Literature in its broadest sense is everything that has ever been written.

Types of nonfiction:
autobiography: writing about yourself and your life.
Biography: writing about the life of another person. Biography derived from Latin word bio means life and
graph means writing
Diaries and journals: stream of consciousness about your life.
Essay: short formal works on various subjects.
Frame narrative: a story within a story.
In media res: beginning the writing in the middle or end and working back.
Literary criticism: critiquing another literary work.
Memoir: writing about your life story and memories.
Outdoor literature: anything about the outdoor life (hiking kayaking wilderness survival etc)
Spiritual: writing about religion and religious people.
Textbooks: informational text that can be used in educational settings.
4 main types of nonfiction:
(Narrative nonfiction: tells stories of real life event e.g. autobiography and memoir.)
Expository: nonfiction inform or explains. E.g. analytical essays and research report.
Persuasive: nonfiction present reason and evidence to convince the reader to act or think in a certain way.
Ex, editorial and political speeches.
Descriptive: nonfiction uses details related to the sense to create mental images for the reader.
Ex. Character sketches and scientific observation
Charecterics of nonfiction.
 the people events places and ideas presented in nonfiction are real not another invented.
 Nonfiction narrated by author who is real person.
 It present facts describes true experience or discuses idea.
 Nonfiction is written for a specific audience or group of reader
Strategies for reading nonfiction
 Recognize the author purpose Fact: is the statement that can be proved true.
 Identifies the authors main point
 identify support for the author pointAn opinion is the belief, judgement, conclusion based on
what the writer think.
 recognize the patterns of organization
 vary your reading rate
poetry: poetry is an imaginative awareness experience expressed through meaning sound and rhythmic
language choice to evoke an emotional response.
Types of poetry: lyric, narrative and dramatic.
History of poetry: the oldest surviving poem is the epic of Gilgamesh from the 3rd millennium BC in summer in
Mesopotamia now Iraq.
many ancient work from the Indian Vedas (1700-1200 BC)and Zoroaster Gathas(1200-900 BC)
To the odyssey (800-675 BC) appear to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and
transmission. Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epic Iliad odyssey.
The basic elements of poetry:
1- speaker: the poem’s speaker is the person who is addressing the reader sometime the speaker is the poet
who addressing the reader directly or another person.
2- Content: content is the subject of the poem it answer the question.
3- Theme: is the meaning of the poem the main idea that the poet trying to communicate.
4- Shape and form: in poetry you will encounter two forms: structured and free verse. Structured poetry has
predictable patterns of rhyme, rhythm, line-length and stanza construction. In free verse the poet
experiment with the form of the poem. The rhythm and number of syllable per line and stanza construction
do not follow a pattern.
5- Mood or tone: the mood or tone of a poem is the felling that poet creates and the reader sense through the
poet’s choice of words, rhythm, style and structure.
6- Imagery: imagery refers to the picture which we perceive with our mind, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and
through which we experience the duplicate the word created by poetic language.
7- Diction: is the poet’s choice of words. The poet choose each word carefully so that both its meaning and sound

Parts of a poem∷ speaker, line and stanza, rhythm and meter, rhyme, imagery figure of speech
contribute to the tone and feeling of the poem.

line and stanza: a line is word or row of words that may or may form a complete sentence. A stanza is group of
lines forming a unit.
Rhythm and meter: rhythm is the pattern of sound created by arrangement stressed and unstressed syllables in
a line. Meter is regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllable which sets the overall rhythm of certain
poems.
Rhyme: rhyme is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any succeeding sound in two or more
words.
Figure of speech: is a word of expression that is not meant to be read literally.
Types of poetry: 1- lyric poetry: express the personal thoughts and feeling of the speaker.
2- dramatic poetry: that uses to element of drama one or more character speak to other characters to themselves or to
the reader 3- narrative poetry: is verse that tells a story. Narrative poetry includes balled epics and shorter poems.
Active reading strategies: listing, imagine, respond, clarify, interpret,
Meter: the systematic regularity in rhythm this systematic rhythm is usually identified by examining the type of
foot and the number of feet.
1- Poetic Foot: the traditional line of metered poetry contain a number of rhythmic unit which are called feet.
2- The number of feet: contained in a line thus: 1foot = monometer 2feet= dimeter 3feet= trimester
4-=tetrameter 5= pentameter 5= hexameter. Poems with an identifiable meter are therefore identified by
the type of feet and the number of feet in a line.
3- Irregularity: many metered poems in English avoid perfectly regular meter because its monotonous.
4- Blank verse: any poetry that does have a set metrical pattern but does not have a rhyme is blank verse.
5- Free verse: most modern poetry no longer follows strict rules of meter or rhyme especially throughout an
entire poem.
Tips to help you write a better poetry:
1-Use a thesaurus 2- free style isn’t always best try a poetry form 3- learn about types of rhyme
4- take your time 5- read your poetry aloud 6- read more poetry 7- analyze famous poems
8- write more poetry 9- gain experience 10- seek and listen for critiques.
The difference of poetry and verse: 1-regular rhythm, 2-rhyme, 3-stanza, 4-verse 5- music
Verse is the form of poetry. poets generally write their poetry in verse form but is a lot of verse written
which is not poetry.
Kinds of narrative poetry
 Epic: is a long unified narrative poem recounting in dignified language ex: adventure of warrior.
 Metrical romance: a metrical romance recounts the quest under taken bu a single knight in order
to gain a lady favor.
 Metrical tale: a metrical tale is a simple straightforward story in a verse.
 Balled: is narrative poem which is meant to be sung usually composed in balled stanza.
Lyric poetry: is generally considered the must intense genera of poetry the form that honors its musical origins,
Kinds of lyric poetry:
 Ode: an ode is dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising and glorifying an
individual commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather then emotionally.
 Elegy: is a lyric poem written in elegiac couplets that express sorrow or lamentation usually for
on who has died.
 Sonnet: a sonnet is short poem with fourteen lines usually written in a iambic pentameter.
 Song: is lyric poem which is set to music.
Dramatic poetry: presents on one or more characters speaking usually to other characters but sometime to
themselves or directly to the reader,
Kinds of dramatic poetry:
 Dramatic monologue: a dramatic monologue is literary device that is used when a character reveals his or
her innermost thought and feeling those that are hidden throughout the course of the story line through a
poem or a speech.
 Soliloquy: the act of speaking while alone especially when used as theatrical device that allows a character
thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience.