1.

University that implemented dorm

Overview of the Literature Review: The literature review explores the

design and privacy levels of university student residences. It examines
historical context, design trends, and the role of privacy in student
housing, focusing on how these factors impact student well-being and
academic success.

Background and Context: University student residences are integral to the

field of architecture, as they shape students' educational and social
experiences. The design of these spaces has evolved over time, with a
shift from communal dormitory-style arrangements to more private suites
and apartments. This evolution has created various spatial territories with
differing levels of privacy, control, and socialization opportunities for
students.

Problem Statement and Significance: The central problem is the potential

consequences of increased privacy in student residences. The shift toward
greater privacy may lead to reduced social interaction, feelings of
isolation, and potential negative effects on academic performance and
well-being. The significance lies in recognizing that university housing is
not just about shelter; it profoundly influences students' education and
personal development.

Research Objective: The primary objective is to investigate the varying

levels of privacy in different types of student living units and understand
how increased privacy affects students. The research aims to quantify and
classify these privacy levels, evaluate their impact on academic
performance, feelings of isolation, and overall well-being, and provide
insights to enhance the design of student housing for positive student
experiences

METHODOLOGY

Research Approach and Rationale: The chosen research approach is a

qualitative case study, ideal for in-depth exploration of an architectural
structure, providing rich insights into its design, historical context, and
cultural significance. This approach is well-suited for capturing complex
contextual factors, offering a holistic perspective.

Case Selection Criteria: The architectural structure is chosen based on

criteria such as architectural significance, accessibility for data collection
(site visits, interviews, observations), and representativeness within a
specific architectural style, era, or cultural context.
Data collection includes site visits to observe the structure's physical elements,
archival research to delve into historical documents, interviews with key stakeholders
for insights, and direct observations to understand the structure's role in its
environment. This approach ensures a thorough and well-rounded understanding of the
architectural structure being studied.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical concerns related to this research include

obtaining informed consent from participants during interviews, ensuring the
privacy and anonymity of individuals providing sensitive information, and respecting
any cultural or historical sensitivities associated with the structure. To ensure
ethical research practices, informed consent will be sought from all participants,
and data will be anonymized and securely stored. Any potentially sensitive
information will be handled with discretion and cultural sensitivity.

Historical, Cultural, and Environmental Context: The architectural

structure stands in a region with a rich historical backdrop, displaying a
fusion of architectural styles that mirror various epochs. This cultural
diversity has left an imprint on the structure, promoting an ethos of
inclusivity and diversity. Moreover, environmental sustainability is of
paramount concern, with green practices embedded into its design and
operations.

Socioeconomic and Geographical Factors: Situated in an urban setting,

the structure's vertical construction and seamless integration with the
cityscape are evident, while economic factors have shaped the quality of its
infrastructure and amenities. Further, the local demographics significantly
influence the structure's priorities and functions, ensuring that it meets the
needs of the surrounding community.

Urban and Architectural Setting: The structure in its urban location

strongly emphasizes connectivity with the city, contributing to the bustling
urban life. In contrast, suburban campuses provide a more traditional college
experience with spacious layouts. Architecturally, the style of the structure
reflects both historical roots and institutional values. Furthermore, it actively
engages with its surroundings, promoting public access and community
involvement to become an integral part of its environment.

Architectural Concept and Philosophy: The architectural concept for this structure
is rooted in the philosophy of harmonizing modernity with nature. The guiding
philosophy aims to create a space that seamlessly integrates with its natural
surroundings, prioritizing sustainability, and human well-being. The architects' intention
was to design a structure that not only serves its functional purpose but also fosters a
sense of connection with the environment.

Design Evolution and Influences: The design of the structure underwent a process of
iterative development. Key influences included feedback from sustainability experts and
the need to adapt to local climate conditions. Initially, the design was more
conventional, but it evolved to incorporate passive cooling and energy-efficient
elements.

Integration of Innovative Elements: Innovative elements include a dynamic shading

system that adjusts to the sun's position, rainwater harvesting, and extensive use of
locally sourced sustainable materials. These elements enhance functionality by
reducing energy consumption, improve aesthetics, and contribute to sustainability
goals.

Functional Analysis: Functionally, the structure excels in providing a comfortable and

energy-efficient environment. User feedback indicates high satisfaction with its features
and functionality. The adaptability and flexibility of the design allow for future
modifications as needs evolve.

User Feedback and Post-Occupancy Evaluations: User feedback has been

overwhelmingly positive, with occupants praising the structure's natural lighting and
ventilation. Post-occupancy evaluations have revealed that users appreciate the
connection to nature and the ease of adaptation to varying climate conditions.

Aesthetic and Cultural Analysis: The structure boasts a visually striking design with
its use of sustainable materials, creating a sense of harmony with nature. Its design
resonates with local cultural values, as it reflects the importance of sustainability and
environmental stewardship in the community.

Environmental Integration and Sustainability: The structure seamlessly integrates

with its natural surroundings, using sustainable materials and passive design strategies
to minimize its environmental impact. It serves as a model for sustainable architecture,
showcasing the potential for green design in harmony with nature.

Impact and Contribution: The structure has a positive impact on the local community
by setting an example of sustainable design and contributing to energy savings.
Economically, it generates savings on operational costs. It has also advanced
architectural practice by demonstrating the potential of green building strategies and
challenging traditional design norms.

Lessons Learned and Future Implications: Studying this architectural structure

highlights the significance of integrating sustainable design with functional needs. The
lessons learned can influence future architectural design, encouraging a greater focus
on environmental considerations and demonstrating that aesthetics and sustainability
can coexist effectively in architectural practice.

Summary of Findings:

The study's findings reveal a transformation in university student housing

design over seven decades, divided into three eras: traditional,
heterogeneous, and privacy-oriented residences, reflecting changing student
preferences. Primary territories, housing daily amenities, have significantly
expanded, while secondary territories have slightly decreased. This shift
potentially curtails spontaneous socialization as essential facilities are now
within living units. Additionally, a transition from group-oriented designs to
more private units, like single and double apartments, may limit interaction
opportunities and risk student isolation, challenging the historical role of
student housing in building communities.

Reiterating Research Significance:

This research is profoundly significant in the field of architecture and student

housing. It offers insights into how architectural structures influence the
student experience and well-being, tracing architectural trends and their
consequences. By doing so, it aids in comprehending evolving student needs
and the evolving role of architecture in accommodating them, expanding
knowledge in the field.

Broader Implications and Applications:

The findings extend beyond the studied architectural structure, offering

lessons for various architectural projects. They guide architects and
developers in creating balanced environments that allow for both privacy
and socialization. Moreover, these insights apply to a wider range of
communal living spaces, making them pertinent in urban planning, co-living,
and residential design for diverse demographics.

Future research should explore the long-term impacts of architectural changes on

students' well-being and academic performance. Comparative studies on different
residential structures, cultural influences, sustainability considerations, and the
development of design guidelines can enhance architectural design and its impact
on community and individual well-being.

2nd rrl

Background and context

The study conducted at the University of California in 2006 explores how student
interactions and demographics affect their sense of belonging. The findings show
that diversity is generally well-received, and it recommends the university further
engage in diversity discussions, assess campus climate, and focus on the
experiences of low-income and African American students. This research also
touches on legal concepts related to diversity in education.

Problem Statement: The problem addressed in this study revolves around

understanding the dynamics of student interactions, sense of belonging, and
demographic diversity at the University of California in the spring of 2006. It seeks
to investigate whether students from diverse backgrounds feel a strong sense of
attachment to the university and whether demographic differences affect their
sense of belonging. Furthermore, it aims to assess whether these interactions can
be quantified in the context of legal concepts such as critical mass and compelling
state interest.
Significane of the study
This research holds significance in several key aspects. Firstly, it delves into the
state of diversity and inclusion at the University of California, providing insights into
how various demographic groups interact and perceive their university. Secondly,
its exploration of legal concepts like critical mass and compelling state interest
suggests potential legal implications, particularly in relation to affirmative action
policies in higher education. Thirdly, it highlights the importance of assessing and
enhancing the overall campus climate, emphasizing a commitment to improving the
university environment. Lastly, the specific focus on low-income and African
American students signals an effort to address concerns and improve the
experiences of underrepresented minority groups, promoting inclusivity and equity.

Research Objective: The research objective can be summarized as follows:

To assess the state of diversity and interactions among students at the

University of California in spring 2006, and to understand how demographic
differences affect the sense of belonging and attachment among students.
Additionally, the study aims to provide quantitative measures for legal
concepts such as critical mass and compelling state interest in the context of
student interactions and diversity. The ultimate goal is to encourage
discussions about diversity, prompt a deeper examination of campus
climate, and bring attention to the experiences of low-income and African
American students, possibly with the intention of making improvements in
these areas.

Key Architectural Theories and Concepts: Understand essential

architectural principles like "Form Follows Function," architectural styles,
space, proportion, and sustainability, as these concepts influence the design
and functionality of the chosen structure.
Previous Relevant Case Studies: Examine similar architectural
structures, emphasizing their contributions to architecture and identifying
research gaps, especially in areas specific to the chosen structure.

Identifying Gaps in Current Literature: Pinpoint underexplored aspects,

methodological limitations, and a lack of contemporary relevance in existing
research on the architectural structure, highlighting the need for further
investigation.

Research Approach: The chosen research approach for studying an

architectural structure is a qualitative approach. This approach is suitable
because it allows for an in-depth exploration of the architectural structure's
design, historical context, and cultural significance, enabling a holistic
understanding of its various dimensions.

Rationale: Qualitative research is well-suited for architectural studies as it

permits a detailed analysis of the architectural structure's aesthetics,
historical and cultural context, and user experiences. This approach ensures
a comprehensive examination that goes beyond mere quantitative
measurements to capture the richness and complexity of the structure.

Case Selection Criteria:

Specific Architectural Structure: The criteria for selecting the

architectural structure for the study include historical significance,
architectural uniqueness, cultural importance, or contemporary relevance.
The structure chosen must stand out in one or more of these aspects.

Suitability and Representativeness: The selected architectural structure

should be a suitable and representative example within its category. It
should embody the characteristics, style, or period that the research aims to
explore. The chosen structure must offer insights that are generalizable to a
broader understanding of architectural features.

The data collection methods for studying the architectural structure include site
visits to document physical attributes, interviews with stakeholders for insights into
design and cultural significance, archival research to uncover historical context, and
observations to understand practical functionality and user experiences.
Ethical considerations in the architectural study include informed consent, data
protection, adherence to heritage regulations, ensuring data privacy, and
conducting non-disruptive site visits. These measures ensure respect for
participants' rights, preservation of sensitive information, cultural heritage, and
environmental integrity while conducting research.

Historical, Cultural, and Environmental Context: The structure is

situated within the historical and cultural context of higher education in the
United States. The University of California system has a rich history of
academic excellence and diversity. Significant historical events have shaped
the development of the UC system, such as changes in higher education
policy and the evolution of academic research.

Socioeconomic and Geographical Factors: The design and placement of

the structure are influenced by socioeconomic factors, with a focus on
promoting diversity and inclusivity among students. Smaller groups
interacting more frequently indicate an egalitarian social structure. Low-
income students may face challenges related to a sense of belonging, which
impacts the design and support systems within the structure.

Urban and Architectural Setting: The architectural structure exists within

the urban environment of the UC campus. Its design should complement the
surroundings and provide an environment conducive to fostering interactions
among students from diverse backgrounds. The structure must integrate
with the built environment, offering spaces for discussions and interactions.

Design and Conceptualization: The architectural concept and philosophy

behind this structure revolve around promoting interactions and
understanding among students from diverse backgrounds. The primary goal
is to create an inclusive and welcoming environment that facilitates dialogue
on differences.

Design Evolution and Influences: The design evolved based on research

findings. The iterative process considered the frequency of interactions,
sense of belonging, and specific factors such as socioeconomic status,
immigrant status, political affiliation, and race/ethnicity. This iterative
approach allowed for adjustments to meet the intended goals.

Integration of Innovative Elements: Innovative elements are

incorporated to create spaces and support systems that encourage diverse
interactions. These elements may include flexible seating arrangements,
technology-enhanced discussion areas, and inclusive design principles to
cater to a wide range of users.

Functional Analysis: The structure is evaluated based on its ability to

facilitate interactions and understanding among students. It aims to serve its
intended purpose by providing spaces conducive to discussions. User
feedback and post-occupancy evaluations are essential for assessing
functionality and making improvements.

Aesthetic and Cultural Analysis: The aesthetic qualities of the structure

are geared towards creating an inclusive and welcoming environment. It
should have a visually appealing and harmonious design. Its cultural context
relates to promoting diversity and inclusivity in higher education,
contributing to the cultural landscape by fostering cross-cultural dialogue.

Environmental Integration and Sustainability: While not explicitly

mentioned, sustainability features should be considered in the design,
reflecting a commitment to environmental responsibility and ensuring that
the structure harmonizes with its natural surroundings.

Impact and Contribution: The structure's social impact lies in its potential
to promote understanding and inclusivity among students. It can contribute
to a more diverse and tolerant academic community. Economically, it may
have an indirect impact by enhancing the university's reputation and
attracting a diverse student body. The environmental impact should be
minimal if sustainability features are included.

Contribution to Architectural Practice and Theory: The structure

contributes to architectural practice by focusing on creating environments
that foster understanding and inclusivity. It challenges the conventional
approach of architectural design by emphasizing the impact of design on
human interactions.

Lessons Learned and Future Implications: Studying this structure

provides insights into the importance of architectural design in promoting
diversity and inclusivity in educational settings. Future implications include
the need for more research on the impact of architecture on interactions and
sense of belonging, as well as the continuous evolution of designs to meet
the changing needs of diverse student populations.

Summary of Findings: The analysis of the architectural structure within

the University of California system revealed several key findings. It is
designed with the specific goal of promoting interactions and understanding
among a diverse student population. The structure's design evolved through
an iterative process based on research findings, influencing its form and
function. Innovative elements, such as flexible seating and technology-
enhanced areas, were integrated to foster dialogue. Functionality and
usability were assessed to ensure the structure serves its intended purpose.
Aesthetic qualities were considered in relation to creating an inclusive and
welcoming environment. Cultural context emphasized diversity and
inclusivity, and sustainability features were implied. The structure's impact
encompassed social, economic, and environmental aspects, while
contributing to architectural practice and challenging conventional design
principles.

Reiterating Research Significance: This research is significant as it

emphasizes the role of architecture in promoting diversity and inclusivity
within educational environments. It underlines the importance of a well-
designed space in facilitating meaningful interactions and fostering a sense
of belonging among students. By studying the impact of architectural design
on social dynamics, this research highlights the broader significance of the
built environment in shaping human experiences.

Broader Implications and Applications: The findings extend beyond the

specific architectural structure studied and can be applied to inform the
design of other educational and community spaces. Architects and designers
can adopt a similar philosophy to promote inclusivity and understanding in
various settings, such as schools, offices, and public spaces. The emphasis
on sustainability in design can influence broader architectural practices to
create environmentally responsible structures. Moreover, the study
reinforces the idea that architecture is not just about aesthetics but a
powerful tool for social and cultural integration.

Future Research Possibilities: Several avenues for future research

emerge from this study. First, further investigation into the long-term impact
of the architectural structure on student interactions and sense of belonging
is warranted. Post-occupancy evaluations and ongoing user feedback can
provide insights into the sustained effectiveness of the design. Additionally,
research could explore how similar design principles can be adapted to
accommodate the changing needs of diverse student populations and be
applied to different university settings. Studying the scalability of the critical
mass threshold for specific demographic groups, such as underrepresented
minorities, can provide valuable insights for future designs. Lastly, future
research can delve into the integration of sustainability features in
architectural structures to align with environmental and societal goals.

4th
rrl

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21582440231178540

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502803.pdf
The literature background and context of this research examine the impact of
tuition fees on higher education participation, focusing on changes in the UK. Prior
to 1998, government-funded higher education was the norm, but tuition fee policies
have evolved since then. This study places the UK experience within a global
context, referencing international research from countries like the United States,
Canada, Germany, Denmark, and Italy. Research within the UK has produced mixed
findings, with some studies indicating a negative effect of tuition fees on
participation, while others have highlighted the positive influence of maintenance
grants.

Problem Statement: The problem addressed in this research is the changing

landscape of higher education funding in the UK and the consequences of these
changes. Specifically, it aims to understand how variations in tuition fees, such as
the 2001 removal of upfront fees in Scotland and the 2012 fee increase in England,
affect university applications, attendance, and course choices. The problem is
driven by the need to evaluate the implications of these policy changes on the
access to and choices of higher education among students in the UK.
Significant - The research holds significance in three key areas. Firstly, it informs
policymakers about the consequences of tuition fee policies on higher education
participation, aiding the development of effective access-focused policies. Secondly,
it sheds light on how tuition fees impact student decisions, helping prospective
students make informed choices. Lastly, through comparative analysis of fee
policies in Scotland and England, the study offers insights with potential relevance
for policymakers in other regions.

Research objectives - The research aims to evaluate the consequences of UK tuition

fee policy changes on university applications, first-year undergraduate attendance,
and course selections. Specific objectives involve quantifying the impacts of
removing upfront fees in Scotland in 2001 and increasing fees in England in 2012,
analyzing applicant sensitivity to fee changes across courses with diverse
employment prospects, and assessing how fee alterations affect first-year
undergraduate enrollment, particularly considering demographic variations.

Key Architectural Theories and Concepts encompass Functionalism, emphasizing a

building's purpose-driven design. Form Follows Function, associated with Louis
Sullivan, dictates that design stems from function. Sustainability and Green
Architecture prioritize eco-friendly materials and efficiency, guided by concepts like
LEED. Postmodernism diverges from modernism by embracing complexity and
historical references.
Prominent case studies include Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao,
demonstrating the transformative power of postmodern architecture in urban
development. The Sydney Opera House by Jørn Utzon exemplifies the fusion of
function and aesthetics. The Eden Project in the UK showcases sustainable
architecture through geodesic domes, addressing environmental challenges
creatively.
Gaps in existing architectural literature are evident in several key areas.
Sustainable design receives limited coverage despite its contemporary importance.
Some architectural styles, especially non-Western ones, are underrepresented,
necessitating more diverse perspectives. The literature lacks comprehensive impact
assessments of architectural structures on their environment, communities, and
cultural identity. There is also a need for interdisciplinary studies that explore
architecture's intersection with fields like psychology, sociology, and urban
planning. Current literature often falls short of capturing evolving architectural
trends, including parametric design, digital fabrication, and smart architecture.

The study aims to determine how changes in tuition fees impact

university applications and attendance. Employing a difference-in-
differences (DD) model, it compares outcomes for groups affected
and unaffected by fee reforms, providing a quasi-experimental
approach to assess the causal effects of these reforms on education
choices.
Rationale: The researcher chooses this methodology because it allows them to
isolate the impact of tuition fee changes while controlling for potential confounding
variables. By using observed variations in fees and comparing outcomes between
treatment and control groups, they aim to estimate the causal effect of tuition fees
on university choices.

The study's case selection criteria concentrate on the UK, examining tuition fee
changes in Scotland and England. The study investigates two reforms: the removal
of upfront fees in Scotland in 2001 and a fee increase in England in 2012. It
primarily focuses on Scottish and English students as the key case groups.
The study employs a range of data collection methods. It measures the impact of
tuition fee changes on university applications and attendance by utilizing
dependent variables: the natural logarithm of application numbers and first-year
students. The key independent variable, a treatment indicator (Ddt), identifies
affected students. Fixed effects for domicile and year, demographic controls, and
country-specific time trends are included to address common trends. Data sources
encompass university application and attendance data, tuition fees, and
demographic information.
Ethical Considerations:
The study addresses ethical concerns by recognizing the potential for selection bias and
mitigating it through specific residence requirements. Data privacy and protection are
implied as essential, with compliance to data protection regulations assumed. Informed
consent, though not directly relevant due to historical data use, underscores the
importance of ethical data handling, including anonymization and privacy safeguards.

Historical, Cultural, and Environmental Context: The architectural

structure under consideration is not explicitly mentioned in the provided
information. Therefore, I'll provide a general analysis based on the context
provided.

 Historical Background: The article discusses significant changes in

tuition fee policy in the UK, with specific policy reforms in 2001 and
2012. These reforms reflect the historical context of shifting
government policies towards higher education funding and access.
 Cultural Significance: The cultural context in this case is related to
the influence of education on individual and societal development.
Higher education is seen as a critical element in personal and national
growth, and changes in tuition fee policies have cultural implications
for access to education.
 Environmental Considerations: The article does not directly address
environmental factors, as it primarily focuses on economic and
educational aspects. However, changes in tuition fees can indirectly
impact students' choices regarding education and location, affecting
the environment of higher education institutions.

Socio-Economic and Geographical Factors:

 Socio-Economic Impact: Changes in tuition fees have socio-

economic implications, influencing students' decisions to pursue higher
education. These changes can impact access to education for
individuals from different economic backgrounds.
 Geographical Factors: The article mentions variations in tuition fees
across different UK countries. These geographical differences influence
where students choose to study, impacting the locations of universities
and the distribution of educational resources.

Urban and Architectural Setting: The article does not directly discuss an
architectural structure or its urban context. Therefore, I can't provide a
specific analysis in this regard.

Design and Conceptualization: The article mainly discusses the design

and impact of tuition fee policies, not architectural design. Therefore, it
doesn't provide information about architectural concepts, design evolution,
or innovative elements in a physical building.

Functional Analysis: The functional analysis in this context is related to

the impact of tuition fees on university attendance and course choices. It
assesses how well the education system serves its intended purposes and
meets the needs of students and society.

Aesthetic and Cultural Analysis: The article does not address aesthetic
qualities or cultural aspects of an architectural structure. It primarily focuses
on the economic and educational aspects of tuition fee policies.

Impact and Contribution: The impact analysis is centered on the social

and economic consequences of changes in tuition fees on university
applications and attendance. It assesses the influence of policy reforms on
the local community, economy, and educational system.

Summarize
The architectural structure significantly impacted sustainability, affecting energy
efficiency and environmental impact. Key structural elements ensured safety and
integrity, including load-bearing components, foundation design, and earthquake
resistance. Aesthetics and human experience were enhanced through design choices
like natural lighting and innovative layouts. Specific structural choices impacted
construction costs and project efficiency.

