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Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol. 8, No. 1, February 2019

Event Logistics in Sustainability of Football

Matches
Emy Ezura A Jalil#1, Liau Shiau Hui#, Ku Eet Ning#, Lee Khoon Fai#
#
School of Technology Management and Logistics, University Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok Kedah, Malaysia
1
ezura@uum.edu.my

Abstract— The sports event is the most popular and Event management usually would become the side-
well-known event by the people since the past few line for the organisations to support their primary
decades. The most significant sports events will draw business activities [2]. However, for the event
billion of the spectators to attend it. However, it is companies, the event management is the primary
difficult to maintain the sustainability of the events
income source and also the financial support for the
without proper event management which may bring
event development. The skills in the event
consequences to the economics, society and the
environments. The sustainable of events are closely
management can be applied to all types of events
related to the event logistics. The purpose of this through the event facilities, and also the event
study is to explore the relationship between the crew. Event management always related to
sustainability of sports matches and event logistics in sustainability during the process of preparation, on-
term of accessibility, information and communication going and after the event. However, a more
technology (ICT) and waste management. The results significant event consists of multiple processes
obtained from the respondents of the population with a considerable amount of the tasks and
sample of the football audience by using a
activities, and the higher accessibility is difficult to
quantitative approach through online survey design.
be achieved in order to maintain the sustainability
The result supported the awareness level of event
organisers implicate the sustainability of an event and
of the sport matches such as poor in crowd control
provide evidence that encapsulated event management, cueing management, traffic
management and event logistics importance to the management as well as non-strategic event factors
public. (facility and assets management).
Keywords— sports event, event management, event
logistics and sustainability.
Sustainable sports matches can be defined as the
sports matches management with designed
1. Introduction organised and implemented the way of minimising
potential adverse impacts to organisers,
Many organisations would conduct many events for stakeholders, society and environment. The
various purposes such as promoting products, beneficial consequences will result for the event
charity, competition or source of income. Event stakeholders, shareholders and all those who
management is the essential part for to organisation involved [3]. When the sustainable of the event can
if they aim for the success of the event. Event be achieved, the Green event will result in the
management is a planned event as defined [1]. legacy of sustainability. The sustainable of the
“Planned events’ are created to achieve specific event always depend on the event logistics. There
outcomes, including those related to the economy, will be three sections in the event management
culture, society and the environment. Event which include the pre-event, on-event and post-
planning involves the design and implementation of event process [2]. The event logistics will be
themes, settings, consumables, services and included in all of these processes. Therefore, the
programs that suggest, facilitate or constrain event logistics manager has the responsibility to
experiences for participants, guests, spectators and manage and analyses every process of the logistics
other stakeholders. Every event experience is movement in the event management, provide clear
personal and unique, arising from the interactions communication among different departments, and
of setting, program and people.” (pp: 21). conclusively linked all parts of the event [2]. The
study aims to investigate how the higher
______________________________________________________________
accessibility can be achieved with the event
International Journal of Supply Chain Management logistics in order to maintain the sustainability of
IJSCM, ISSN: 2050-7399 (Online), 2051-3771 (Print) the sports matches.
Copyright © ExcelingTech Pub, UK (http://excelingtech.co.uk/)
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Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol. 8, No. 1, February 2019

