INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING

MODULE 2: PERSONAL PROTECTION

IN WORK ENVIRONMENT
Personal protection in the work environment, Types of PPEs,
Personal protective equipment- respiratory and non-respiratory
equipment. Standards related to PPEs. Monitoring Safety
Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, incidence rate, activity
rate. Housekeeping: Responsibility of management and employees.
Advantages of good housekeeping. 5s of housekeeping. Work
permit system- objectives, hot work and cold work permits. Typical
industrial models and methodology. Entry into confined spaces

2.1 PERSONAL PROTECTION IN THE WORK

ENVIRONMENToge
The primary approach in any safety effort is that the hazard to
the workmen should be eliminated or controlled by
engineering methods rather than protecting the workmen
through use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Engineering methods could include design change,
substitution, ventilation, mechanical handling, automation,
etc. In situations where it is not possible to introduce any
effective engineering methods for controlling hazards, the
workman shalluse appropriate types of PPE. For example, in
construction work there is the possibility of a hand tool, a bolt,
or some loose material to fall from an elevated level and strike
the head of workmarn below. It is therefore necessary that the
construction worker wears a safety helmet. It is for such
situations, both the Factories Act, 1948 and the Atomic Energy
(Factories) Rules, 1996 have provisions for use of appropriate
type of PPE.
2.1| Pa ge Module 25
 Page2.2 | Head
protection follows:as
Head 1. to(ii)
Important 2.2 face,injury ()
is inhalation diDependi
vided ng 2.1.i2ntendedmaterial ()hazard;and musP E t 2.1.1 but becomes Use
construction
sites; ) to TYPES hand, from prodevelfes ionalpment
Objects be
protected EQUIPersonalPMENT Respiratoofry: arm, intotheCatuponegories tobethat itbeprovide tmeetQualmaiitymanntagienms ent INDUSEPNofETGIRisNISAELFERTIYNG
faling Protective
cont
OF
aminated Non-rfeoutosotp,siirdaetory:fol owing ofused. canit so the P Eof sheitouls edntialdecides ofan
the P E
against th ose t leg the desig ne d absolut e correctly. toimportaant
from
(PPE) and body, nat ur e withstand fol owing ensure select that safety
- PERSONAL air. used other those two
of and
Devices FOR for ie. the and
a fo r categorie s: f ul crite ria that the P E is and
height d
for THE
the rigphtrogramnemetoce. s ary
parts, pro te c tio n with be
protection probodytecting used for hazard, manhazar u fac tu r e d
dule 2 the the work m a n
particularly EMPLOYEES
PROTECTIVE protection against re gar d type used
employees from andeye, the PPE possible
against consideration
of Once
such out to| not it by
harm head, is which its workmen,
onlythe PPthe
against broa3y of quality: and
Uses
nin
in are due it i safety
is the
it

Page
2.3| protection To Ear 2.
Eye 3.used. protection:
Eyes incorporating caps Various
requirements.
spinning Women to
guard Protection ProtectionHearing Protection
be
are Foot
Protection Hand
Eye
if
selected
i i) oni ) i) to there types i) i)
Flyinga Glare be against Fig Personal
shafts Heat
Dust lathe is Splashing
protected
and ear-muffs 2.1 and of near
as
fragments
ofrisk aindustrial
in or deafness, Personal machine.
a
the radiation Protective of used of the
milling workers INDUSTRIAL
case against plus boilersSAFETY
hair have tochemicals.ENGINEERING
by
as ear-plugs, Protective becoming helmets
machine;
of in as communication the
- Equipment and
carpentry the in
the
employees
case case are furnaces;
ear-muffs Equipment caught use
available
and of of
(PPE) hairnets
dule 2grinding,
welding; devices according
in
foundry; Protection Protection
Respiratory Protection
gears,
and Body Hesd
and
and
turning are
helmets drills they
to safety to
be or the are
 Page2.4 employer
| should
In usedmetal. wil protection
addition foundries, contaminated.
InFoot 7.Breathing
providescondi Hand 5.from the 4.means
toprotect
In
,
purifiestions,against Light, Lung 6.types (skin fGltohre ovesprotection Apron,
avoid body Body Lenses,
some ng the si
dust,m ple and arms heights Firie.) mishaps
Miü)nori) INDUSENGITNRISAEERIFLETYNG
of v)iv)
to
injuries their the apparat u soxygen air it protection protection)
speci al pads , eye
provide: the cases, fworkers eet being non-tisoxic and arm pr is
boiotectleirv-esuits, Chemical protectioneye-shields, MolCheternmical
above due from or
necessary face-masks is protetion.
special
hand alsohands
to
must breatair hed metal
must
(Respiratory cleaners. shields provideddevicases.bestos hazards Body goggles
personal falling injuries be from sprays
to are provided
against and by is in
splashes
types used to
wear PPE) any wrist
safety-belts. Body suits, and be and
oundries. in
weight of due non- oruse and
breathing sufficient by
protective where either hot safety
safety safety to barhazards.
rie r bands protected chemical
odule 2 handling
on contaminated
the fumes.
protecteto protection
entry
toes.shoesfootwear surroundingapparatus respirator creams provide
devices, In Hand
falling
against suits against spectaclesindustries:
are of dangerous various of are chief thare
molten SOurce.
protection
protection
to which workers some
the which which
be is of

2.5 a)
Factors an The
or Personal
employee
electrical
hazards
surfaces, protection
surfaces,hot andsharp
Faling Foot ChainsawS
Chaps
pants Loud
protection
maintained
equipment
poorly Hearing protection
FallingHead
overhead
objects
severity, It slippery or tools apron.primary
or or
Pa| should heavyroling
and flying detectors.
of surfaces,
machinery.
Gas e. Safety
f.Safety c.
nets.b. a.
ge objects,
objects, objects, protective
wil Firefighting
Non-slippery d. Suitable
signs.floors.
selectionPersonalFi2.g2 uneven wet
and give notthing
type be is containers
adequate equipment
in to
of or eliminate and
hazard. requisite danger ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
warning
Equipment
Protective for
protection even should
the flammable
characteristics Blowing equipment.
if
hazards
acidsor he be
Working vehicles,
Errant dust
Sharp High-visibility
against biological does used
caustic or
more or particles, liquids.
dule 2 hot so
above
ower thana or
objects, liquids,
Harness
lanyard distracted
electrical
protection
Hand drivers hat,
not that as
metal Eye a
6 welding
the eet vest, protection
of chemicals, shavings
wear alast
or hazards pants
nature, levelmore light carelessresort.
PPE a
hat
Page2.6| using
employees
whenRPE. suchprotectsreasonably
hazard
taken. Empl
AdmioyersnisElimination,
Cont 2.3
only protectRespityperaRESPIRATORY h) 8 d) b)
as PPE
trativroelPs,E. resortachievedbehazardous tory It t It t It
individual
wearing at d di
Thse comfot NDUS
s h oulENGI
d TRN
S
IAEERI
L
FETYNG
should
pieces,srheoulquidred. design, pershoul
c ep tions
wearing is source. are
within usedbe the of
EQUIPMENT(RPE) should At tac h m en t
practicable
considered required substances Personal
by individual and be defect, bewearer
the RPE Engineering
Substitution, the otherwhere Protective of
RPE workers,
services easy conform use, durnot raeblquie red should thetowith be
should to hierarchy adequate ins Protective to cause
may wrong control
a firstly means, thewearer should clean, fatoilureor and for pr o
no
bttoedctymiivniemum
get prone islast only
Equipment rbe
epair, Indian . any the should
false a RPE resort
measures attempt Ofcontworkpl
inrol ace
against Equipment easily
athazartractdive. job. efbeiciencweiy. ght,
to be other restricted be
for otherused control exposure of l
of (RPE) anStd andards
ule 2 sense failure because
the to words, the PROTECTIVE
air. particular availablmaintain.
e. through flexibinle should
after all inhalation (PPE), isa
is
of or haveeliminate RPE theand effective t give
security job, it
measuree. as
Controls. The
material, its movemment
misuse. cannot
should used minimu
and only been a parts,
the last tests
of to

