Science

Revision
(kill me)
Term 1
 Plant Reproduction

Parts of a flower
Classification and Biodiversity

Kingdoms Features
Animal No cell walls, multicellular, feed on
other organisms
Plant Cell wall made of cellulose,
multicellular, makes their own food
Fungi Cell walls contain Chitin, mostly
multicellular, live on dead
organisms
Protoctists Mostly unicellular (consists of one
cell)
Prokaryotes Cells have no nucleus, unicellular

Types of Reproduction

● Sexual Reproduction:
- 2 plants breed. The offspring have similar characteristics. Male
and Female gametes are involved

● Asexual Reproduction:
- Part of a parent plant is cut off the form a new plant. The new
plant is identical to the parent plant
Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of another flower

Pollination can happen in 2 ways:

● Wind pollination: Seeds are carried by the wind from the stamen to
the stigma
● Insect pollination: Seeds from the stamen latch onto insects body,
when the insect brushes against the stigma of another flower, the
seeds are dropped and the flower is pollinated

Flowers have different characteristics depending on how their pollinated:

● Wind pollinated flowers have long stamen hanging out of the plant,
colourless and scentless

● Insect pollinated flowers have brightly coloured petals, they have

scent.

Seeds also have different characteristics based on how they get pollinated:

● Wind pollinated seed: Light (as in weight)

● Insect pollinated seed: Heavier compared to wind pollinated seeds, some
contain spikes or have sticky surfaces.
Fertilisation

Fertilisation happens when the pollen reaches the stigma

1. The pollen reaches the stigma and grows a pollen tube down the
style
2. The tube grows into the ovary and reaches the ovule
3. The egg cell and male gamete (from the pollen) join together and
their nuclei fuse.
4. A zygote is formed (fertilised egg cell)
5. The zygote divides into many more cells

Seed and Fruit

1. The ovule becomes the seed

2. A hard seed coat forms around the seed to protect it
3. When the seed germinates, it used the stored food to allow the
embryo to grow
4. The ovary swells up and becomes the fruit
5. The fruit is often eaten by animals and the seeds are excreted away
from the plant

Germination

Germination is the development process of a seed to a adult plant

A seed has three main parts:

● Embryo: The young root and shoot that will become the adult plant
● Food store: Starch for the young plant to use until it is able to carry
out photosynthesis
● Seed coat: A tough protective outer covering
 Mixtures & Separation
Mixtures are substances that are not chemically joined together.
1) A pure substance is made up of only one type of element OR only
one type of compound. It can’t be separated into anything simpler
without a chemical reactions.
2) A mixture contains two or more different substances. These
substances aren’t chemically joined together and can be separated
using physical methods

Dissolving:
1) Dissolving is a common way mixtures are made
2) When you add a solid (the solute) to a liquid (solvent), the bonds
holding the solid particles sometimes break
3) The solid particles then mix with the liquid forming a substance
- Solute - is the solid being dissolved
- Solvent - is the liquid its dissolving into
- Solution - is a mixture of a solute and solvent that does not
separate out
- Soluble - means it WILL dissolve

4) If you evaporate the solvent then the solute will be left behind

Solubility increases with temperature:

1) At higher temperatures more solute will dissolve in the solvent
because particles move faster.
2) However some solutes wont dissolve in some solvent. E.g. salt wont
dissolve in petrol
Separating Mixtures 🤪
Mixtures can be separated using physical methods, these 4 methods are:
- Filtration
- Evaporation
- Chromatography
- Distillation

Filtration and Evaporation

1) Rock salt is simply a mixture of salt and sand
2) Salt and sand are both compounds - but salt dissolves in water and
sand doesn’t. The significant difference in their physical properties
gives us a great way to separate them

Chromatography
1) Different dyes in ink will wash through paper at different rates
2) Some will stick to the paper and other will dissolve in the solvent and
travel through it quickly
 Distillation
Distillation is used to separate pure water from ink
The steam is collected and cooled
The steam condensed to pure water

LIGHT

LIGHT SOUND
Type of wave transverse longitudinal
Speed 300 000 000 m/s 330 m/s in air
Travels through Vacuum, gases, some Solids, liquids, gases
liquids, some solids

We show how light travels by

drawing lines
A ray has an arrow to show its
direction
What can happen to light rays?