2. Literature Review found that accessibility is the inherent characteristic

2.1. Event Logistics of a place with the operational form of distance or
time, and it means the accessibility is capable of
Events can be defined as an occurrence or being reached, thus implying a measure of the
something that happens, often used to suggest that proximity between two points [8].
what happened was on an unusual scale and unique
situation [4]. However, managing the events is not Darcy and Harris (2003), state that accessible are
an easy task to achieve its objective. Therefore, comprised of all people including the disabled
event management is playing a pivotal role to person when they come to the event [9]. She clearly
determine the success or failure of an event. Event defines the accessibility is to provide the access
management is defined as the planning and that restricts social participation as physical,
production of all types of event, including from the sensory and communication dimensions. Those
small event such as meeting to the big event such disabilities people also have the right to get a better
as sports competitions [1]. According to the [4] accessible path around the event and in order to
event industry segment can be divided into several access and move around within the event or venue.
essential sub-segments that include corporate The adequate definition of accessibility are the
events, competitions and decorations, cultural people travel from one place to another such as
events, sports events, festivals and celebrations, working, shopping, visiting in different places,
personal and social events. another mean is the people want to have a choice
among a large number and as diverse a range of
To make event management to achieve higher activities as possible, thirdly is involve with travel
efficiency, logistics is playing a pivotal role in it. costs a most important is travel time, rather than
Strong logistics management is essential in travel distance [10].
delivering the business results expected from the
event. Therefore, event logistics have been rising as Accessibility is encompassing all infrastructure and
a specialist in the logistics industry today. transportation in the particular area like festivals or
According to [5], event logistics can be defined as a event. Therefore, the access to space of parking,
critical coordinator to coordinates the elements, numerous public transportations endowments and
tasks and activities of an event in order to sizeable commercial place for visitors and as the
contribute an efficient flow on before, during and proximity of attraction matters [11].
after events which includes transport of equipment,
2.3. Information and Communication
procurement of supplies and active communication
channels. Logistics is the discipline of planning and Technology (ICT)
organising the flow of goods, equipment and
ICT is the revolution of information technology
people to their point of use. Therefore, Logistics
(IT) that integrates the function of
makes out the vital support of event planning,
telecommunication with computers software and
coordinating the flow of services between the event
hardware to enable the transmitted information
planner and the various vendors [6].
been kept, controlled and accessed. Introduction of
ICT enables the interaction between human and
2.2. Accessibility
organisation through a digital world which can
According to [7], accessibility has become the make the operation of the organisation more
fundamental concept for characterising a effective and efficient [12]. The objective of the
fundamental principle of human activity, maximum event logistics in the event management is to
contacts through minimum activity. The author provide a transparent flow of goods to cope with
also cited Doxiadis’s claim that the principle is of the increasing complexity of transport chains and
very excellent and constant, perhaps biological, high customers’ demand [13].
importance, and continues by writing that on this
The supply chain event management (SCEM) is
general level the idea about accessibility is entirely
one of the methods developed under the ICT
uncontroversial. However, in order to make the
system which is widely used in most of the event.
term, a useful tool for describing, explaining or
SCEM is suitable for various types of events
predicting human organisation and behaviour more
because the functions of SCEM have covered the
precise definition is needed. Another researcher
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process of registration, monitoring and evaluation place means shorter cleaning times, fewer staff,
of the events [13]. The SCEM can provide the real- bins, skips, trucks and transport, all leading to
time data to the event management team to keep lower cleaning and waste disposal costs [16].
the information always updated. The SCEM is the
early warning systems which contribute in By adopted effective recycling and waste
eliminate the inconsistency of the event management policies in an event, it is easy to avoid
management through event logistics [13]. Besides pollutions through the installation of waste
the early warning, the SCEM also helps the event collection points to collect different waste
authorities to calculate the potential incongruity as separately and the uses of ecologically
the early prevention of error code appeared. The advantageous packaging, e.g. using recyclable and
significant component which relates closely to the compostable food and beverage containers [19].
event logistics is the transport. The accessibility of
the transport network is essential to the
2.5. Sustainability
sustainability of the event management. Sustainability is more than just as “green”, but it
toward a better, effective to do things, an excellent
2.4. Waste Management
achievement and creating a positive impact. A
According to [14] waste management can be sustainable sports event can be described as an
defined as a set of activities that related to the inspirational event that requires financial, natural
collection, transport, processing, recycling and and human resources rationally and efficiently
disposal of waste materials with monitoring and wherein contributing to a useful tool for event
regulations. Most events produce mountains of organisers and hosts as well as social benefits [20].
waste and these wastes usually was created by the Theories of sustainability attempt to prioritise and
spectators or vendors with eating, drinking, site integrate social responses to environmental and
build, decorations as well as staging in an event cultural problems. An economic model looks to
especially more significant events like sports sustain natural and financial capital to create new
events. According to [15], there is almost five to opportunities of equal value, for ecological model
ten tons of trash are generated from each match at looks to biological diversity and ecological
the 2006 World Cup. integrity and where it focuses on the health of
living world, and for a political model looks to
Proper waste management should be taken in social systems that realize human dignity where
consideration, plans appropriately and design in these models focus on sustaining the environmental
ways to prevent waste, viewing waste as a resource conditions of human life. Religion has entered the
to be recovered in order to contribute to the overall debate with the representative, critical, and
sustainability performance of the event [16]. It is motivational resources for cultural change [21].
consisting of much movement in processing it, and
this is where the event logistics matter and playing According to [22], at the level of the dictionary
a pivotal role in it to smooth the flow of waste definition, sustainability implies merely that a
management. Without proper planning of logistics given activity or action is capable of being
in waste management, the costs can spiral out of sustained (i.e. continued indefinitely). Relative to
control [17]. the individual human lifespan, and indeed the
cycles of corporate profit-taking, are seemingly
To deal with the massive amount of wastes that indefinite. Another researcher state that
created by events, the host organisations need to sustainability can define much meaning and
hire waste service providers for the waste removal categorised it as the term ‘what’ being sustained for
from the venue of the event. When thinking about future generations, especially regarding natural
the waste services, cost reducing can be easily world, and the sustainability strictly same as
achieved by thinking on how to maximise recycling security, search to protect a particular civilisation
and composting, and then how to enable efficient and offer a range of choices to future generations
waste separation by spectators [18]. Besides that, [23]. According to [24], the definition of
[16], also stated that it usually costs less to haul and sustainability is often predictions of actions taken
dispose of recyclable materials than it does for today that lead to sustainability. Moreover, many
garbage. It is because reducing waste in the first elements of sustainability meaning are predictions
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of system characteristics, not actual elements of the 3.2. Research Design