2.7 contaminants
Respirator
(filtering
device) RPE the
selected
Respiratory
|
Pa is user
the
breathing divided Unpowered
ge Powered
Non-powered a
appropriately Fig mask
face
Full
filter false mask
Half filtering
half
Disposable
in Protective 2.3 mask
to the into (AirApparatus
Respirators
(air
respirators to sense Respiratory Purifying)
give types:
maintwo
draw workplace
a
respirators of ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
supply air protection. is Powered
-
Equipment
totally |Helmets,
hoods, mask
face
Full
Equipment
RPE)
(Respiratory
Protective
through
use air, Protective visors mask
Half
of a
cleanmotor - there uses ineffective
the rely
arefilters (RPE)
Equipment Breathing
supplied)
air to filter specialist
advise
further
Seek
odule 2 to pass on two
the the main to and not
wearer air may worn
through wearer's types:remove
give
or
 Page2.8 | (i) )
2925-1984): purpose.
2.4.1specific 2.4 Only
some exami
the ne hands,
Equipment
standards The styles,comprBoth es oquar) Brlityeathing
Circumference
headband: Size:
inside non-metallic.
Shell:Material: speci INDUSE NT
GI
RIN
S
A E
LFER
TYING
manuf
Specifications acturi the
fnigcation legs, BureauINDIAN BA is suits. hal f rely r ewhi
s pc
ih
ra to r s air
qual ity feet used
descr ib ing of suitabl e
BA)le.aking being respirators These
Lo o se - fit in g and Tight-fit on in g can from
laid and for Indian Ex amp l e s pr oviin
d e d are beand araan a p tu s
units down of for (only fu l -fa ce avaandilable ha v i ng put BA
for body. theSTANDARDS
sonalprotection Standard the u se are fa ce p i to
e ce s a
BA. facepieces into inarde ependent (BA)
Industrial and Perby in avai hoods l abl e the mas ks. as go d two -
the However , qualit y oxygen Ex a mp le s b oth
government Protective of (BIS)
BIS helmets, rely weasarer - a vailab
(seoalften main sOune ne dsle
of
the FOR deficient a
Helmets
Safety are head, has tonon-powearered with in
Module 2
Personal power ed
visors, prevent on ref e
ther ed groups: a (eg
laboratories
available
Equipmenttesting eyes, brought PPE enough filtering range pply
suaT
atmospheres. respirators wearer's to
and
arms,
facilities face, contaminant
blouses as cylind of
Protective out facepieces, of
breathing
only clean powered masks) different air or
(IS: with as many face.
to and
in per Or air

2.9 (vi) (v) The (iv) (ii)

following
Pa| Essential
Parts: Large
Medium Small
" (maximum)
Test 400 gMass: Marking:
ge
min., S and
minute.,
one 3
should strap.
Chintapes.
the
Sterilisation barthel No Heatwater <5%ElectricalPenetration block
resistance
Shock
Performance marking,
manufacture.
year ofandISI size, trade Anti-concussion HarnessShell,
m., with absorption
shell visible
resistance fowater
r conical of mark be peak,
burner
for 3 marked consisting of ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
24 resistance kg
and 10 damage absorption resistance of ventilation
hours steeldropped marnufacturer,
seconds, (1S:
corrosion in Requirements:olat -640590 540- mm.500
mm.590 -540
an at point on
4355-when the
oven a against
temperature when against from
falling helmet:
headband.holes.
resistance
1977) a at mm.
flame 2000 woodena
against a
Module 2 93°±
immersed a
is fromplumbheight
applied from V,
50°C
tests. of 50 a ofodh
height
a for25°C. in Hz of1.5
on for 500g m.,
15 of
 |2.Pa1ge
0
[IS: 2.4.3 ()
1989 with The (mi) cC onform
the gloves Chr o m e nttRconoves 242
6 9 (Pa1
rt-19 3)
Speci
(Parfitc-at1 ions
f o l o wing Mar kings: to
leather
Bottom
Tongue Toe eachShoulShoul
d d marnufacture. & manufact
trademar
year ofk,uanrer' shal Ma te ria l th e
t arn edMa te ria l elev en NDUSTE
RNIAG
S
LIA
NFETYRING
should of 2)-1986:
or
d 'msedium where ype be(Part-1)-1973.69 4 Size, 1969ThreadKnit ed Cot ondril fofrol owing cow kor hpSespecif cations
moulded
be safety have be for
madeshould be ankle ap mass'
plica I
bnleomi
, in fo
n r
anmd ation:legibly
al design 31 5 g/m 2 cot on orleather of for
reinforced shoes.) six Leather and :C ottontab ric s with a
rubber
padded.
table-tanned
ofbe eyelets high. name or
the size
sta m ped sewi n g unbleached be
young gloves: industrial
Boots
Safety heavy
r stitc hi n g to l efor dr:shall
rance
cuffs
il g el q
o u
v ire
s:m e n ts : b ut a lo glo ves I Leather
(tour
with mass'
words, of theon of grain ISand
sole recognisedmass', gloves,the thread:2/20
dule 2 inside (19 of made Cotton
and steel
cap.toe eyelets light split or
:AsperS: as all g/
heel. and cotton.
per leather
and
of
sole or the sq.m. leather Gloves
less Shoes S:
cuffs 1720.
in to