1) Light rays can pass through transparent materials - transmitted

2) Light can be bounced off opaque materials - reflected
3) Light can be taken into some materials - absorbed
4) Light can be taken into translucent materials and leave in many
directions - scattered

Colours
• White light is made up of 7 colours which each has its own wavelength
• You can also split white light with a prism
• The rainbow colours are called a spectrum
• Red is refracted the least and violet is refracted the most
• The process of splitting white light is called dispersion

The colours in order are:

- Red
- Orange
- Yellow
- Green
- Blue
- Indigo
- Violet

We see colour because different objects absorb and reflect different parts of the
spectrum
An object looks white if it reflects all 7 colours of the spectrum
And an object looks black if it absorbs all colours of the spectrum
Filters
● We can make coloured light by using
filters
● A red filter will only let red light
through
● The other 6 colours will be absorbed

Reflection
● Mirrors and shiny, polished surfaces reflect light – specular
● reflection
● The law of reflection states:
● Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
● All surfaces reflect some of the light they receive
● Uneven surfaces scatter the light in all directions
Law of reflection
Incident ray (i) = Reflected ray (r)

Image in a mirror (maybe will not come in exam)

● Same size as object
● Same distance behind mirror as the object is
● from the mirror
● Left and right are swapped over
● Mirror images can be used to look around a corner

Refraction
Refraction: When light passes through a transparent material, it changes
directions slightly, the light is refracted

● When light passes through a material at 90 ͦ it will not be refracted

● Refraction happens where the two different materials meet – interface
● Refraction happens because denser materials will slow the light down
● Rule: from less dense to more dense- to the normal
 Metals & its uses

Metal properties

Physical Properties Chemical properties

Flexible - can be stretched and hammered Metals react with oxygen, halogens and
into shapes other non-metals to for a single
compound

Shiny - used for jewellerys, ornaments Some metals are unreactive with oxygen
and decorations and water

Good conductors of heat - iron for

clothing, cooking utensils

Good conductors of electricity - wiring

Strong - Used for machinery, building

material
 Metal uses

Use Metal Reason for choice

Building frames Iron Strong, cheap

Water pipes Copper Unreactive with water,

non-poisonous, malleable

Window frames Aluminium Strong, light

Electrical circuits Copper Good conductor of

electricity,l unreactive

Metal alloys are NOT pure substances. They are mixed with other metals.
For example: Iron + carbon makes steel. Steel is strong and not as brittle as iron

Aluminium is a pure element, it has no other metals or substances mixed into it.

Corrosion
● Any reaction of oxygen at the surface of a metal
● It forms a layer on the surface of the metal
● Copper - green copper oxide
● Silver - black silver oxide
● Aluminium - grey aluminium oxide
● Iron - brown iron hydroxide (water involved)
● The layer acts as a protection against more corrosion of the metal
Word equations
Copper + Oxygen → Copper oxide
Silver + Oxygen → Silver Oxide
Aluminium + Oxygen → Aluminium Oxide

Rusting
● Only iron can rust
● Rust is orange-brown in colour
● Rusting requires oxygen and water
● Rust flakes off and makes the metal weaker

Preventing Rust:
● Paint the metal
● Oil the metal
● Cover it with a layer of powder
● Keep air and water away
● Cover it with a thin layer of plastic
● Cover it with a thin layer of another metal

Word equation:
Iron + oxygen + water → Iron hydroxide

Metals and water & acids

● Alkali metals are very reactive with water (lithium, potassium,
sodium)
● Earth-alkali metals react slowly with water (magnesium, calcium)
● Transitions metals mostly do not react with water (iron, zinc,
aluminium)
Examples:
- Sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
- Magnesium + water → magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen
- Copper + water (no reaction)

Reactions of acids with metals

Acids react with most metal and form a salt and
hydrogen gas
The general word equation for the reaction:
Metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

Test for hydrogen:

- A burning wooden splint goes pop (makes a
popping sound) if it’s put in a test tube with hydrogen
- This is because the flame ignites the hydrogen, which burns explosively to
make a loud sound

The salt that forms is because of the acid

- Hydrochloric acids forms chlorides
- Sulfuric acids forms sulphates
- Nitric acids forms nitrate

Examples:
- Magnesium + nitric acid → Magnesium nitrate + hydrogen
- Sodium + sulfuric acid → Sodium sulphate + hydrogen
- Aluminium + hydrochloric acid → Aluminium chloride
- Gold + sulfrice → no reaction
Some metals won’t react with acids
Term 2
 Nutrients
Diet: Any food that you eat
Food contains the raw material called nutrients

Fibres: Come from plant cell walls, our bodies

cannot digest fibre but it keeps us healthy by
preventing constipation.

Water is important for our bodies because it keeps us cool

and chemical reactions take place in water

Tests
Test for starch: Iodine solution turns starch blue-black
Test for protein: Biuret solution will turn protein purple
Test for fat: Rub the food on a piece of white paper, fat
will leave a greasy mark
Energy
When you eat food you gain mass
When your active, you lose mass|

Food intake = Energy used → No mass gained

Main source of energy = carbohydrates

Fats are also for energy

Fats are stored in your body and are always
available.
Fats keep you warm and are our bodies energy
reserve.

Energy Transfer
Energy is measured in kilojoules (kJ)
Respiration releases (transfer) energy from
nutrients
Respiration happens in every cell in your body

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water +

(energy)
↓
Energy is in brackets because it's not a substance
Factors influencing how much food you need to eat:

Age: Older people need less food because

they don’t grow anymore
Gender: Males need more food because they
have more muscles to maintain
Activity: The more active you are, the more
energy you need and the more you need to eat

Balanced Diet
The right amount of a variety of foods

Too much or too little food will lead to malnutrition

Deficiency Diseases

Shortage of a nutrient for a long time leads

to deficiency diseases
Nutrient Deficiency disease Symptoms

Protein Kwashiorkor Pot belly

Vitamin A Night blindness Cannot see well in dim
light
Vitamin C Scurvy Painful joints, bleeding
gum
Vitamin D or calcium Rickets Weak/underdeveloped
bones
Iron Anaemia Tiredness, shortness of
breath

Types of Malnutrition:

Starvation:
● Shortage of nearly all needed nutrients
● You get very thin

Obesity:
● You eat more than your body needs
● It can cause heart disease, high blood pressure
● You become too heavy
Digestion

Parts of the digestive system:

1. Teeth: cut food into smaller, more soluble pieces
2. Tongue: Pushes food down into the gullet
3. Salivary glands: makes saliva
4. Gullet: tube to take food into the stomach (contracts to
push food down)
5. Stomach: mixes food with digestive juices and acids
6. Small intestine: most nutrients absorbed here
7. Liver: helps to digest fat
8. Large intestine: undigested food is taken here, water
removed
9. Rectum: stores unwanted, undigested food
10. Anus: pushes faeces out

Big molecules like carbs, proteins or fats are too big and can’t be
absorbed by the body. Digestion breaks down these nutrients
into smaller, more soluble pieces.

Eating food = ingestion

Passing waste (shitting) = egestion

The smaller molecules are carried around the body by the blood

The nutrients are absorbed into the blood and are taken to
the cells.
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that act of biological
catalysts Catalysts accelerate chemical reaction

Enzymes speed up the breaking down of larger molecules.

Enzymes works most effectively at body temperature (37°C)

Temperatures higher than body temperature will cause enzymes

to lose their shape and they can’t break down food anymore

Absorption

Visking tubing
Visking tubing has very small holes in it which only let
small molecules pass through

After enzyme action, the small molecules

can pass into the water surrounding the
visking tubing

After Absorption
● Digested nutrients dissolve in blood plasma (liquid part of
blood)
● Blood carries nutrients throughout the body to the cells
 ● In cells, glucose release energy through the process of
respiration

Diffusion
● All particles spread out evening because of diffusion
● After a meal, there are more nutrient particles in the small
intestine than in the blood.
● Diffusion causes the nutrient particles to spread to the blood
● There is an overall movement of glucose particles into
the blood, through the wall of the small intestine.

Small intestine adaptations

It has a large surface area for faster absorption
The surface is folded
The surface has finger-shaped villi
The villi have folded tops to increase surface area (micro-villi)
The villi are one cell thick so nutrients only need to pass
through one layer
 Fluids

Solids: keep their shape,

cannot flow, difficult to compress
Liquids: keep their volume, take
shape of container, difficult to
compress
Gas: change shape, spread out in
all directions, east to compress

● Diffusion: gases or liquids mix without anything moving

them, because particles move around all the time
● Expanding: materials expand (take a bigger volume) when
heated because the particles move faster, Particle size does
not change!
● Contract: materials contract (take smaller volume) when
cooled, because particles move slower
● The exception is water: water expands when frozen
● Density: is the mass divided by the volume

p=m/v

p = density
m = mass
v = volume
● When material contracts, its density increases
● When a material expands, its density decreases
Density
Density is the relationship between mass and volume of an object
Metals have high density - small, but heavy
Plastic, polystyrene and wood have low density - big, but not
heavy
Density is not directly measured - you need to measure the mass
and volume and use the information in a formula to calculate
density

Measuring volume

● Regular shape - an object which has sides you

can measure with a ruler

● Volume = Length x Width x Height

● Irregular shape - it has no sides you can measure e.g. a

stone

● The volume is measured by the displacement of water

● Use a measuring cylinder with water and see how much
the water level rises
● If the object floats, push it down
Calculating density

● Formula: Density = mass/volume (d=m/v)

● To calculate mass if the density is given: m=d x v
● Calculate volume if density is given: v = m/d
● Unit: g/cm³
Terminology (adding or removing heat)

Melting: solid to liquid (adding heat)

Freezing: liquid to solid (removing heat)
Sublimation: solid to gas (adding heat)
Evaporate: liquid to gas (adding heat)
Condensing: gas to liquid (removing heat)
Melting point: the temperature where a solid changes into a liquid
Freezing point: the temperature where a liquid turns into a solid
Boiling point: the temperature where a liquid turns into a gas

Heating curve

Melting begins at

0℃ The temperature

of the ice will not

change (even if you

add heat) until all the

ice has melted.

Once the ice turns

into water, the temperature of the water will remain at room
temperature until it reaches boiling point. Once it reaches
boiling point, the temperature will not increase until all the water
has evaporated.
Why is energy (heat) involved in changing states?
Particles are held together by forces, called bonds
When a solid changes to liquid, energy is need to break these
bonds
When a liquid changes to solid, the same amount of energy is
given off
The energy given off (heat) is transferred into the surroundings
Melting, freezing, condensing etc. are physical changes

Expanding and contracting

● Solids expand when heated - the particles vibrate more (less
dense)
● Liquids expand when they are heated - particles
vibrate/move even more (less dense)
● The opposite happens when substances are cooled
● Water is the exception.
● Water shows anomalous behaviour
● Water expands when frozen and becomes less dense - ice
floats
● Water or a water mixture in a container will expand and
the container might burst if there is no space for expansion
Pressure in Fluids

● Particles in liquids and gases (fluids) move around all the

time
● While moving, they bump into each other and the inside of
their container
● The force of the particles hitting things causes pressure
● Pressure in fluids come from all directions

Atmospheric pressure is exerted on us all the time and is 100 000

Pascal

Air particles hit our body

We don’t feel the pressure because fluids inside our body exert
pressure from inside

Car and bicycles tires contain air under high pressure. The more
air you pump into them, the more particles can collide
Changes in pressure
● If the volume of the container decreases, the
pressure increases
● If the temperature is increased, the pressure will increase
● If you put more gas into a fixed container, the pressure will
increase
● Higher above sea level, the atmospheric pressure decreases
● Water pressure: the pressure depends on the height of
the water above the object. The deeper you go, the more
pressure
● Water cannot be compressed

Floating and sinking

Why do objects float?

● Force from the water pushes up against the weight of the
object
● When the two forces, upthrust and weight, balance, the
object floats
● There is always upthrust, even if the object cannot float (this
just means the weight of the object is too big for the
upthrust)

● The density of water is 1g/cm³

● If the object has a smaller density than 1g/cm³ , it will float on
water.
● If the object has a higher density than 1g/cm³ , it will sink
● The greater the density of the object, the further it will sink
● The factors affecting upthrust are: density and depth
of the liquid
Floating in the air

● Hot air balloons fly because their overall density is small

than the air around it
● The air inside the balloon is heated to make it expand and
become less dense
● Hot air balloons float because of upthrust and weight.
The upthrust needs to be greater than the weight to rise.