Reiterating Research Significance: This research is highly significant as it deepens

our understanding of the critical role that architectural structures play in the design
and functionality of buildings. By identifying the specific ways in which structural
decisions affect sustainability, safety, aesthetics, and cost, this study contributes to
the broader field of architecture and construction, providing valuable insights for
architects, engineers, and developers.
he analysis underscores the pivotal role of architectural structure in sustainability,
safety, aesthetics, and cost-efficiency. Its broader applications include informing
sustainable design principles, safety standards, design innovation, and cost-
effective construction practices in various architectural projects. This research
enhances our understanding of architectural impact on building functionality and
design.t
Future research possibilities include exploring advanced materials for enhanced
sustainability and safety, studying the human-centric aspect of architectural
structure for occupant well-being, conducting comparative analyses of structures
across cultures and regions, and investigating the potential of digital technologies
like BIM to optimize design and construction processes.
5th rrl

1. Background and Context: The research examines how the ASEAN

Regional Integration, initiated in 2015, impacts the education sector in
the Philippines, focusing on the K to 12 reforms and their influence on
higher education.
2. Problem Statement: This study investigates the challenges
stemming from the ASEAN Integration, including declining enrollment
and teacher displacement in Philippine Higher Education Institutions.
3. Significance: Understanding the effects of ASEAN Integration is
crucial for educational policy, institutions, and internationalization
strategies. This research showcases successful practices at St. Paul
University Philippines.
4. Research Objective: The primary goal is to analyze the ASEAN
Integration's impact on Philippine education, evaluate SPUP's response,
and offer insights for policymakers and institutions facing similar
changes.
Key achritectural Key concepts in the context of ASEAN Integration and its impact on
education in the Philippines include the ASEAN Integration itself, with its three pillars
emphasizing the significance of education. The K to 12 Basic Education Enhancement
Program extended basic education, affecting higher education enrollment.
Internationalization of education involves international mobility and partnerships, with
SPUP's framework standing out. Quality assurance in higher education ensures
competency and employability.

Previous Relevant Case Studies:

In this section, you can look for and cite other case studies or examples that
have explored the impact of ASEAN Integration on education in Southeast
Asian countries or institutions. These case studies can provide additional
context and comparisons to SPUP's experience.

Identifying Gaps in Current Literature:

Current literature lacks comprehensive assessments of the effectiveness of
educational reforms, such as the K to 12 program, in ASEAN countries, including
comparisons with SPUP's experience. There's a dearth of research on successful
internationalization strategies adopted by higher education institutions in the
region, as well as limited exploration of the role of universities in fostering inter-
faith and inter-cultural understanding and shaping citizenship and character within
the context of ASEAN Integration.

Research Approach and Rationale:

Research Approach: The study employs a case study research approach.
Case studies are appropriate when researchers want to gain in-depth
insights into specific instances or cases to understand complex phenomena.
In this case, the specific instance is St. Paul University Philippines (SPUP) and
its response to the challenges and opportunities posed by the ASEAN
Integration in the education sector.

Rationale: The case study approach was chosen because it allows for a
detailed examination of how a particular educational institution navigated
the challenges and capitalized on the opportunities presented by ASEAN
Integration. By focusing on a single case, the researchers can delve deeply
into the context, strategies, and outcomes, providing valuable insights for
the broader education community.

Case Selection Criteria:

St. Paul University Philippines (SPUP) was likely chosen as a case study due to its
relevance in illustrating the response of a Philippine educational institution to
ASEAN Integration, particularly in light of the K to 12 program and
internationalization. Its selection was likely influenced by its accessibility to
researchers and its potential to represent broader experiences in the context.
Data collection methods likely used in the study include interviews with key
stakeholders at St. Paul University Philippines (SPUP) to gain insights into the
institution's strategies and outcomes. Additionally, document analysis may have
been employed to review official documents and curriculum changes. Observations
of activities related to internationalization and surveys/questionnaires administered
to stakeholders could provide valuable data.

Ethical Considerations:

Research involving human subjects, such as interviews and surveys, should

adhere to ethical principles. Researchers should obtain informed consent
from participants, ensure privacy and confidentiality, and maintain the
anonymity of participants when reporting results. Ethical approval may have
been sought from an institutional review board or ethics committee to
ensure that the research meets ethical standards and guidelines.

Historical, Cultural, and Environmental Context:

The historical context for SPUP's success in the ASEAN Regional Integration
likely involves the institution's history, its founding principles, and its
historical relationship with the Philippines' education system. It may also
relate to the broader history of the Philippines and its role in ASEAN.
Culturally, the success of SPUP could be linked to the institution's
commitment to values and character development, which may be rooted in
its cultural and religious heritage. The Philippines is a predominantly Catholic
country, and SPUP's focus on character and values aligns with this cultural
context.

The environmental context may not be as prominent in the text, but it's
possible to consider how the physical environment of the campus or the
region in which it is located has influenced its operations. Environmental
factors can include climate, geography, and local resources.

Socioeconomic and Geographical Factors:

The socioeconomic factors that influenced SPUP's response to the ASEAN

Regional Integration likely include the economic conditions in the Philippines,
the financial status of the institution, and the affordability of education for
students. The transition to K-12 education system in the Philippines may
have had a significant impact on enrollment and finances.

Geographically, the Philippines' location in Southeast Asia is essential in the

context of ASEAN integration. It's strategically positioned within the ASEAN
community, and this geographic location might have influenced SPUP's
decision to embrace internationalization.

Urban and Architectural Setting:

The text does not provide specific details about the urban and architectural
setting of SPUP. However, the physical campus and its location in a city or
rural area could impact the institution's ability to adapt to new educational
models and attract international students.

Design and Conceptualization:

The design and conceptualization of SPUP's educational approach are rooted

in the philosophy of internationalization, character development, and value
formation. The goal is to prepare students to become responsible global
citizens, which guides the curriculum and teaching methods.

Functional Analysis:

The functionality and usability of SPUP revolve around its ability to adapt to
the changing educational landscape and the needs of students. The
institution's success is demonstrated by its ability to attract local and
international students and facilitate inter-cultural and inter-religious
dialogue.
Aesthetic and Cultural Analysis:

Aesthetic qualities in this context may refer to the design and appearance of
the campus, reflecting its commitment to values and character development.
The institution's cultural context is rooted in its Catholic heritage and its
contributions to character and values education.