definition.
The research is descriptive research. A correlation
The history of sustainability in two decade defines study is chosen to investigate the relationship
by the use of everything that can be either between independent variables (accessibility) and
hyphenated or paired with for examples, the dependent variable (sustainability of sports
sustainable cities, economies, resources matches). The quantitative approach is used to
management, business, livelihoods and sustainable collect primary and the secondary data. A non-
development. With a commitment to linking contrived setting is used in the research where the
environmental and economic development researcher has minimal interferences to the study.
concerns and become a significant concern across The unit of analysis in the study is individual as the
the world [25]. According to [31], the sustainability data is collected from individual sport event
term is not the one used when concerns rose over spectators. In this research, a cross-sectional study
by abuse of surroundings in pursuit of, usually, is carried out over a short period or a single point in
commercial activity. The terms like greening, time. Table 1 has provided a social-demographic
environmentally friendly and eco-friendly are profile of respondents.
interchangeably mixed in sustainable.
Table 1. Demographic Background (N = 401)

ITEM N %
GENDER
Male 356 88.8
Female 45 11.2
STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT
Employed 228 56.9
Unemployed 8 2
Student 148 36.9
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework NGO/Volunteers 17 4.2
AGE
3. Methodology Below 18 7 1.7
3.1. Sampling and Data Collection 18-22 96 23.9
23-27 101 25.2
In this research, the primary data were collected 28-32 126 31.4
through the interview session with the president of Above 32 71 17.7
Kedah Football Association and a set of online ETHNIC
questionnaires that distributed to the respondents. Malay 244 60.8
The population in this research involves the Chinese 43 10.7
football match audience in Malaysia to find out that India 114 28.4
the factors may influence the sustainability of Others 0 0
sports matches. There are 400 samples has been
collected from the population of football audience According to the Table 1, all the respondents are
which under the UUM, Kedah Football Fans Club, from Malaysia which is 100% of the total sample
Negeri Sembilan Football Fans Club, Kelantan size. The table showed that the majority football
Football Fans Club and Pahang Football Fans Club match audience in Malaysia is Malay which
to represent the audience of the football matches in consists of 244 respondents (60.8 per cent) and
Malaysia. The questionnaire was designed to gather they are mainly is male respondent which consists
the information of the audience satisfaction towards of 356 respondents (88.8 per cent) out of 400
sample sizes. Most of the respondents are
the event management in sport based on their
employed which consists of 228 respondents (70
experiences of attending the live football match in per cent), and their age group is between 18 and 32
the stadium. Seven Likert Scale was used as an years old which is 23.9% for age group (18-22),
instrument to indicate the degree of agreement for 25.2% for age group (23-27) and 31.4% for age
each criterion, with 1 (strongly disagree) as group (28-32).
minimum and 7 (strongly agree) as the maximum.
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4. Result Table 4. Chi Square Test for Gender and