2.1management
ommitmentmanagement.
1 management consecutive
to draw Quantitative
primarily The raisesafety measurement
system.
workproper managementperformance. about
indicatorsare contributorEvolution
ofgauging 2.5
such
poor in what
|P measures
its back termsvalve accidents MONITORING and
75g/pair
age safety of respect iv el y . (maximum)
due level safety in
years. practice for gheel
system measurement of & for Safety safety
regarding Accidents
review, safety clear
to of area
performance. lost assessment used
performance.
accident
&
kgf.m. 5852- Steel per tips. of Mass steel
size Eyelets
theirsafety It pair
also time adopting wentperformance
Indices 1996 with of
No like where information
management The 8 size
are (maximum) ENGINEERING be
INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
No
reactive
safety performance injuries
helps
as wrong &
and for mass hob made
enforcement caused SAFETY 10
safety of oftowhich
ol determining
best It nails, mm.
accident relative helps should each
to about &safety soindicators toe shall 1750 of
deficierncies. because approachimprovementsystem find man practices
for
include that cap bigger without toe aluminum
PERFORMANCE in withstand increase tips
reporting of performance
out days
the performance
safety to
determining should g/
of most prevent the
of in &the lagging to is and pair
ule 2 safety lost the or hob or
Some towards
lapses
organization to & improve cause, be or heel
deficiency performance best blows smaller nails, of brass
system, suggest
is between least recurrence asdecrease
laws, necessary of & per
in gives leading leaning the tool
14.2of toe-tips
tips. size
coated
studies safetysafety unsafe safety safety
NoNo the the
mai n for
IS. size 1650
or by
is a
 2.12|ageP occurred.
accident
disablemernt
Disability defense.stopped Near damage.
injury/ Acciof The
in
dent&: injury/Severityor Lag ing diactsid/entLeadiDefing niditei2no51tnsifeicfaetciostiynvstenme.s measure The easileyf ectivperson surver than methaopdsraisal lacksUgof
the
miss-Nothing the - Minor near to that condit on
event, of & aofc icdoennttributing estNDUSTRIAL SAFETNYGINEL
extendedInjury course An event in dicators: pr
mioisnpedirtcyators:
objactive itp'asserson.which of of & major
(Lost near of
accident/
It- of
isafnuedtnjyidofceatrestandtahebsofele indicate deqpueancldoitmatpivueta ion safsettyatistics factorksnfoanillueredge incauses
beyond time
unplmissesanrealnelyempld/unioymentntended which Thesienci-dentdamage
can the & on ofdata lackof of
happened Man have ispecteu
d.ocurreec ne
tdaysimindicators be Quits
a v
na
tilve
as
tive
Injury)
the indicate
holesof performanc
safety f 1p inadequate
physical
quansatifeatytive not persoanpalrapiseartlormsaafentcye. tromaecnifdoernctes.ment skailc, ident
damage.
Property
lost/
oocurrinmeg.asured valves
management opiniondependisappronaiofsal previous
quantitative
indices The of ae
day because in ofa e questionnaire
opinionmethod
&&
di of safety
- Occurrence number showthat safety dueto
which ofAn person Example:
on, without
nspectiExample: system &
the which technique
more 1s are for years is
Modu le2 shift
injury another appraisals legislations;
in person more lack
the resulting
risinga the an indicate from
differ necessary
on -Lost - of
Safety
incident,- consistent
appraisal
causing layer which training, &
barrier hazard is are
mental
out to the

factors
nor e
ratInjury Incidence
employed.
thousand
persons worked.
hours
man
worked.
hours
man
Severity
Frequency 2.5.2clerical
includes
worked(6000days).
aby
l disablement
Man death Non-DisablingMan (First work
performance Frequency
2.13 safety.of
IR
= permanent
divided SR = Safety hours days aid) for Repacciortadblente : -
| severity
P Frequency index: and a
age Number Rate FR= managerial, lost: only period
Severity byAverage Rate Man rat e
Performance other worked: as
disability
rate - (S.R ) employees
Number (F. R ) specified Charges without
alone &
thousand. Itis of (I.R) Total days Total workers injury:-Injury of
Indexes number
the injuries 48
severity lost Number : man :-Number supervisory, The
:-Number man (total in
causing hr
ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL
. SAFETY
can product due of Indicators working total in Accidentor
of hours hours lost
including IS3786. days
describe rate. (FSI) persons (lost to more.
of time of number or of
disablement.
of
worked
lost lost and in earning requires which
Since It-
Frequency time of man-days worked Mandeath)
is lost time injury contractor'
time professional, s the
performanceneither the employed accident) of occur
injuries
industrial
employees daycapacity
combination time injury 106 X
or medical
Module 2 lost lost due
frequency rate disablernent
1000 X injuries 106 x per labor.
of & per premise. charged tolost treatment
Severity technical, -
overall of million million hours
rate two per
partial due
It for to to
 INDUSTRIALSAFETY
ENGINEEA

FRXSR
1000
FS=
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
comparison
of:performance
whic is a storage facilities, and maintenance. Good housekeeping is also
Tashnique
two
(STS)
The
Safe-T-Soore
variable
-For used
is statistical
b
S75isa dimensionless number. SSTS positive
Safe-7-Sore
condition
dongrading past
&
The Valve of
et
negative ol
cwonetrn a basic part
of incident and fire prevention.
Ffective housekeeping is an ongoing operation: it is not a one
time or hit-and-miss cleanup done occasionally. Periodic
STSvalvein
the
between+2to
indioate from
2 indicates
improvement randomfluctuation in variation panic" cleanups are costly and ineffective in reducing
vae incidents.
indicates
signiticant. Effects of bad housekeeping:
not fr now -jr past
is
which
Safe-T-Score
= fr (past)x 106 Poor housekeeping can be a cause of incidents, such as:
Vmanhours worked ow tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and
safety activity rate is
platforms
The the being hit by falling objects
safety Acivity
Safety
promotional
Rate&
- awareness activity which including
inspection conducted in a
overal slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces
striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or
safety present & man hours year with
safety
total
&
trainingemplorees
costoffaccident prevention worked in
a
misplaced material
cutting puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or
respecttoemphasizesthetoccurrences incidents.
year.This costof
againstthe
accident
=
activities other parts of the body on projecting nails, wire or steel
strapping
ActivityRate number))5 x 106
Safety
(safety
activity To avoid these hazards, a workplace must "maintain" order
employees present in a
mumberof
total year throughout a workday. Although this effort requires a great
workedx deal of management and planning, the benefits are many.
26 WORKPLACEHOUSEKEEPINC
man hours
Necessity of Good HousekeepPing:oh toaM
defined as
housekeeping may beorderly, clean activities
VIties Good housekeeping is essential in order to:
Workplace
create or mantan an
undertaken to environment. Effective
working
eliminate
safe many workplace
Ef
hazards housekeeping can
and help get work done
1.Make and maintain a clean, neat and orderly factory
work area and its surroundings.lis
safelyandproperly. 2. Make work areas look pleasant, more satisfying and
Housekeeping is notjustcleanliness.Itincludes keeping work motivative for a worker to work.
hallssand floors
areasneatand orderly,maintaining free of slip
andtrip hazards, andremovingof waste materials (e.g., paper,
3. Minimize fatigue and discomfort to the workers.

hazards from work 4. Minimize injury and accidents.

cardboard) and other fire areas. It also
important details such as
layout paying attention to
requiresofthe whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacythe of
5. Increase the life of plant, building and the failities
itcontains.

2.14 | Page Modu le 2 Module 2.5

2.15 | Page M
NDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGINEERI
hazande
other
fireand natural INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
6
Aroid

7.
effective n
Permit
vrentilation. housekeeping
il umination work practices, So it is important to replace or fix broken or
damaged items as quickly as possible. A good maintenance
goodi program provides forthe inspection, maintenance, upkeep and
Advantagesof in: repairoftools, equipment, machines and processes.
results
26.1 housekeering
b) Dust and Dirt Removal
Eltective1.
Fewer
accidents.
machinery,
building. Enclosures and exhaust ventilation systems may fail to collect
of
life
Increased morale.
tools, etc. dust, dirt and chips adequately. Vacuum cleaners are suitable
2 employee for removing light dust and dirt that is not otherwise
Improved hazardous. Industrial models have special fittings for cleaning
34.Increasedproduction. walls, ceilings, ledges, machinery, and other hard-to-reach
places where dust and dirt may accumulate.
quality.
product reduces Special-purpose vacuums are useful for removing hazardous
Better
5.
6
cleaning
Continuous clleeanupis more
intermittent
because
housekeeping cOsts
expen-sive,
products. For example, vacuum cleaners fitted with HEPA
(high efficiency particulate air) filters may be used to capture
fine particles of asbestos or fibreglass.
islosttin searching for tools etc.
notime
or
7.Little Dampening (wetting) floors or using sweeping compounds
8.MaterialhandlingandItransportation pick up speed, before sweeping reduces the amount of airborne dust. The dust
9.Inspection, maintenance and production control and grime that collect in places like shelves, piping, conduits,
functionsbecomeeasier.
light fixtures, reflectors, windows, cupboards and lockers may
require manual cleaning.
10. Muchfloor spaceotherwise occupied by unused
raw materialandtools, etc. is released for production.
Compressed air should not be used for removing dust, dirt or
chips from equipment or work surfaces.
effectivehousekeeping| program c) Employee Facilities
Elementsofan
26.2 Employee facilities need to be adequate, clean and well
a) Maintenance
maintained. Lockers may be necessary for storing employees'
maintenanceofbuildings
andlequipment may be the most personal belongings. Washroom facilities require cleaning
supply
important
The element of good housekeeping. Maintenance once or more each shift. They also need to have a good
buildings,equipmentandI mmachinery innsafe, of soap, towels plus disinfectants, if needed.
involveskeeping
order and in good repair. It includes If workers are using hazardous products, employee
facilities
efficient working facilities and regularly painting and such as showers,
maintaining sanitary windows, damaged doors, should provide special precautions as needed facilities may
cleaning walls. Broken defective washing facilities and change rooms. Some
surfaces can make a workplace Using such
plumbingand broken floor require two locker rooms with showers between. workplace
conditions can cause incidents and affect double locker rooms allows workers to shower off
look neglected; these
Module 2 Module 2
2.16| Page 2.17 | P age
 NDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGINE
chane
of
dothescontseparatea
aminating
the
streetclothes"brkeeping
reduestheirwor from
and
contaminants
ther
that
wear
home.

in
the
work area
ther INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
Arranging aisles properly encourages people to uuse them so
drinking

houlà
clothing
prohibite wherehazardous products are handled. The eating
thatthey do not take shortcutsthrough hazardous areas.
the
eatingor the work area and be
from
Simoking Keeping aisles and stairways clear is important. They should

area
be
should
separate

exch
properly
shit.
houlà be not beused for temporary "overflow" or "bottleneck' storage.
Stairways and aisles also require adequate lighting.
ceaned g) Spill Control
d) Surtaces area,leading cause of

Poor
conditions

Floors: spilled
cleaningup
oil and
shavings
otherliquids at once
fioor and dust

chipsTrappingchËpsup
to accumulate
shavings and dust
inicmidcanpeonrttsanaltSo
is so The best way to control spills is to stop them before they
happen. Regularly cleaning and maintaining machines and
equipment is one way. Another is to use drip pans and guards
Allowing
incidentscleaningthem be
cause flooror that cannot
regularly can
ebefore their
deaned continuously they
pr vent
where possible spills might occur. When spills do occur, it is
important to clean them up immediately. Absorbent materials
are useful for wiping up greasy, oily or other liquid spills. Used
anti-slip flooring.
reach the Areas have
,such absorbents must be disposed of properly and safely.

riKepped,eping or
accumulation. should
ways means: replacing any worn,
entrance orderalso hazard.
as good posesa tripping h) Tools and Equipment
in
floors fhooringthat
wallsreflect light
while Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool
damaged
Light-coloured dirty or dark.
light. Contrasting colourS
room, on the rack, in the yard, or on the bench. Tools require
suitable fixtures with marked locations to provide an orderly
Walls wallsabsorbmarkkobstructions such as
coloured
hazardsandguardsand other safety pillars.warnPainsof arrangement. Returning tools promptly after use reduces the
physical railings
highlight used as a
substitute for
can never outlinethe regulations and
be
equiguarpdment
ing, , Thebut chance of it being misplaced or lost. Workers should regularly
take any damaged or
inspect, clean and repair all tools and basrinat
service.ehe
should should
program
colours.
standards for worn
i)
tools out of
Waste DisposalcUOH HOT98DMOD
28S
Fixtures contribute
MaintainLight The regular collection, grading and sorting of scrap
it possible to
makes
e) reduce essential light
levels. to good housekeeping practices. It also
fixtures
Dirtylight lightingeticiency
significantl Clean light separate materials that can be recycled from those
waste disposal facilities.
going to

fxturescanimprove wastes time and

and
Stairways Allowing material to build up on the floor cleaning it up.
9 Aisles for
energy since additional timne is required waste is produced
enoughto accommodate
Aislesshould bewide safely. Aisle space allows
and for
andpeople Placing scrap containers near where
disposal and
the
makes collection easier.
comfortably
productsand materials.
the encourages orderly waste
be clearly labelled (e.g., recyclable
vehicles
movementof people,
can
Warning signs
improve sight-lines in blind Corners.
All waste receptacles shouldetc.).inopet
glass, plastic, scrap metal,
and mirrors
Module 2
Module 2 2.19 Page
2.18| Page
 INDUSTRIALSAFETYENGIN

materials is
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
9 Storage
organiation
store
ofstorage problems essentialon for
whether
There will also be The 5 S was invented in Japan and it stands Seiton, for the five
overomine material
Good permanent
basis.
handlingis
requine fewer ifstrain
reduced, especially
The location
Jananese words that start with the letter S: Seiri,
Seiso.
ketsu, and Shitsuke. An equivalent set of five 'S words in
of lthe
ess
termporarvoramount of Sort,
handling is with
work but they Enclish has been adopted to preserve the 5 S acronym- English
Sot (in place), Shine, Standardize and Sustain- in the
the
if
injuriesmaterial interfere
required Stored
manual shouldnotwhen about three feet)materials
stockpiles availabie (or
of shoul d stil
dear should
HSage. Each word represents an action to
recommended sequence.
be taken in a

readily
be sprinkier
under
allowat
one
least heads.
metre

a
firm
foundation
space 1. Seiri(sort)
2. Seiton (straighten or streamline)
and
drums onreduces the
cartons necessary, chance andof their
should not obstruct Cross
Stacking wherematerials
them emergency eyewash aisles, stairs, 3. Seiso (shine)
tying fire Stored
movement. equipment
exits,
emergency
showers, or
clearly
marked.
first
aid stations. All

other hazardous
fountaiareasns,
storage
4. Seiketsu (standardize)
5.Shitsuke (sustain)
be toxic and
mateareas
rials
Standardise Sustain
should combustible, containers in Straighten Shine