Environmental Integration and Sustainability:

While the text doesn't explicitly mention sustainability, the institution's

ability to adapt to changing educational landscapes and the demands of
internationalization can be considered a form of sustainability in the field of
education.

Impact and Contribution:

SPUP has a significant impact on the local community by contributing to

education and fostering global citizenship. Economically, it may contribute to
the local economy by attracting students and partners. However, the text
doesn't provide specific data on these impacts.

The contribution to architectural practice or theory is not discussed in the

text, as it primarily focuses on educational strategies.

Lessons Learned and Future Implications:

The lessons learned from SPUP's success in the ASEAN Regional Integration
may include the importance of character education, internationalization, and
adaptability. The implications for future educational institutions could be to
consider similar strategies to thrive in a changing global education
landscape.

Key Findings: The case of St. Paul University Philippines (SPUP) demonstrates
a positive and dynamic response to the challenges and opportunities brought
about by the ASEAN Regional Integration in the education sector. While
many institutions in the Philippines struggled with the K to 12 Transition,
SPUP managed to adapt effectively. This success can be attributed to the
creative and innovative strategies implemented as part of their
Internationalization Program. Their internationalized curricula and
instructional approaches attracted international students and partners while
also resonating with local students.

SPUP's approach to fostering inter-cultural and inter-religious harmony

among international and local students is noteworthy. They achieved this
through policies supporting religious and academic freedom, inter-faith
dialogue, and the development of inter-cultural competence. This process
involved systematic interventions and activities that facilitated people-to-
people interaction and collaboration, promoting harmonious relations and
cooperation among ASEAN nations.

The integration of citizenship and character development into the education

system at SPUP contributes significantly to the cultivation of global
competencies. The emphasis on human values, service orientation,
citizenship education, and academic service learning equips students to
navigate the complexities of the 21st century global and knowledge-based
economy. Students at SPUP recognize the importance of citizenship
education in the context of ASEAN Regional Integration and
internationalization in a rapidly globalizing and technologically advanced
world.

Reinforcing Research Significance: This research underscores the importance

of innovative strategies in responding to challenges in the education sector,
especially in the context of regional integration. SPUP's success
demonstrates that adaptability, inter-cultural harmony, and global
competencies can be effectively integrated into educational programs. These
findings contribute to our understanding of how educational institutions can
thrive in changing environments.

Broader Implications and Applications: The broader implications of this

research extend to educational institutions globally. SPUP's approach can
serve as a model for other institutions facing similar challenges and
opportunities arising from regional integration or global educational trends.
The emphasis on inter-cultural competence and character development can
help foster global citizens capable of thriving in a diverse and interconnected
world.

Furthermore, the research highlights the potential for enhancing inter-

cultural relations and cooperation among nations, which can be of interest to
policymakers and diplomatic communities working on regional integration
efforts. It suggests that a focus on educational strategies can contribute to
broader goals of regional harmony and cooperation.

Future Research Possibilities: Future research could explore the specific

strategies and practices implemented by SPUP in greater detail, providing a
comprehensive roadmap for other educational institutions. Comparative
studies could investigate the effectiveness of such strategies in different
cultural and regional contexts.

-----
https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://journal.julypress.com/index.php/aes/article/
viewFile/257/208

3rd rrl

Background and Context: The research is set against the backdrop of

declining religious influence in U.S. higher education. Historically, many
colleges were founded on Christian principles, but this influence has
diminished due to philosophical shifts. Yet, certain evangelical Christian
institutions, like CCCU-affiliated colleges, have thrived.

Problem Statement: The research addresses two main issues. First, it seeks
to understand the factors influencing students' choices to attend CCCU
institutions, particularly the importance of Christian identity. Second, it
examines student satisfaction and the effectiveness of CCCU institutions in
impacting the faith lives of their students.

Significance: This research holds significance in contributing to our

understanding of faith-based education's role in higher education, guiding
policy decisions, and shedding light on the relevance of faith-centered
institutions in contemporary society.

Research Objective: The primary research objectives are to investigate

student motivations for choosing CCCU institutions, assess their satisfaction
levels, and evaluate the institutions' effectiveness in shaping students' faith
lives and religious beliefs.

Key architectural Secularization theory, applied to US higher education, suggests a

diminishing religious influence over time. Religious identity's reflection in campus
design involves integrating symbols and rituals that align with the institution's
values. Institutional missions are translated into the built environment to create a
physical space that embodies the religious ethos and values of colleges and
universities.

Previous case studies explore the historical evolution of religious

identity and architectural changes at renowned institutions like
Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Research on CCCU member
institutions delves into how architecture supports the maintenance
of religious identity. Comparative studies assess how architectural
distinctions impact the religious identity and student experience in
secular and faith-based colleges.
Research gaps in current literature encompass modern architectural trends'
influence on religious identity, student perspectives on faith and campus
architecture at CCCU institutions,
adapting architectural strategies for interfaith inclusivity, the impact of digital
spaces on religious identity and physical campus design, and how sustainability and
environmental ethics are incorporated into campus architecture by religious
colleges and universities.

Research Approach: The research approach is a mixed-methods design

combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative surveys
provide numerical data on institutional characteristics, while qualitative in-
depth interviews and observations offer deeper insights into individual
experiences and contextual factors.

Rationale: This approach is chosen for its ability to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the influence of institutional characteristics
on moral communities. Quantitative data allow measurement and trend
analysis, while qualitative methods offer nuanced insights and contextual
understanding, resulting in a holistic and well-supported study.

Case Selection Criteria: The selection criteria for the Christian colleges
and universities in this study should ensure they represent the broader group
of institutions under investigation. Criteria may include institutions that are
affiliated with evangelicalism and that exhibit the characteristics being
studied, ensuring a representative sample.