Convection

● Convection takes place in fluids

● When a part of a fluid is heated, the particles spread further
apart and the fluid becomes less dense
● This makes it rise
● As it rises it meets cooler fluid and passes the energy on
● More cool fluid moves in to replace the rising fluid, setting up
a convection current

Drag

● Water resistance and air resistance are called drag

● Drag is caused by moving object that are pushing
particles out of the way
● The faster the object moves, the more the drag is
● Smooth objects have less drag
● Streamlined objects are shaped to reduce drag. They have
a smaller front area
Balanced and unbalanced forces

An object moving at steady speed, has balanced forces

The force from the engine will balance drag and friction
The faster the object moves, the more the drag
To make a vehicle move faster, the shape need to be
more aerodynamic (drag reducing)
Term 3
 Breathing & Respiration

Aerobic respiration:
Aerobic means: Needing oxygen

- The process through which oxygen is used to release

energy stored in glucose
- We get glucose from digesting starch
- Examples of carbohydrates are rice and pasta
- Respiration happens in body cells
Word equation for respiration
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + (energy)

- We need to respire to get energy and heat

Breathing:
- Muscles between the ribs
and the diaphragm change
the size of the lungs
- This movement of air in
and out of the lungs is
called breathing or
ventilation

- Inhalation: Pressure of the lungs is reduced (volume

increased), atmospheric pressure is greater than the
pressure in the lungs and air flows in

- Muscles between and attached to the ribs contract pulling

them up and out
- The muscles in the diaphragm contracts and pull it down
 - The chest gets bigger

The opposite happens when we exhale

- Exhalation: Pressure of the lungs increases (volume

decreases), pressure inside lungs greater than atmospheric
pressure and air flows out

- Muscles between and attached to the rib relax and so do the

muscles in the diaphragm

Gas exchange
- When you inhale, oxygen from the air enters the lungs and
then enters the blood
- At the same time, carbon dioxide from the blood enters the
lungs and is exhaled out
- Gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Alveoli
- Small grape-like pockets in your lungs
with a large surface area
- Larger surfaces area means diffusion
happens faster
- Capillary walls are only one cell thick
Getting Oxygen

Transport of oxygen from lungs to cells:

- The oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the capillaries
- The oxygen enters the red blood cells in the blood and stick
to the haemoglobin
- Blood is pumped from the lungs to the heart
- The heart then pumps the blood to rest of the body
- The blood moves inside arteries, which divide into much
smaller capillaries

- In the capillaries, the oxygen leaves the red blood cells and
dissolve in the blood plasma
- The plasma leaks out through very small holes in the
capillaries and form tissue fluid
- The tissue fluid carries the oxygen to the cells
- Waste products( CO2) from the cells dissolve in the tissue
fluid and return back to the blood in the capillaries
- The capillaries are connected to veins, which carry blood
back to the heart and then to the lungs.

Exercising & Oxygen

- When you exercise, your muscles work harder

- You need more respiration to release energy
- Your breathing rate will increase
- You breathe more to take in more oxygen
- Your heartbeat will increase
- Your heart works harder to pump more blood to your
muscles
Lack of oxygen
- Without oxygen cells will die
- This can happen because of 3 things: Poor gas exchange
in the lungs, damaged alveoli, harmful chemicals (tar,
nicotine)
- When it is very cold, your blood vessels become narrow to
prevent heat loss so less oxygen goes to cells and cells die.
This is called frostbite
- Faulty gas appliances produce carbon monoxide, which is
poisonous.
- This poisonous gas sticks to haemoglobin and stops red
blood cells from carrying oxygen

Smoking and Oxygen

- Tar in tobacco smoke and dust irritate the alveoli in the lungs
- Over time, the alveoli becomes damaged and cannot let
oxygen into the blood. This condition is called emphysema
- Emphysema patients find it very hard to breathe
- Smoking can trigger asthma
- The small tubes in the lungs become narrow and fill with
mucus
- Less air goes into and out of the lungs, causing shortness
of breath