Flammable, approved designated

different hazards that
Sort

implementation
storedin
for themeet all requirements they Fig 2.4: Recommended sequence for 5S
specifiedpose.in
should be
appropriateshould
that are materials regulations of Step Name Japanese term Explanation
Storage of and the
environmental and
agenciesin the
Remove unnecessary

the fire codes

healthand
safety jurisdiction. 1. Sort
Seiri (tidiness) itemsfrom each area
Organize and identify
occupational HOUSEKEEPING storage for efficient
CONCEPT OF 2. Set In Order
Seiton (orderliness)
use
2.7 55 as one of the basic Clean and inspect
occupies a
prominent place
of the
workplace. In fact, it tools to
forms the 3. Shine Seiso (cleanliness) each area
regularly
Incorporate 5S into
55 quality efforts. It is an
enhance the improvement
foundation for all and denotes a step-by--step
acronym for 4. Standardize
Seiketsu standard operating
words well-organized
approach
workplace.
for (standardization) procedures
fiveJapaneseaclean and Shitsuke
Assign responsibility,
track progress, and
developing a andis becoming common in other 5. Sustain (discipline) continue the cycle
very inJapan
popularwell-designed and implemented
55 is
countries too. A discipline and change ch programof
the attitude of
instill one of the
55 would work. It iss considered foundation
employees toward
continuous improvemernt.
level techniques for
Mod ule 2
Mod ule 2 2.21 |Page
2.20 | Page
 NDUSTRIALSAFETY
E

(Sort) 5Sprvsesseiri,
a)Seini refers
to the act INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
the unwanted unnecessary and
people o

urelatednreltaotdeeadmusthey
involved inin
of
shep the
lhe 4. Itreduces unnecessary harndling, as there are less
The
tirstawar
throwing
all
workplace thron
to
sei
away things. The. number of items to handle.
in nthe
the having i nthe workplace
materials about lett
soT everthiing neessar items in the is 5. It reduces the number of lockers/cabinets for
feel storage (as numbers of filed papers/iterms stored are

thwesoerkirp,lace
that numberof minimu
not
ensure
to Erenthe
absoute use
eftetive eof
Because of reduced)
space, and t
work kenttoits an
he
must
be
purchasefthe af
simplitication
tasks
iemsfollow:.

methodto
implement Seiri is
carefu b) Seiton ( Set in order) [Straighten]
Seiton means systematic, orderly, efficient, and effective
to arrangement of items in use. For effective storage, answers to
most
efective unneededitems and move
toall storage until them platOce the following questions are required.
The redtag workarea for
attachaoutsidethe
free up valuable
way to stock
disposed of
a
What items are to be stored?
locationsuch
eliminate
ireparable
Sorting
an
thingsasobsolete
ecellent used and broken tools,
is igsandfixtures non-renewable jobs, surplus
space and
" Where should the items be stored?
" What quantity of the items is generally required to be
stored?
Are there any special storage requirements?
How often the items are to be stored or retrieved?
stocksetc.

RedTagging Therefore, Seiton means, "to arrange correctly, following the

itemsthat will eventually be
correct method of doing activities and making thorough
A
methodto
fromanarea.
identify
remmoved preparation so that the activities can be performed even if they
occur abruptly."
ContainsDatadescriting:
Since arranging correctly is a natural follow up activity after
RedTag No. item segregation, seiri and seiton are often used and practiced
Name/Descriptionof together. Some areas which often needs attention are unlabeled
" forTagging
tool cribs, cluttered shelves/lockers, office files, and things
Reason floor.dh so
" DateTagged lying on the shop
CurrentLocation Benefits of Seiton:
maintainedbythe Red Tag Area
. Createa log
fromSeiri(sort):
Manager. 1. Easy retrieval of materials.

Benefitsexpected 2. Time taken to search is minimized.lnaio

(sorts) savesproductivework.
Seiri
1. 3. Unnecessary purchase is avoided.so a
preventsincidents of unnecessary
2.It things. 4. Categorize files, mails, papers, etc. based on specific
what is in stock criterion Viz. subject/ title; project;
3. It providesclarity as to customer/supplier/ department/usage.
2.22| Page
Module 2 Module 2
2.23 Page
 NUSTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGNEERINO

cabinets/ drawers/
|helves
Campartmentalize
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
or
quantity each item improvement. This can be done with
5
desks

Determine
to
the
pr-fired
iquantity. and pla necessarytosustainthis
he belpof making checklists the example is shown in below.
implement Seiso in the
aming
6
sthrage
stoage
east
ensure
to
retrievability (w The activities
onganization:
necessary to
p r e st
eatrg
timel
r
Plan
workplace clean through sweeping
7
easy identification. 1Keep the machines and cobweb free
iens
for r
verticallyandnot surroundings, dusting to make dirt-free,
Colorcnde
not foor and polishing and painting
binders
laid out., wiping to make oil/grease, free
before the start of the daily
8
files
compnact disks to preventthen machines/worktable
Kar
2 Clean
9

10
Plan
getting
sTathed
of
storage

the
from routine. Eliminate leakage/spillage.
for creative ideas to make cleaning and

