r djus okys rhu izeq[k fl)kUrksa dks crk;k gSA igyk lac)rk
dk fu;e gS ;g cryk;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ds gksus ds dkj.k nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd rF;ksa dh ijLij vUrfØZ;k gS] tks ,d nwljs ls lacaf/kr gSA nwljk n`<+rk ;k
ewrZrk dk fu;e okLro esa O;fDr ds thou lef"V esa ekStwn rF;ksa dk ml ij
izHkko iM+rk gSA vFkkZr ogh rF; ftldk thou dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSA rhljk
ledkfydrk dk fu;e gS] ;g crkrk gS fd orZeku esa mifLFkr rF;ksa esa gh]
orZeku O;ogkj dks mRiUu djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA cpiu ls lEcfU/kr ?kVuk,¡ gh
O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrh gS ;fn os ledkyhu le; esa Hkh ekStwn gS] ugha rks
orZeku O;ogkj ij mudk dksbZ cM+k izHkko ugha iM+sxk ¼flag] 2011½A ;|fi bl
ckr ij tksj fn;k fd vrhr vkSj Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa gekjk izR;{khdj.k] fpUru vkSj
Hkkouk,¡ vkSj orZeku eukso`fÙk gekjs orZeku vkpj.k dks izHkkfor djrs gS vkSj
orZeku thou lef"V esa vkrs gS ¼ysfou] 1951½A
thou lef"V lajpuk esa ysfou dk ,d izeq[k ;ksxnku la?k"kZ dk laizR; gSA rhu
izdkj ds }U}ksa dh igpku dh x;h gSa] tks ge esa dq.Bk mRiUu djus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA ;s mikxe & mikxe }a} vkSj mikxe-ifjgkj }a} gSA ge vius
nSfud thou esa ,d mikxe & mikxe }a} dk lkeuk djrs gSa] tc ge nks
ldkjkRed d"kZ.k ;k ?kVukvksa ds chp esa Qalk ikrs gSa] vkSj dsoy ,d gh izkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifjgkj & ifjgkj }a} esa ge nks udkjkRed d"kZ.kksa ls f?kjs
gksrs gaSA mikxe & ifjgkj }a} og gS] tc fdlh oLrq esa ldkjkRed vkSj
udkjkRed nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ka gksrh gS] blfy, O;fDr vkdf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj y{;ksa
ls Hkh ihNs gV tkrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ladYi esa tfVy gksrk gS vkSj O;fDr ds
lanHkZ esa ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed d"kZ.k ds lkis{k out ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] cgqr vPNs osru iSdst vkSj HkrhZ ds lkFk ukSdjh dh is'kd'k dh
tk jgh gS] ldkjkRed dkj.k gSA ijUrq ,d nwjLFk {ks= esa jgus dh fLFkfr]
ifj.kkeLo:i ifjokj ls nwj jguk dkj.koa'k udkjkRed fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA

bl Hkkx esa ysfou ds ry ds bu laizR;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks ekuo
O;ogkj ds izsj.kkRed igyqvksa ls lacaf/kr Fks vkSj bl izdkj ekuo O;ogkj dks iwjh
rjg le>us esa mudh izeq[k Hkwfedk gSA ysfou ds vuqlkj] ,d O;fDr ,d tfVy
ÅtkZ iz.kkyh gSA euksoSKkfud ÅtkZ og gS] ftldk mi;ksx euksoSKkfud dk;Z dks
iwjk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA rc ds ,d ;k nwljs Hkkx esa ruko esa o`f) ds
dkj.k vlekurk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gSA tc ,d O;fDr larqyu izkIr
djus dh bPNk j[krk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i euksoSKkfud ÅtkZ mRiUu gksrh gS
vkSj tc ra= vius lHkh Hkkxksa esa ruko dks ,d leku djus esa lQy gks tkrk gS]
rks ÅtkZ dh mRifÙk #d tkrh gSA
236
vko';drk dks ;k rks 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr ¼tSls fd Hkw[k] I;kl] dke½ ;k ,d
euksoSKkfud fLFkfr ¼tSls vehj cuus dh pkg½ ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS
ysfou us vko';drk rFkk v)Z-vko';drk ds chp vUrj Hkh fd;k gSA ,d v)Z-
vko';drk og gS] tks fof'k"B bjknksa ds lkFk gks vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa ls ftls
vkdkj feyk gks ¼ysfou] 1951½A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d fo'ks"k jsLVksjUs V esa fof'k"V
fiTtk [kkus dh vko';drkA
ysfou ;g Hkh ekuk fd ruko iz.kkyh ds lkFk t:jrsa vR;f/kd tqM+h gqbZ gSa vkSj
ruko dk [kRe gksuk dsoy ,d fo'ks"k vko';drk dh larqf"V ds lkFk gh lEHko gSA
Kku dks vkUrfjd oS;fDrd {ks=ksa nks ;k vf/kd fLFkfr;ksa ds chp vlekurk dh
fLFkfr ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl fopkj dh tkap Cyqek ftxkfudj }kjk
fd;k x;k FkkA bl 'kks/k esa iz;ksT;kvksa dks ljy dk;ksZa dh ,d J`a[kyk nh xbZ FkhA
dqN mnkgj.kksa esa mUgsa dk;Z iwjk gksus ls igys ckf/kr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj vU; esa]
mUgsa iwjk djus dh vuqefr nh x;h FkhA ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd] tc dksbZ
dk;Z iwjk gks tkrk gS] rks ruko de tks tk;sxk] ysfdu ;fn dk;Z ckf/kr gksrk gS
rks ruko yEch vof/k rd cuk jgrk gSA bl /kkj.kk dk ijh{k.k mu iz;ksT;kvksa dks
fofHkUu dk;ksZa dks ;kn djrs dgk x;k fd iw.kZ gq, dk;ksZa dh rqyuk esa ckf/kr dk;ksZa
ds fy, Lej.k vPNk gksxkA fu"d"kksZa us bl Hkfo";ok.kh dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj bl
?kVuk dks tSxkjfud izHkko dgk x;kA blds fy, ;g Li"Vhdj.k fn;k x;k fd
v/kwjs dk;Z ls mRiUu ruko] iz;ksT;kvksa ds fy, ml dk;Z ls tqM+h lkexzh dk
iwokZH;kl djus dk ,d dkj.k gks ldrk gSA ckn esa bl izHkko ds fy, vkSj vf/kd
izek.k feys ¼,yij] 1948( fM/kwjk] 1954½A
ysfou }kjk ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ laizR; ij ^^lafn'kk** ij ppkZ dh x;hA lafn'kk ls
rkRi;Z oSls euksoSKkfud cyksa ls gksrk gS] tks O;fDr dks ,d gn rd izHkkfor djrk
gS fd O;fDr fdlh fuf'pr fn'kk esa dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr gksA lafn'kk ds rhu
xq.kksa ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA os gaS % fn'kk ¼;g y{; oLrq dh rjQ ;k nwj gks
ldrk gS½] 'kfDr ¼lafn'kk oLrq ds vkd"kZ.k ds lkFk lglac/k gks ldrk gS -
vkd"kZ.k ;k izfrd"kZ.k bldh rkdr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS½] vkSj lEidZ dk ,d
fcUnqA lafn'kk dks ,d rhj gkFk fn[kk;k tkrk gS tc ;g O;fDr ¼ih½ ls lEcaf/kr
gksrk gSA rhj dh js[kk vdsyh gksrh gS] rks lafn'kk dh rkdr vf/kd gksrh gSA

