Communication skills in English: Written and Oral Expression
Communication skills in English encompass both written and oral expression, playing a vital role in various
aspects of life, from academic success to professional advancement and personal relationships. Effective
written communication involves crafting clear, concise, and engaging messages, while oral expression
encompasses the ability to articulate thoughts, ideas, and opinions fluently and persuasively. In today's
globalized world, proficiency in both written and oral communication in English opens doors to opportunities
and facilitates effective interaction in diverse contexts.
A. The Writing Process
Note:
What is writing?
Writing is the mental work of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express them, and organizing them into
statements and paragraphs that will be clear to a reader.
Nunan (2003:88)
Purpose of Writing
We write to …
… inform.
… entertain.
… explain.
… persuade.
… express ideas ,opinions, thoughts and feelings.
… mediate ( to intervene ).
… problem solve.
… argue for or against an idea.
The Five Steps in the Writing Process
Step 1: Prewriting / Think. Prewriting is the stage where you gather your thoughts, brainstorm ideas, and
plan your approach to the topic/ outline.
Decide On A Topic To Write About and the type of writing to use.
Consider who will read or listen to your written work.
Brainstorm ideas about the subject.
List places where you can research information. Then do your research.
Writing Format
Paragraph
Essay
Article
Letter
Email
Report
Speech
…
Step 2: Drafting / Write. Drafting involves putting your ideas into sentences and paragraphs, focusing on
getting your main points across.
● Put the information you researched into your own words.
● Write sentences and paragraphs even if they are not perfect.
● Read what you have written and judge if it says what you mean or show it to others and ask for
suggestions.
Step 3: Revising / Make it Better. Revising involves reviewing your draft for clarity, coherence, and
effectiveness in conveying your message.
● Read what you have written again and again. / Read your writing aloud to be sure it flows smoothly.
● Think about what others might say about it.
● Rearrange words or sentences.
● Take out or add parts and replace overused or
unclear words.
Step 4: Editing / Make it correct. Editing involves
refining your draft for grammar, punctuation, style,
and overall polish.
● Be sure all sentences are complete.
● Correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.
● Have someone check your work.
● Recopy it correctly and neatly.
Developing a Paragraph / Paragraph Organization
Topic Sentence ( + a controlling idea)
Supporting Supporting Supporting
Sentence Sentence Sentence
Concluding Sentence
Before the final step: Use a check list.
Step 5: Publishing / Share the finished product with an audience.
The writing process is not merely a series of steps to be followed, but a dynamic and iterative journey that
fosters creativity, critical thinking, and effective communication. By embracing the writing process, you can
unlock your full potential as writers and communicators.
B. Oral Expression
Note: Presenting information verbally is a basis of academic communication. Presentation skills are essential
for academic success, as they are often required in assessments, conferences, and professional settings. So …
1. How can students develop skills in structuring presentations, organizing information logically, and
delivering content effectively?
2. How can they convey complex ideas clearly and persuasively to their peers and instructors?
Enhancing Communication Skills
1. Practice Active Listening
Actively listen to others during class discussions, presentations, or group meetings.
Focus on understanding the speaker's main points, ideas, and perspectives.
Ask clarifying questions to demonstrate engagement and deepen comprehension.
2. Engage in Discussions and Group Work
Participate actively in group discussions and collaborative projects.
Share your ideas, perspectives, and insights while also respecting others' contributions.
Practice expressing your thoughts clearly and succinctly, and encourage constructive dialogue within the
group.
3. Seek Feedback
Request feedback from peers, instructors, or mentors on your communication skills.
Be open to constructive criticism and use it as an opportunity for improvement.
Actively apply feedback to refine your speaking and listening abilities.
4. Prepare and Practice Presentations
Prepare thoroughly for presentations by researching the topic, organizing your thoughts, and creating clear,
engaging visuals if applicable.
Practice your presentation multiple times to become comfortable with the material and delivery.
Pay attention to your tone, pace, and body language to convey confidence and credibility.
5. Expand Vocabulary and Language Skills
Read widely across different subjects to expand your vocabulary and understanding of academic language.
Practice using formal and specialized language appropriate for academic contexts.
Explore resources such as academic journals, textbooks, and online courses to enhance your language skills.
6. Utilize Communication Tools and Technologies
Familiarize yourself with communication tools and technologies commonly used in academic and
professional settings, such as email, video conferencing, and presentation software.
Practice communicating effectively through these mediums, paying attention to etiquette and clarity in
written and verbal communication.
7. Participate in Communication Workshops or Courses
Attend workshops or courses focused on improving communication skills.
These may cover topics such as public speaking, effective listening, interpersonal communication, or
academic writing.
Take advantage of opportunities for hands-on practice and feedback provided in these settings.
By actively engaging in these practices and seeking continuous improvement, students can enhance their
communication skills and become more effective communicators in academic, professional, and personal
contexts.