Heart disease
 - Blood vessels supplying oxygen to the heart muscle become
narrow, because of a fatty substance (cholesterol) inside it.
- This blood flow to the heart muscles.
- The result is a heart attack

Anaerobic Respiration:
If you hold your breath:
- The carbon dioxide levels in your blood increases
- At one point, your brain will make you start breathing again
- Haemoglobin in red blood cells store oxygen
- Your muscle cells can also store some oxygen
- After holding your breath, you breathe faster to get rid of the
extra carbon dioxide in your blood

Exercise
- During aerobic respiration your body need more oxygen to
supply the contracting muscles
- When you exercise very hard, oxygen is used up faster than
it can be supplied
- This is called anaerobic respiration
 - Glucose is broken down to lactic acid

- Anaerobic respiration does not release as much energy as

aerobic respiration
- Muscles get tired very soon
- Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

- EPOC is also called oxygen debt
- Lactic acid from muscles is carried back to the liver, in the
blood
- This process uses a lot of energy
- Extra oxygen needed is called EPOC

After exercise
- Energy is sed to change lactic acid to glucose
- You will use more energy for a faster heartbeat
- You will use more energy for faster breathing
- This will continue until you have given back the extra oxygen
taken from other places in the body

Inhaled air vs. Exhaled air

Inhaled air Exhaled air

More oxygen Less oxygen
Less Carbon dioxide More carbon dioxide
Less water vapour (varies) More water vapour (varies)
Lower air temperature (varies) Higher air temperature - body
temperature 37℃ (varies)
Nitrogen Same amount of nitrogen

Periodic Table
Dalton’s Atomic Model
- All matter is made up of tiny
particles called atoms.
- The atoms in an element are
all the same.
- Atoms cannot be created or
destroyed.
- In compounds the atoms are
joined in a fixed ratio.

Physical properties of elements

- Colour - Strength
- Melting point - Flexibility
 - Boiling point - Conduction of heat
- Density - Conduction of electricity

Physical change vs. Chemical change

Physical change Chemical change

No new substances formed New arrangement of atoms
Easy to reverse Difficult to reverse

Example: ice melts to water - still Colour change, gas given off,
the same composition. The water energy given off
can be freezed again to form ice
Example: Iron reacts with sulphur to
form iron sulphide

Metals and Non-metals example:

Metals Non-Metals
Copper (Cu) Sulphur (S)
Iron (Fe) Phosphorous (P)
Magnesium (Mg) Carbon (C)
Zinc (Zn) Oxygen (O)
Gold (Au) Hydrogen (H)
Mercury (Hg) Chlorine (Cl)

Trends in chemical properties

- Elements in the same group share similar chemical
properties
 - Alkali metals are stored under oil because they will react
with water and oxygen
- Alkali metals form metal hydroxide and hydrogen when
they react with water
- Alkali metals form metal oxide when they react with oxygen
E.g. (Sodium + water → Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
Potassium + oxygen → Potassium oxide)
pH scale

Indicators
- Litmus paper: Acids turns red
Alkali turns blue
 - Litmus only tell whether the substance is acid or alkali
- A universal indicator on the other hand has many colours
which tell if a substance is acid, alkali or neutral. It can also
tell the intensity

Mendeleev’s Table
- Mendeleev fitted elements into graphs
- Elements with similar properties together
- Vertical columns are called groups
- Horizontal rows are called periods
- Alkali metal in group 1
- Halogens in group 7
- Noble gases group 0

Alkali metals
- Very reactive
- Form alkalis when reacting with water
- Alkali metals: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium

Halogens:
- Non - metals
- Can be solid, liquid or gas
- They form acids with hydrogen
- Reactive
- Halogens: Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine

Noble gases:
- Very unreactive - Noble gases: Helium, Neon, Argon
Physical properties of metals and non-metals
Metals Non-Metals
High melting points Low melting points
Strong, flexible and malleable Brittle (when solid)
Shiny (when polished) Dull
Good conductors of heat & Poor conductors of heat &
electricity electricity

Melting: When a solid becomes a liquid

Freezing: When a liquid becomes a solid
Chemical bond: When 2 elements are joined together chemically
Malleable: Can be moulded
Flexible: Can be bent easily