ysfou us lewg xfrdh ;k lkewfgd ckrphr ds laizR; tks lewg esa gksrs gS tSls
usr`Ro] lewg fuekZ.k] 'kfDr ifjorZu] ,dtqVrk] fu.kZ; ysuk vkfn ij Hkh /;ku fn;k
gS] ;|fi mUgksaus dgk] lewg dh xfrdh dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk eqf'dy gS] ysfdu bls
lkekftd izfØ;k] ftlds }kjk yksx lewg esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk vkeus lkeus
ckrphr djrs gSa ds :i esa crk;kA blesa lewgksa dk O;fDr;ksa ds Åij vkSj O;fDr;ksa
dk lewgksa ds Åij izHkko ds v/;;u dks 'kkfey FkkA ysfou dk fopkj Fkk fd
O;fDr dk lewg vkSj mldk okrkoj.k ,d O;fDr ds lkekftd {ks= dk fuekZ.k
djrs gaSA blesa lewg dh lajpuk fo'ks"kdj usr`Ro ds lEcU/k esa ¼yksdrkaf=d cuke
lÙkkoknh usrk½ vkSj bldh izHkko'khyrk ds v/;;u dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
237
 ;s v/;;uksa vkS|ksfxd dk;Z lewgksa] 'kSf{kd lewgksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lkeqnkf;d
fØ;k dk;ZØeksa ij fd;k x;k FkkA
f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku] ysfou ¼1943½ us ;g le>us ds fy, 'kks/k fd;k fd
fu.kZ; ysus ds rjhds dks dSls cnyk tk ldrk gSA [kkus ds dqN mRiknksa tSls ek¡l
dh deh ds dkj.k] x`gf.k;ksa dks dqN vizfl) ek¡l tSls fdMuh] efLr"d] yhoj
vkSj nwljs vaxksa] ftudks vkerkSj ij ckgj dj fn;k tkrk Fkk vkfn dks [kjhnus
vkSj mi;ksx djus ds fy, vuqu; fd;k x;k FkkA x`gf.k;ksa ds 6 lewgksa dks pquk
x;k Fkk vkSj nks vuqu; fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA 'kq: dks rhu lewgksa ds
lkFk O;k[;ku fof/k ds }kjk mUgsa ek¡l ds iks"k.k ewY; ds lkFk-lkFk Lokfn"V vkSj
Lo:i rjhds ls rS;kj djus ds ckn esa crk;k x;k] vU; rhu lewgksa ds fy, lewg
ppkZ i)fr dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
tgk¡ lnL; [kqn bu ek¡l dks idkus vkSj [kkus ds i{k vkSj foi{k ds ckjs esa
ckrphr djrs FksA ckn esa ;g ik;k x;k fd igyk lewg ¼ftUgsa O;k[;ku fof/k ds
ek/;e ls euk;k x;k Fkk½ ls 3 izfr'kr x`fgf.k;ksa us bu ek¡l inkFkksZa dk mi;ksx
fd;k Fkk tcfd x`fgf.k;ka ftUgsa lewg ppkZ fof/k ls euk;k x;k FkkA muesa 32
izfr'kr us ek¡l inkFkksZa dk mi;ksx fd;kA ysfou ¼1958½ ls }kjk ckn esa iz;ksxksa dh
,d J`a[kyk dh vkSj blh rjg ds ifj.kke ik, x;sA
ysfou vkSj muds ra= dh fo'ks"k :i ls bl rF; ds fy, Hkh vkykspuk dh x;h]
fd muds }kjk ppkZ fd;s x, laizR; tSls ruko ra=] ÅtkZ vkfn dk ijh{k.k djuk
dfBu gS] vkSj bl izdkj lafnX/k gSA czkWbZyj ¼1936-37½ us bls ^^lfp= miek,¡ vkSj
fp=e; :id** dgk gSA bl ra= esa iz;qDr 'kCn HkkSfrdh] xf.kr vkSj jlk;u
foKku ds izlax ls fy, x;s gSa] ysfdu xyr rjhds ls mUgsa euksfoKku esa iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS ¼gkWy vkSj fyaMts] 1978½A ysfou ds ra= ds fojks/k esa ,d vkSj izeq[k
vkykspuk laizR;;ksa dh O;k[;kvksa dks ysdj dh x;hA mnkgj.k ds fy,] thou
lef"V dk okrkoj.k ls lEcU/k lokZxh.k ugha gS ¼dkVZjkbV] 1969( yhij] 1943(
VksyeSu] 1948½A bu vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn] ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd] ysfou dh iz.kkyh
us euksfoKku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dqN vfo'oluh; vuql/a kku mRiUu fd;s lkFk gh
vkxs ds fodkl dk oknk Hkh fd;kA

xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh Hkkjh vkykspuk dk dkj.k blds fl)kUr ij vdknfed

fuHkZj gksuk vkSj mlds leFkZu ds fy, i;kZIr Bksl lcwrksa dh deh ¼ekDlZ vkSj
Øksuu] 1937½ dks ysdj dh x;hA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lw> 'kCn la)kfUrd :i ls
vuqekfur gS vkSj bldh vuqHkotU; dkQh detksj gSaA bl izdkj] ra= dks vLi"V
vkSj vfuf'pr gS lekÑfrdrk ls lEcfU/kr 'kkjhfjd /kkj.kk dh Hkh vkykspuk dh
x;hA ;g fuf'pr :i ls ,d vuwBh O;k[;k gS] vkSj xsLVkYV euksoSKkfud dsoy
bls vizR;{k :i ls dg lds gSA muds }kjk fd;s x;s iz;ksxksa vkSj v/;;uksa dh
[kjkc fu;U=.k] xSj ek=kRed vkSj cwjs fMtkbu ekudj vkykspuk dh x;h gS ¼flag]
2011½A dqN us ;g Hkh loky mBk;k fd iz;ksT;k dh vuko';d ladsr iznku fd;s
x;s] ftlds mudh leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk izHkkfor dj jgs FksA gSjksoj ¼1932½
238 us dgk fd xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa us vius eq[; in] laxBu dks vuqHkotU; :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr laxBu vkSj xSj laxBu ds chp vUrj Li"V :i ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,
Fkk] ftlds iz;ksxkRed v/;;u dsoy laxBu dks Bhd izdkj le>us ds fy, fd,
tkrsA
bu vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn xsLVkYV euksfoKku dk ;ksxnku vkSj fujUrj
izklafxdrk dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA izR;{khdj.k ds {ks= esa bldk
izHkko us fuf'pr :i ls izR;{khdj.k dks ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k iznku fd;k gSA os
ftlls lEiw.kZ dh rjQ] lajpuk ls izfØ;k dh vkSj oLrqfu"B foKku ls KkukRed
foKku dh rjQ cnyko ds fy, ftEesnkj FksA