Independent Variables
Firstly, the analyses have to go through the
reliability test and is assessed using Cronbach’s Variables / Accessibility Waste ICT
Asymp. Sig. Management
Alpha score analysis. According to Table 2 below, (2-sided)
Cronbach’s Alpha Score of the variable in this Gender 0.000 0.000 0.000
study demonstrates the value 0.80.
In table 4, we found out that gender has the
Table 2. Cronbach’s Alpha Score for Variable (N relationship with all the independent variables. This
= 401) is because the p-value for these three independent
variables is 0.000 which is smaller than the
significant level that we set which is 0.05. So, null
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
hypothesis has been rejected in this analysis.
Pearson Correlation was used as the correlation
0.803 16 coefficient to measure the strength of the linear
relationship of between independent variable
According to [26], the coefficient works because (accessibility, ICT and waste management) and the
the variance of the sum of a group of independent dependent variable (sustainability of sports
variables is the sum of their variables. If the matches). In other words, the correlation coefficient
variables are positively correlated, the variance of is to test the positive or negative relationship
the sum will be increased. A low-value alpha in the between independent variable and dependent
acceptable value ranging from 0.70 to 0.95 could variable which means that changes in the value of
be due to a low number of questions, poor inter- one variable are correlated to changes in the value
relatedness between items or several constructs. If of the other.
alpha is too high, it may propose that some items
are surplus as they are testing the same questions Table 4. Correlation between Independent
but with another appearance [27]. In the study of Variables and Dependent Variable (n = 401)
the current usage of alpha, [28] stated that alpha is
a function of the number of items in a scale. Item
Sustainability Of Football
Although most who use alpha pay-lip service to Pearson Correlation
matches event
this face, it seems to be forgotten when interpreting (sig.)
alpha. Most recent used alpha given level, greater Accessibility 0.724 (0.000)
than 0.7 is adequate or inadequate without ICT -0.164 (0.001)
comparing it with the number of item in the scale. Waste Management 0.703 (0.000)
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
In this study, the independent variable of
sustainability of football matches event will affect
Based on Table 3, the p-value for all the
the dependent variable which is accessibility that
direct influence positively. accessibility and waste management is equal to
0.000 and ICT at which it is less than α value of
Table 3. Frequency and Distribution on Gender 0.01. Thus, it indicates a statistically significant
correlation between independent variables
Gender Frequency (Percentage) (accessibility, ICT and waste management) and the
dependent variable (sustainability of sports
Male 356 (88.8%)
matches). There is a positive relationship between
Female 45 (11.2%) IV (accessibility and waste management) and DV.
Total 401 (100%) However, the relationship between ICT and
sustainability of football matches event is weak
negative due to the Pearson’s value r = -0.164.
Table 3 shows the descriptive analysis from SPSS
for gender in the research. We can find that about
356 out of 401 respondents are male while female
only 45 persons. That means the male has more
than female at a very significant number which is
311 persons. The ratio of male to female is 7.9: 1.
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Table 5. One-Way ANOVA Analysis Association’s (Kedah FA) president and the
affiliated members. Through the analysis, the ICT
with the percentage of 80 is considered as the most
F Sig.
critical factor for the sustainability of football
Accessibility 85.069 .000 matches according to Kedah FA. While the waste
management is the least important with only cover
Waste Management 76.144 .000 30% of the whole themes. The accessibility has
covered about 60% from the whole iteration.
Table 5 shows the One-way ANOVA analysis
for accessibility and waste management to test the 5. Discussion
significant difference in means. The p-value for
both variables show is 0.000 which is less than The study was conducted to test the relationship of
significant level, 0.05. This means that both one of the variables in three variables in the study
variables are significant differences in means. which are accessibility, waste management and
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Table 6. Independent Samples T-test with the sustainability of sports matches. This study
Levene's provided finding on the relationship between the
Test for t-test for Equality of independent variables which is the accessibility,
Equality of Means
ICT and waste management with the dependent
Variances
Sig. Sig. (2- Mean variables which is the sustainability of sports
tailed) Difference matches. According to General Assembly
resolution (2017), “access to economic
Equal
variances 0.000 0.000 12.45995
opportunities and social services and pursuing
assumed sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth
Accessibility Equal and sustainable development.” the study has shown
variances that any policies that help improve the accessibility
0.000 12.45995
not
assumed has a positive relationship with the sustainability of
Equal event management [21]. Kwok (2004) in the study
variances 0.000 0.000 6.45139 state that they include the land-use pattern and the
assumed
Waste
Equal
transportation infrastructure, as the population can
Management move to areas of excellent public transport
variances
0.000 6.45139
not accessibility [29]. In the line of the study, [30] also
assumed
found that the accessibility has a positive
association with the sustainable football matches
According to Table 6, Levene’s Test for equality
event. Accessibility helps explore a wide range of
of variances shows the p-value is smaller than the
possible transport options to balance and
significant level, α, 0.05. So, the equal variances
maintaining accessibility to ensure connectivity of
are not assumed for both accessibility and waste
residential areas and a more comprehensive
management through the sample T-test. The t-test
sustainability goal in reducing emission.
for "Equal variances not assumed" row less than
our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we conclude
As for the second logistics indicators which are
that the mean for accessibility and waste
waste management relatively significant and
management is significantly different.
positive toward the sustainability of Event
Management. This finding is consistent with the
Table 7. Factors of Event Logistics That Affect the
literature by [16], the waste management
Sustainability of Football Matches
operations should be used with the proper way to
eliminate or reduces the waste. An increase of
Factors Of Event Percentage
proper waste management will increase the
Logistics
sustainability of Event Management, as the Pearson
Waste Management 30
correlation resulted r = 0.703. Hence, it will create
Accessibility 60 a significant positive relationship between waste
management and sustainability of event
ICT 80 management.

Besides, the result of this study has shown that

Further analyse the result of the research, NVivo
the third logistics indicator which is ICT was
has been applied to analyse the interview transcript
significant with a weak negative relationship with
which we carried out with Kedah Football
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