11.
and
visual
Install
controlfor
missingitems.
checking reponcelenishnment of
destructionday'
3. Brainstorm
inspectioneasier.
4. Clean even places most people don't notice. Remove scrap
stocks
Paper
Observea
every to avoid scratching.
year. sub-standard
12 the remove dirt that cause
quarterof 5. Clean elements to
d Seiso
(5hine)
performance.
ecompletelyso that avoid bad connections (e.g.
equipment. The othere is nO 6. Clean electrical contacts to
workplace

is
Seiso floor,
the
cleaningmachines,and
tixtures, objective of
molds, equipment,
electrical contacts, pushbuttons, switches,
etc.)
play up.
to thand
gs/
7. Dust off dirt inside the computer to avoid
the
duston
return workplaces used during
items, work
to
seisois and condition
utilties polished by removing Scrap eir 8. Remove oil and dust before painting
to ensure a better finish.
other and surfacesto make dust/ dirt and
presence
clean
oniginal ofdustcanall
wiping free.
causeabrasions, scratches, blockages, The 9. Prepare a schedule for
cleaning and assign clear-cut
leftoversand responsibilities.
(electrical defects), quality
(e.g. defwrong
ects
connection
leakages,bad dusty
surfaces), variability
10. Conduct inspectionto unearth problems, identify root
on
paintingand
measurements lack of process
control). Since while causes, and establish corrective action.
(eg and touched, Seiso
ceaning,the
surfaces areseen
discovering abnormalities, which are prevents 11. Carry out daily follow-up
cleaning to sustain this
problems by improvement.psof widuiy
potential
initial stages, Peoplegenerally takeshining
pride in
working
helne gauges, etc. after
stilinthe cutter-free area and sparking/ 12. Clean up machine, jigs/fixtures, tools/
in dean and equipmentandfacility,
createownership of the use.
them at the
aone-time
activity. Somne sort of standardss of 13.Place trash bins at strategic places and empty
Cleaning is not developed and regular follow up is end of the shift/day.
deaning neds to be
Module 2 2.25| Page
Module 2
224 |Page
 INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGINEE
andcoolant
tanks; spray point
trolleys.
bin o t
handling
lines
supplymaterial
up INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
Cean tank
storage components,
ilems Iying on shelves
14 e) Shitsuke (Sustain)
water

Dustoff
parts stoe Shitsuke means self-discipline. It denotes commitment to
15
Benefits
of identiticationof
Seiso: problems like maintain1 orderliness and to practice the first 4S as a way of life.
Ear'y
1. f
onfidenceof
customers. Cracks oi The emphasis of shitsuke is the elimination of the bad
habits
and constant practice of the good ones. Once a true shitsuke is
leakage.product quality. achieved, the personnel voluntarily observe cleanlinessbyand
Greater
32 Improredemployees.
orderliness at all times, without having to be reminded the
management. One must train oneselfto keep the 4S principles
the
Prde
d)Seiketsu
4
tor
(Standardize) andrealize that by following the 55, ultimately the work will
become easier.
cover the basics
of Shitsuke is the most difficult 'S to implement and achieve.

ourth clsteaeriping,s
35
stens of workspace; on

short-term-benefits. The
threedearninga their oWn, those Since human nature is to resist change, many organization
The
tirst
and
organizingprovide'seiketsu, which
standardization.
fsimply
Bywritingdownwhatis being done, where,
returns to the status quo i.e. end up with a dirty
cluttered
shop) a few weeks following the implementation of 55.
steps
will
Standardize
or
incorporate the newW means
practices Methodology of Shitsuke (Sustain)
normal workprocedure.
andby
whom, wecan This paves the way for long-term into 1. Monitor the refined methods consistently.
2. Maintain the defined methods for continuous
change.
ToolsforStandardizing
improvement.
55checklists-Listingtheeiindividual steps of a process 3. Establish norms and follow them
makesit easyforworkers to follow that process
providessa simple 4. Keep repeating the 1 to 4'S
Italso
completely. lateron.
progress
auditing tool to Benefits of Shitsuke (Sustain)
check charts- Identify each task to be system.onie
inacycle
" Job
performed
workarea,and decide ona schedule or frequency 1. Discipline in the
ohDa
tasks. Then, assign responsibility 2. Waste reduction.sbeni
particular
foreach of those
worker(orjobduty). Theeresulting chart tocana
questions 3.High mnorale.
posted visibly
to resolve and promote
be 4. Neat and cleanliness.
accountability.
and signs - Provide
Procedure labels
instructions, cleaning steps,
and operating
preventative
maintenance proceduresright where that information
5.Easier to work.

6. Lesser stress at work.

willbeneeded.

Module 2 2.27 | Page

Module 2
2.26| Pa ge
 INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGINEERING

FAIR

55
PRINCHPLES
POOR
bt not right EXCEL yENTthi
Unnecer
Eme
ot found INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
Meceyhingsare 5
ngndbut
sematle
notin
order(not
Nectsy thing Set up 5$ SteeringCommittee
in order yor
ebrevend
LESTAESETN
ryto Develop 55 Implementation Plan
Hortplsceand Implement 55
neery
esi
mechines
ceed
et partle h
(Gemter nd Wortcnplesce nd
mechi es re
eompletely cenedum
Ampe
hemechn
feceonh
ren ts tree ol
unnecessary items
C your
orn istidybut 5 Separate unnecessary from necessary items and remove
Mey
s Wortnleoe
notonmpleelycnan Dust and dirl a Discard items that are cleatly no longer of use.
4S4WTRESTDARDOE Meetnfiee
i
oompletey whut
ut. Sort Evaluate ltems that are potentially unneccesary.

Aroplelollow Rules. But S

(SBKETBU
fbwatdincali. 4 start work on
kuttowithoutenough
fine, Preparmachi
Comes
check
eeats torynteowark Organise for better workflow and store items for easy
Arrange necessary items for better workflow.
retrieval.

ppentonferthewor
Aocaenenne

SISTAN
(SHTSUNE)
Dehingtainfo
hey condiareation. belor
work
and after
Cleans
work
Straighten Create visual order.

Summary Keep workplace clean, tidy and in good condition.

25
Fig 55 Determine target areas for cleaning or inspection.
Assign cleaning or inspection duties.
Shine Establish a cleaning or an inspection method.
55
Advantagesof
System
lobod Carry out cdeaning or inspection.

and Shine a habit.

follows; Create standards to make Sort, Straighten
27.1 areas Set up Sort, Straighten and Shine (S duty
chart.
system Develop S standard operating procedures.
5.5 Standardise
Benefitsof errors/odefectsdue to Establish the Soperating standard.

1.
Reductionin
procedures.
standardized Malntain 55 standards and implement initlatives to
sustain 5S activties.
Establish and ímplement a 5S internal audit system.
quanty. Sustain Implement 5S initiatives for continued employee engagment.
2Consistent andimprovea
3.Higherproductivity.
Review 5S Implementation Effectiveness
4.Lesseraccidents.