1½ thou lef"V ds lEizR; dh O;k[;k djsa vkSj euksfoKku ds n`f"Vdks.k esa blds
egRo dks le>kb,A
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2½ tSxkjfud izHkko D;k gS\ bldh dqN O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk Hkh crkb,A
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3½ xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh vkykspukvksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,A
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vc tc ge bl bdkbZ ds var esa vk x, gS rks ge mu lHkh fcUnqvksa dks lwphc)

djsaxs tks geus vc rd lh[ks gSa %
• xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh LFkkiuk vkSj usr`Ro eSDl onkZbej vkSj muds nks fudV
lg;ksfx;ksa dksgyj vkSj dks¶dk }kjk dh x;h FkhA beSU;wvy dkUV] fofyge
oq.V] tkWu LVqvVZ fey] Ýkat czaVs kuks] dkyZ LVEQ vkSj vuZLV eSd] dqN
iwoZorhZ cy Fks tks xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh uhao j[kus esa lgk;d gq,A
239
 • vkHkklh xfr ij fd;s x;s iz;ksxksa dh ,d J`a[kyk esa onkZbej us ;g fu"d"kZ
fudkyk fd ;fn nks vlrr~ ysfdu fLFkj izdk'k dh ped ds chp ,d mfpr
le; varjky fn;k tkrk gS] rks ,d izdk'k ls nwljs ds chp xfr dk
izR;{khdj.k fd;k tkrk gS bls QkbZ ?kVuk dgk tkrk gSA
• xsLVkYV euksfoKku bl fopkj ds f[kykQ ,d fonzksg Fkk fd dqN VqdM+ksa vkSj
vuqHko ds fgLls dks tc ,d lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS] rks os feydj ^lEiw.kZ* curk
gS] bl izdkj lEiw.kZ vius O;fDrxr vkSj i`Fkd Hkkxksa ds ;ksx ls cgqr vf/kd
gksrk gSA
• xsLVkYV euksfoKku dk izR;{khdj.k ds {ks= esa cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA mUgksaus
izR;{kKkukRed laxBu ds dqN fl)kUrksa] tks izR;{kkRed lEiw.kZ ds ewy laxBu
dk lapkyu djrs gS ij izdk'k Mkyk tSls] lekurk] fudVrk] iqfrZ] fujUrjrk
vkÑfr- i`’VHkwfe vkSj oLrq fLFkjrkA
• xsLVkYV euksfoKku dk foLrkj lh[kus] Le`fr vkSj fpUru ds {ks=ksa esa Hkh gqvkA
lh[kus ds {ks= esa iz;kl vkSj =qfV ds ctk; vpkud lw> ¼varn`f"V½ ls lh[kus
ij tksj fn;kA onkZbej us mRiknd fpUru ij ckr dgh vkSj dgk fd fdlh
leL;k dks gy djrs le; O;kid n`f"Vdks.k ;k lEiw.kZ ij fopkj djuk
pkfg,A Le`fr ds igyqvksa ij ppkZ djrs gq, mUgksaus tksj fn;k fd] Le`fr fo'ks"k
:i ls le> ds varjky ds lkFk izR;{kKkukRed laxBu ds fl)kUrksa ds
vuqlkj dbZ izdkj ds ifjorZuksa ls xqtjrh gSA
• ysfou ds {ks= fl)kUr esa LFkkykÑfrd euksfoKku vkSj lafn'kk euksfoKku nksuksa
ds rRo gSaA muds LFkkykÑfrd euksfoKku ds vuqlkj thou lfe"V ds lEizR;
dk vR;f/kd egRo gSA blesa O;fDr vkSj mldk i;kZoj.k 'kkfey gSA ;g ekuk
tkrk Fkk fd ekuo O;ogkj] O;fDr vkSj okrkoj.k ds vUr%fØ;k dk ifj.kke
gSA vius lafn'kkRed euksfoKku ds gkFk mUgksaus izsj.kkRed laizR; tSls ÅtkZ]
vko';drk ruko vkSj lafn'kk ij /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA

;g vkHkklh xfr dk ,d izdkj gSA ftls nks vlrr~ ysfdu

fLFkj jks'kuh ds yxkrkj] ,d fo'ks"k le; varjky ij fn[kk;k
tkrk gS] bl fLFkfr esa tks ns[kk tkrk gS og nks vlrr~ jks'kuh
ds ctk; igyh ls nwljh jks'kuh rd ,d xfr ns[kh tkrh gSA
tks viw.kZ gS] mls lEiw.kZ djus dh euksoSKkfud izo`fÙk varjky
dks Hkjuk] tcfd oks bl le; mifLFkr u gksus ij Hkh] lEiw.kZ
:i esa ns[kukA
- fdlh oLrq dh vkÑfr ds :i esa ns[kuk vkSj i`"VHkwfe ij vU;
ckg~; oLrqvksa dks ns[kus dh vo/kkj.kkRed izo`frA
izR;{kKkukRed laxBu mifLFkr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;FkklEHko
lqlaxr] vPNk vkSj O;ofLFkr gksrk gS dk fopkj gSA
240
 leL;k dks ,d cM+s lanHkZ esa ns[kus dh {kerk vkSj leL;k ds
lek/kku rd igqapus ds fy, leL;k ls izR;{kKkukRed :i ls
iquxZBu djukA
eu-efLr"d leL;k ds fy, xsLVkYV dh ,d O;k[;kA blds
vuqlkj] vuqHko vkSj mlesa 'kkfey efLr"d izfØ;kvksa ds chp
dk;kZRed lEcU/k gksrk gSA
O;fDr vkSj okrkoj.k ;k dqy {ks= ds chp varfØ;k vkSj ijLij
fuHkZjrk ds iSVuZ dh tkap djrh gSA
fdlh Hkh le; esa] fdlh O;fDr dks izHkkfor djus okyh lHkh
HkkSfrd ?kVukvksa] tSfod] lkekftd rF;ksa vkSj euksoSKkfud
izHkkoksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd rF; tks orZeku esa thou lef"V dk
fgLlk ugha gS vkSj dsoy i`"BHkwfe esa gSA
- nks ldkjkRed vkSj vkd"kZd y{;ksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k
mRiUu }a}A
- nks vukd"kZd vkSj vokaNuh; y{;ksa ds mifLFkfr ds dkj.k
mRiUu }a}A
- ,d }a} ftlesa ,d ldkjkRed y{; fdlh vukd"kZd ;k
vokaNuh; igyw ls Hkh tqM+k gksrk gSA
ckf/kr] viw.kZ dk;ksZa dks iw.kZ dk;ksZa dh rqyuk esa csgrj ;kn dj
ikus dh izÑfrA

1½ xsLVkYV euksfoKku ds mn~Hko dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd dkSu ls FksA
2½ izR;{k.kkRed laxBu ds fofHkUu fl)kUrksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
3½ xsLVkYV euksfoKku dk fpUru] Le`fr vkSj lh[kus esa D;k ;ksxnku Fkk\
4½ xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh Hkwfedk vkSj ;ksxnku dh O;k[;k dhft,A
5½ ekuo O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy, ysfou ds LFkykÑfrd euksfoKku ds egRo
dh O;k[;k dhft,A
6½ ysfou ds lafn'kk euksfoKku ds laizR;ksa dks Li"V dhft,A
7½ ysfou dh euksfoKku iz.kkyh dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,A

241
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10-10
Law of similarity: https://healthywaymag.com/psychology/gestalt-
psychology-principles-theory
Law of closure: https://healthywaymag.com/psychology/gestalt-psychology-
principles-theory
Principle of Figure and Ground: Figure–ground (perception) - Wikipedia

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 Principle of common region:
https://www.usertesting.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/common-
regions_0.png
Principle of common fate: https://uxpro.cc/publications/using-gestalt-laws-of-
perceptual-organization-in-ui-design/

 Gestalt Principles of Perception with examples, visit;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWucNQawpWY
 Insight learning in Chimpanzee (Köhler study footage), visit;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-YWrPzsmEE
 Zeigarnik Effect, visit;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKtzot7U4hY

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