Definition

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by plasmodium parasites that invade erythrocytes and
characterized by the discovery of asexual forms in the blood. Provide symptomatic malaria infection
include fever, chills, anemia and splenomegaly. This infectious disease is very dominant in tropical
and sub-tropical or tropical areas of course but if neglected can be a serious illness. Such as the
malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a type of tropical malaria, which often
leads to death. He is a protozoan that transferred to humans through the bite of female Anopheles
mosquitoes, especially at sunrise and sunset. At least 270 million people worldwide suffer from
malaria and more than 2 billion or 42% of the world's population at risk of malaria. WHO noted that
each year not less than 1 to 2 million people died of disseminated disease Anopheles mosquito.
Malaria can also be caused by changes in the surrounding environment such as the current global
warming has led to the spread of parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes and other insects
increasingly raged. Changes in temperature, relative humidity, and extreme precipitation events
often lead to more mosquitoes lay their eggs so that the vector-borne disease is greatly increased
and the impact of emerging diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria.

DISEASE TYPES OF MALARIA

Distinguished on the type of malaria parasite that causes malaria is a protozoan of the Plasmodium
species. The malaria parasite is transmitted through the bite of a mosquito Anophheles life habitat is
damp places and humid.

Malaria types are classified into four, namely:

Ø tertian Malaria, caused by Plasmodium vivax, in which sufferers feel the fever appears every third
day. Is the cause of approximately 43% of cases of malaria in humans

Ø quartana Malaria, caused by Plasmodium malariae, the patient felt a fever every fourth day. Cause
approximately 7% of malaria in the world.

Ø tropica Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, malaria is the most pathogenic and often fatal.
This type of malaria is the most serious, because it can cause serious complications such as cerebral
malaria (cerebral malaria), severe anemia, shock, acute renal failure, bleeding, shortness of breath,
etc.. Malaria patients with this type of irregular fever accompanied by symptoms terserangnya part
of the brain, coma and even entered a phase of sudden death.

Ø pernicious malaria, caused by Plasmodium ovale. Malaria is rarely encountered species, generally
many in Africa and the Western Pacific
CAUSE DISEASE MALARIA

Cause Malaria is a parasite that is a member of the genus plasmodium. Malaria in humans is
generally caused by the 4 types of plasmodium vivax, ovale, malariae and falciparum, Plasmodium
knowlesi whereas those found in monkeys or orangutans small amount found in humans.

Mosquitoes are a disseminator of this parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito, which is a
mosquito bite infected previously with people who have been infected by the parasite plasmodium.
The mosquitoes will carry this parasite in the body for one week until the next meal time, which the
mosquitoes will bite someone else at the same time injecting blood into the plasmodium parasite
that.

Malaria who live in the red blood cells can also be transmitted through blood transfusion,
contaminated hypodermic needles, or organ transplantation. Malaria can also be transmitted by a
pregnant woman to her baby. Of all Plasmodium species that infect humans, Plasmodium vivax is
most often found in cases of malaria around the world, while the most commonly found
plasmodium falciparum malaria as a cause of acute causes of death around the world with a figure
of about 90% of the total deaths from malaria throughout world.

Plasmodium knowlesi parasites in addition to attacking mammals such as apes, monkeys, and
orangutans, also attacked other animals such as reptiles, rodents, and birds.

The symptoms of malaria

Malaria symptoms can be divided into 2 types:

Ø Symptoms of mild malaria (uncomplicated malaria)

Although the so-called mild malaria, perceived symptoms of sufferers actually quite excruciating.
The main symptoms of malaria are: fever and chills, also can be accompanied by headache, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain or stiffness. The symptoms that arise can vary depending on the
patient endurance and specific symptoms of which are parasitic. Symptoms of malaria consists of
three sequential stages of the so-called triad of malaria, namely

A). Stadium (cold stage)

lasted less kebih 15 minutes up to 1 hour. Begins with shivering and feeling very cold, teeth
chattering, rapid but weak pulse, lips and fingers pale bluish (cyanotic), dry skin and sometimes
accompanied by vomiting.

b) Stadium fever (hot stage)

lasted more than 2 to 4 hours. Patients feel the heat (fever). Red face, dry skin, headaches and
vomiting often. Pulse becomes strong again, feeling very thirsty and body temperature can rise up to
41oC or more. In children, a very high body temperature can cause seizures.

c) Stage sweating (sweating stage)

dar lasts 2 to 4 hours. Patients sweating so much. Body temperature back down, sometimes to
below normal. After the patient is usually asleep resting up. After waking the patient felt weak but
no other symptoms so that they can return to their daily activities.

Ø Symptoms of severe malaria (malaria with complications)

Patient is said to suffer from severe malaria in the blood was found when the malaria parasite
through the Blood Bank laboratory preparations or Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and with having one
or more symptoms / complications following:

Disturbance of consciousness in varying degrees (ranging from coma to decrease awareness lighter
with manifestations such as delirium, speaking one, sleep on, silent, behavior change)

General condition is very weak (not able to sit / stand)

Convulsions

Very high heat

Yellow eyes or body

Signs of dehydration (sunken eyes, reduced skin turgor and elasticity, dry mouth, decreased urine
production) bleeding nose, gums or intestinal tract

Rapid breathing or shortness of breath

The most common symptoms of malaria are specific fever in which the body is hot, but the patient
felt extremely cold.

Preventing Malaria

Prevention of malaria can be prevented by keeping the environment clean and mosquito nest
cleaning around where we live, and the right effort avoid mosquito bites, or the prevention of drug
delivery Chloroquine when visiting malaria endemic areas classified.

And try to keep the fish in the stagnant water, such as ponds, rice fields and ditches. Or by giving a
little oil on stagnant water.