Higher morale ofemployees. Fig 2.6 Key steps to 55 implementation

5,
6. Getsto workina clean, organized, and clutter-free 2.7.2 Disadvantages of using the 5S method
not properly
workplace. The major problems with 5S appear when it is
retrieve things when required. understood, used, or implemented.
7. Lesser time to
1. Misunderstanding of what 5S accomplishes
8. More useable space.
downtime. 2. Resistance to change
9. Reduction in machine workplace
3. Not addressing problems in the
4. Lack of management support
Module 2
2.28| Page Module 2 2.29 | Page
 INDUSTRIALSAFETY
ENGINE
28 WORK
PERMITSYSTEM
Permit-To-Worl
(PTW) system
formalwritensistemusedto control and execute certain
Sistemof
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
Routine material handling work in ware houses and
Permmit are identified as
Wark nhich lay down area.

operators,potential
jobs
safelh means of communication Routine office work.

abgeetwnceiens
of alsoa supervisors
types
hazardouUsis Visual inspection or checking without using any tools
plant
denartments in operation area of verbal permission from assist
diterent must custodians.
area,i t be ensuring
etc.
startingary
job inan as well as with the
enironment that it is . Work carried out by operation employees as their
daily start up and shat down of plant.
Before
workin
the
In
orderto
safeto invohed. the safe
eguipment ascertaining
ensure
that
no
conditions,
The work permit
work machipernhasermy,it
work
to
Work carried out in designated area which has
declared as work permit free by Client.
Any work approved by Client on special request by
start
before
being
followed.
forsafe
systemis procedures
execution of
out
carried
specifies
the work the
under controlled and
contractor.eh
conditionsand to be 2.8.2 Types of work permits:
allowsthe
work isk
Cold work permit (Green color) is required for any job
conditions. System which does not involve or use of any source of
Work Permit
Objectivesof ignitions, spark, and fire.
281 permissionto carry out a task Hot work permit (Red color) is required for any job
Givewritten aspectofthe work is planned bwhich involves or use of source of ignition, spark, and
Ensure every aspect ofthe work is checked bu f i r e . o toi
every
Makesure and method Confined space entry authorization (Yellow color) is
Put risk
assessments
statements into required to enter into the confined space.
Excavation Authorization is associated with permit
action
Communicatehealth dsafety
and information for excavation job, which having validity of 1 month
Provide a procedure to ensure essential controls and can be renewed for 3 months at least 3 days before
remaininplace expiry.
PERMITSiansheease
Provide a procedure to return the area to a safe
state 2.9 HOT WORK
"
ofthework countries,
oncompletion communication Ahot work permit is a permit that is needed in some
that involves a
Givea means of and on some jobsites, in order to perform work vicinity
permit source of ignition when flammable materials are in the
Work notrequiring the soldering,
Or that can be considered a fire hazard. Welding, grinding
Routine workin established woorkshop and cutting and brazing are allconsidered hot work, as is
yard with boundaries.
adjacent and drilling in the presence of flammable
materials
consider the
Before performing hot work, the worker should
following:
Module 2 Module 2
2.30| Pa ge 2.31 | Pa ge
 NDUASTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGINEERW

readihess-to-Us
of all the
The
equipment
and tested
itnes personal
Task-speaitic
must be protectie
equipment
shouldbeavailableatthesite and workers must
to use, clean, and
invove b
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
Explosive environment: There may be highly combustible
if
how fumes or gases in the air, that might cause a fire exposed to
on
nel-qualitied
workplacecompletelyand store them hotwork.

propertr
Eaminethe
Visual
hazards
and flammable
combustible workplace
elimshoulinate d anbye
materials
2.10 COLDWORK PERMITS
issued for
Cold work permits are green colored permitsinvolve
bazardous maintenance work that does not
the
Al the
appropriate
fire extinguishers and irst-aid boxes ignitionhazards found in hot work. Cold work situationsand are
All trom
taway
kent by conducting a risk assessment for the task
andeasily accessible
available. determined
completing the the working environment. If no flammable or explosive risks
shouldbe areaafter
makesurethat wall surfaces and wires
the
Examine
hot have
work notto are identified, a cold work permit is sufficient for carrying out
the work.

Complywithapplicableregulatory requirements and

heatedup Some examples include:
sector/loocation. Chemical cleaning or the use of solvents,
the
legislationin Handling of hazardous substances (e.g
work chemicals, asbestos, etc.)
hot toxic/corrosive
triggeredby
ofthe major risks The Use of resins typically used during blade repairs,
Risks
This
sparks:
Flying
is one
during hot work
can get
Sparkscreatedand other small cracks.
associatestduck wiinth Any painting activity,
Heavy lifts (refer to Crane/Lifting procedure for
hotwork. openings
gaps, fire.o
causea can This definition),
pipes smoulderand Erecting or dismantling scaffolds,
possibly residues:Thereis a lot of combustible hot debris
Flammable Any non-routine and potentially hazardous activity,
hot work. This could Any activity requiring specific control measures to
andresidue
leftoverfrom in a result confirm safety.
massiveblaze.
there may be many 2.11 ENTRY INTOCONFINED SPACES
surfaces: During hot work,
remain in the surface. flThey
ammable partially
Hot materialsthat may
ace during the activity anmay Generally speaking, a confined space is a fully or
goods or
contact with a hot surface enclosed space that:
Comeinto
fire. for continuous
quicklycausea Is not primarily designed or intended
Circulation of heat when
working on pipes: Hot Jabor can human occupancy
exit, or a
This heat could easily transfer to Has limited or restricted entrance or
Swiftly overheat a pipe. through conduction, configuration that can complicate first aid, rescue,
another flammable surface resulting in a evacuation, or other emergency response activities
fire.

Module 2
Module 2 2.33 | P age
2.32 | Page
NOUASTRIAL
SAFETY
ENGINEERIN

Can
represent
a risk
forthetor the health and satety
to
due One oT more
enters INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
who
design
anvone actors:
following construction rapid heart rate, clumsiness,emotional upset, and
atosphere
location fatigue. As less oxygen becomes available, nausea
and vomiting, collapse, convulsions, coma and
orsubstances in it
materials
workactiitiesbeingcarried out in it, or the death can occur. Unconsciousness or death could
the
mecharicalprocess and result within minutes following exposure to a
o
safety simple asphyxiant. Asphyxiants include argon.
present
Confinedsnacescarn be below or above ground.
almost any workplace. AConfined
hazards
Confined
nitrogen, or carbon monoxide.
Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion (as
wellas inhalation of toxic gases).
due
foundin not tnecessarily small. Fire hazard - An explosive or flammable atmospheredusts

utExampl
ility evauls tso,f
combustible
is
canbe name, silos, vats, hoppers,
to flammable liquids and gases and explosion.
spaces
despiteits
incude which, if ignited, would lead to fire or
space, spaces towers,sewers, pIpes,
access
Process-related hazards - such as residual chemicals, or
Contined supply
water airratt
wings, boilers, shafts,Ditches,
manholes, tuck release of contents of a supply line.
stations,
tanks, digesters
tank
rail
cars manure pits and storage bins,
bea.confined space
pump Physical hazards - noise, heat/cold, radiation,
vibration,
or
mayalso still have "blue
trenches they when access
sky"
electrical, and inadequate lighting.
Safety hazards - such as moving parts of equipment,
wells,and limited
(but
andfish holds are also above). structural hazards, engulfment, entanglement, slips, or
or
egressis containers
shipping
Barges, confinedspaces.
possible Space
considered falls.
Vehicular and pedestrian traffic.e
as
a
Confined Shifting or collapse of bulk material (engulfment).
release of free
Hazardsin also be Barrier failure that results in a flood or
211.1 regular workspace can
foundin a
However,they
can be even more found in flowing solid or liquid.hd
Allhazards
confinedspace.
a confinedspacethanina
regular worksite.
include:
hazardous . Visibility - such as smoke particles in air. fecal matter and

sludge, fungi, or moulds.