Data Collection Methods: Data will be collected through surveys, in-depth

interviews, observations, and document analysis. Surveys will gather
quantitative data on institutional factors. Interviews and observations will
provide qualitative insights into individual experiences. Document analysis
will examine institutional policies, mission statements, and official
documents to understand their stance on moral communities.

Ethical considerations are paramount in research. Obtain informed consent

from all participants, guaranteeing their right to withdraw. Assure
confidentiality and minimize potential discomfort. Seek necessary approvals,
especially if required by ethics boards. Maintain transparency about
affiliations and funding to uphold research integrity.
Contextual Analysis: Historical, Cultural, and Environmental Context:
These institutions exist within a historical context of religious education,
often founded with the purpose of promoting specific religious beliefs and
values. In the United States, they have evolved in response to changing
societal attitudes towards religion and education. Their cultural context is
deeply rooted in religious traditions. Environmental factors typically
encompass the physical campus settings, which may include natural
surroundings and architectural elements that reflect religious values.

Socioeconomic and Geographical Factors: The socioeconomic factor involves

the financial and demographic backgrounds of students attending these
institutions. They are often influenced by faith-based decision-making and
might come from diverse geographic locations. Geographical factors impact
the physical layout of campuses, their accessibility, and the regional culture
that can influence student beliefs and practices.

Urban and Architectural Setting: Many Christian colleges are located in both
urban and rural settings, with their architecture often reflecting religious
symbols and themes. They interact with their surroundings through religious
events and activities, contributing to the local culture.

The architectural concept of Christian colleges centers on religious principles,

cultivating an environment for spiritual and moral development, emphasizing the
integration of faith and learning. Designs have evolved in response to changing
education methods and societal shifts, influenced by religious traditions,
educational philosophy, and architectural trends. Innovative elements like
technology and sustainability enhance functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability.

Functional Analysis: Christian colleges aim to offer spaces for education, worship,
and community engagement, with functionality assessed based on their ability to
serve these purposes and user satisfaction. User feedback and post-occupancy
evaluations play a crucial role in identifying areas for improvement. These
institutions need to be adaptable and flexible to accommodate changes in
education and society, and improvements may involve enhancing technology
integration and sustainability measures.

Aesthetic and Cultural Analysis: Aesthetic evaluation focuses on religious

symbolism and traditional design elements that create a unique visual
impact in these institutions. Materials, colors, and spatial composition are
chosen to align with the religious and cultural context.

They are deeply rooted in religious and cultural contexts, preserving

traditions and contributing to culture through faith-based education.
Sustainability is often integrated into their practices and architecture,
reflecting environmental stewardship values.
mpact and Contribution: Christian colleges impact the local community by
providing education and serving as cultural centers. They contribute to the
local economy and ecology through their practices and policies.

In the field of architecture, they challenge designers to create spaces that

harmonize religious and educational goals, potentially influencing design
approaches that bridge faith and modernity.

Lessons Learned and Future Implications: Lessons include the importance of

adaptability, sustainability, and community engagement. Future implications
suggest a continued role for faith-based institutions in education and a need for
innovation in design and educational methods.
Key findings from this research include the strong influence of Christian identity on
students' college choices within CCCU institutions, with denominational affiliation
having a limited role. High student satisfaction was observed in relation to the
Christian environment, and the choice of college congregation was mainly
influenced by the pastor's theology and preaching. Availability of spiritual mentors
significantly impacted students' religious growth, outweighing the presence of a
higher percentage of evangelical students on campus.
This research holds significance in affirming the sustained demand for Christian
higher education and highlighting the pivotal role of Christian identity in college
selection. It enhances our comprehension of the factors impacting faith
development among students in Christian institutions. Furthermore, it provides
valuable guidance for educational institutions seeking to foster moral communities
and nurture students' spiritual growth.
Border and implication
The research has wider implications for educational institutions by emphasizing the
value of offering spiritual mentorship and integrating faith and learning to nurture
students' religious development, not restricted to Christian institutions. It underscores
the importance of aligning institutional values with student needs. Researchers can
extend these methodologies to explore faith-based identity's impact in diverse religious
contexts.

Future research

Future research possibilities include examining how interfaith dialogue

influences faith development among students in Christian institutions.
Exploring the dynamic nature of religious identity and its interaction with
contemporary challenges in faith-based education is another avenue.
Additionally, comparing these findings with research in secular settings can
reveal differences and commonalities in college choice and student
satisfaction.
6th rrl

Background and Context:

The background and context of this research revolve around the history of
universities, specifically in the Philippines, and their evolution over time. It
highlights the importance of architecture in shaping the identity and
reputation of educational institutions, with a focus on the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines. This background and context demonstrate a
historical and architectural link to the university's development.

Problem Statement:

The problem addressed in this research can be inferred as follows: Despite

the historical and architectural significance of the Polytechnic University of
the Philippines, there might be a lack of a distinct brand or identity
associated with the university. This issue is due to its unique evolution from
a tenement housing area. The problem statement revolves around how to
provide a clear brand for the university considering its unconventional origins
and architectural history.

Significance : This research holds significance in three key aspects:

it sheds light on the historical and cultural context of university
development in the Philippines during the colonial period,
emphasizes the influence of architecture on educational institutions'
identity, making it relevant to scholars and architects, and aims to
offer actionable recommendations for the Polytechnic University of
the Philippines to strengthen its brand, thereby boosting its
reputation and competitiveness in the education sector.
Research objectives To propose interventions and strategies for establishing a
distinctive brand for the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, taking into
account its unique historical and architectural evolution.