from
Biological hazards - viruses, bacteria
in a
confinedspacescan
Hazardsin 2.11.2 Entering a Confined Space
is that each time a worker
Poorairquality: The important thing to remember worker should determine if
Insufficientamount
of Oxygen for the worker to plans to enter any work space,
the
o
breathe. that work space is considered a confined space. Before entering
Imake the worker ill or experienced person should
Toxicgasesthatcould cause any confined space, a trained and and potential hazards
o worker to lose consciousness. identify and evaluate all the existing
the activities both inside and
Asphyxiants -simple asphyxiants are gases which within the confined space. Evaluate
in the air (normally about outside the confined space.
can displace oxygen 21
percent). Low Oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less) within the confined space should
Air quality testing: The air
the confined space before entry into
can cause symptoms Such as rapid breathing be tested from outside of
Module 2
Module 2 2.35| Page
2.34 | Pa ge
 INDUSTRIALSAFETYENGIN
should be taken to ensure
Care space -
space. confined shoul side-to-side
and
be considered
that
is air INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
the
confined
throughout themonitoring
situations where a workerisin a space where atmospheri
tested Continuous
top to However, wearing of PPE sometimes may increase heat and
Conditions havethe potentialto change (e.g., broken or leaking
bottom.
activities Create loss of mobility. Those situations should be carefully
evaluated. When using PPE, always use as part of a PPE

pipes
vessels,
or isolationofa
environment. detection
ork
substance
equipment
do the
is not possible).
which

air
has remote
quality
hazardous
Atrained
testing- probes
program and be sure to evaluate all possible hazards and risks
associated with PPEuse.
Air quality maintained

calibratedAlwandays
using should
worker is properly
samplinglines equipment show tha
should Natural ventilation (natural air currents) is usually not reliable
and the testing
sampling and not sufficient to maintain the air quality. Mechanical
ensure
maintained.The contentis withinsafe limits - not too little ventilation (e.g., blowers, fans) is usually necessary to maintain
oxygen air quality.
The much.
atmosphere (toxic gases,
flammable
too If mechanical ventilation is provided, there should be
andnot
hazardous present. a warning system in place to immediately notify the
A
atmosphere)isnot operating properly. worker in the event of a hazard or a failure in the
equipmentis
Ventilation ventilation equipment.
hazards are to be
tests for
these
results ofthe along with the
equipment or recorded
method on
(s) that
Care should be taken to make sure the air being
provided by the ventilation system to the confined
The Permit tests.
the space is 'clean' throughout the entire space.
the Entry inperforming Ease of air movement throughout the confined space
wereused confinedspaces should be considered because of the danger of pockets
controlledin of toxic gases still remaining even with the use of
Hazards control methods found in
The
traditional
hazard
effective in a
confined space. regular
These include
mechanical ventilation.
Do not substitute oxygen for fresh air. Increasing the
be administrative controls and
worksites can
controls, Engineering controls are personal oXygen content wiill significantly increase the risk of
engineering
equipment. administrative controls designedto fire and explosion.
mechanical ventilation should be noted on
protective and personal Theuse of
hazard while minimize the contact with the entry permit.
remove theequipment try to the
protective Ensure air being removed from the confined space is
hazard. exhausted away from workers on the outside.
becauseof the
nature of the
Confined space and
precautions
However, often not normally Fire and explosion prevented
on the
hazard, special need to be taken.
depending worksite may also The source of ignition may be
Work where a flame is used or a
requiredin a regular commonly used in confined spaces is should not normally be performed in a
engineering control The entry permit system is an example produced (hot work)
confined space unless:
mechanical ventilation. Person
used in confined spaces. hearine
of an administrative control gloves,
as respirators,
protective equipment (such used
protection, etc.) is commonly n confined spaces as well
Module 2
Mod ule 2 2.37 | Page
2.36|Page
 NOUSTRIALSAFETYENGIN
liquids
gases
Rammable the start of any
and vapors
is usually used tohot
All betore
n
remored ventilation
Mechanical cooncentration of any NOnk INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
the hazardouS
Keer substance less
1. Rlammable Explosive Limit AND
2 MakeLower
sure thatthe OxVgen content in
explothsanive 10%
the
Use two blocking valves, with an
valve between the blocking valves open vent or bleed
when isolating
pipelines or similar conveyances to prevent entry of
ofits
noteenriched.
materials and hazardous contaminants.
should
spaceis
be lessthan 23% but
contined
than
Oxygen conten
19.5%. (These
maintained a
A barrier is present to prevent any
liquids or free
flowing solids from entering the confined space.
The opening for entry into and exit from the confined
levels
greater
slightly
fromjurisdiction to number s can
jurisdicsthiooulna
rarycoatedwith combustible material
to prevent
space must be large enough to allow the passage of a
person using protective equipment.
Surtaces shielded
Docleanedor tignition.
not bringfuel orfuel containers innto the 2.11.3 Confined Spaces Permit
be
gasoline, The Confined space entry certificates (unless detailed on a hot
(eg. propane), ,if
space
confined equipmentis in good
yelaing use spark-resistant
Whereappropriate,
Ensure
equipmentis bonded or
pos
conditiosib
n.le
tools, and
ork or cold work permit) are used to specify the precautions
to be taken to eliminate exposure to dangerous fumes or to an
oxygen-depleted atmosphere before the person is permitted to
makesure
properly.
all

Concentrations of
grounded anter the confined space. The certificate should confirm that
the spaceis free from dangerous fumes or asphyxiating gases.

combustible
Whiledoing
work,
materials
the
the
hot mustbe monitored to make sure 0xygencertainand It should also recognize the possibility of fumes desorbing
from residues, oxygen depletion of the atmosphere as a result
remaininthe proper range and the of the oxidation, or the ingress of airborne contaminants from
thatthe
oxygenlevels
products
flammable Lower.Explosive Limit. In
do notlevelgets
combustible materials
the adjacent sources. The certificate should specify the
precautions to be taken to protect the enclosed atmosphere
ofthe 10%ofthe
higherthan possible,and
additional precautions special cases
must be against these hazards,e.g forced ventilation, physical isolation
be the worker prior to or the provision of personal protective equipment including
takento
not
itmay ensurethe safetyof
confinedspace.
entering the the breathing apparatus.

Othersafetyprecautions
present inna
situations or hazardss may be confined
Manyother controlled,
,for
space. Besure
that all
hazardsaare
example:
Anyliquidsorfree-flowingsolids should be removed
space to eliminate the risk
from the confined of
drowningorsuffocation.
should be physically disconnected or
All pipesblanks
isolation bbolted in place. Closing valves is not
sufficient.
2.38 | Pa ge Module 2 Module 2
2.39 Page