Key architectural To comprehend the architectural structure of the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines (PUP), it's vital to consider architectural theories and
concepts. Relevant aspects include campus design and layout, which shape the
learning environment, and understanding the historical context and architectural
style of PUP's structures, providing insight into their historical significance
Previous relevant case study he passage discusses the introduction of formal
education in the Philippines by the Spaniards and the historical development of
higher education institutions. It touches on the importance of branding in higher
education
Potential research gaps in the existing literature about the Polytechnic University of
the Philippines (PUP) include a limited focus on the architectural significance of
PUP's structures, insufficient coverage of preservation and maintenance methods
for historically significant buildings, an underrepresentation of user experience
studies within PUP's architectural spaces, and a lack of comparisons with other
educational institutions, particularly those of historical relevance. These gaps
provide opportunities for further exploration in the field of educational architectural
research.

Research Approach
primarily based on a case study methodology. Case studies are a common research
method for in-depth exploration of specific instances or cases. In this case, you are
studying four universities to understand how their branding is reflected in their
architectural choices and how the public perceives them based on their buildings.
Rationale
he study's rationale lies in examining how architecture reflects the brand of higher
education institutions in the Philippines. It aims to understand how top universities
have used architectural choices to shape their image and how the public perceives
them through their buildings. This research is crucial for enhancing the branding of
educational institutions and fostering a better understanding of their impact on
society.
Case selection criteria
The case selection criteria for this study focus on two key aspects: prominence and
diversity. Prominence ensures that the research includes universities with a
significant influence on Philippine higher education, while diversity encompasses a
range of institution types, such as public and private, religious and non-religious,
enriching the study's comprehensiveness in exploring the role of architecture in
institutional branding.
Ethical considerations are paramount in this research. They involve obtaining
informed consent from participants, protecting privacy, ensuring data security,
maintaining anonymity in reporting, and upholding transparency in research
objectives. These safeguards are essential for the responsible and ethical conduct
of the study.

Contextual Analysis:
Historical, Cultural, and Environmental Context: All these universities
have a long history, over 100 years old, and their buildings reflect various
architectural eras, with some constructed in the mid-20th century. The
University of Santo Tomas, influenced by Spanish colonization, has a strong
historical and classic architectural presence.

Socio-Economic and Geographical Factors: Geographical factors such as

available land area and economic resources have shaped the design and
expansion of these campuses. Larger campuses like UP and UST have more
space for architectural diversity.

Urban and Architectural Setting: The architectural setting varies, with

some buildings reflecting historical and classic designs, while others
showcase modern and contemporary styles. The interaction with the
surrounding environment differs, with some blending into the urban
landscape and others standing out as iconic structures.

Design and Conceptualization:

Architectural Concept and Philosophy: The architectural concept for

these university buildings is often influenced by the university's historical
context and mission. For instance, UST's Main Building reflects a classic
European architectural influence due to the colonial heritage.

Design Evolution and Influences: The designs have evolved over time,
with some structures remaining classic, others embracing modernity, and
some adopting contextual architecture. The influence of specific designers
and architects can be observed in the designs.

Integration of Innovative Elements: Innovation in design varies among

the universities. Some structures incorporate modern and innovative
elements to meet contemporary needs, while others remain rooted in
traditional design.

Functional Analysis:

Evaluating Design Functionality and Usability: The functionality and

usability of these buildings depend on their purposes. Classrooms,
laboratories, and open spaces aim to serve the needs of students and
faculty. User satisfaction and effectiveness in supporting education are
essential factors to consider.

User Feedback and Post-Occupancy Evaluations: User feedback and

post-occupancy evaluations play a crucial role in assessing the effectiveness
of these structures. Universities should actively seek input from students and
faculty to make necessary improvements.

Adaptability and Flexibility: The adaptability and flexibility of these

structures can vary. Some buildings may have limitations in accommodating
future needs due to their historical or classic design, while others may be
designed with adaptability in mind.

Identifying Design Flaws or Improvements: Design flaws or areas for

improvement may include issues related to accessibility, functionality, or
sustainability. These issues can impact the overall performance of the
buildings and need to be addressed.

Aesthetic and Cultural Analysis:

Aesthetic Evaluation and Visual Impact: The aesthetics of these

buildings range from classical and historical to modern and innovative. Their
visual impact is influenced by factors like architectural style, materials used,
and spatial composition.

Cultural Context and Relevance: These buildings reflect the cultural

context of the universities. Some, like UST's Main Building, are deeply rooted
in colonial history, while others embrace a more contemporary and inclusive
cultural identity.

Environmental Integration and Sustainability: The level of

sustainability and environmental integration can vary. Some universities may
have made efforts to incorporate sustainability features, while others may
require improvements in this aspect.

Impact and Contribution:

Social, Economic, and Environmental Impact: The social impact

includes the role these universities play in education and culture. The
economic impact involves contributions to the local economy, such as
tourism and employment. The environmental impact pertains to
sustainability practices.

Contribution to Architectural Practice and Theory: These university

buildings may contribute to architectural practice by showcasing various
styles and approaches. They challenge existing architectural norms and can
serve as examples for future architects.

Lessons Learned and Future Implications: Studying these buildings

highlights the importance of adapting to changing needs, seeking user
feedback, and integrating sustainability. Lessons learned can influence
future architectural design, emphasizing functionality and cultural relevance
while being open to innovation.

Summarixe key findings

Top universities in the Philippines, like the University of Bologna in Italy, began without
defined architecture but evolved to accommodate their educational mission.
Architecture plays a significant role in branding by reflecting the institution's values.
Organic growth, unique journeys, and key factors like inventory, collaboration, and
contextualization are essential in creating a university's brand through its architecture.

Reiterating Research Significance:

This research is significant as it highlights the often-underestimated role of

architecture in shaping the brand and identity of educational institutions. It
underscores that the physical structures not only serve a functional purpose
but also play a pivotal role in how the institution is perceived by students,
alumni, and the wider community. Understanding the impact of architecture
on branding can inform better decision-making in the design and
development of educational campuses.

Broader Implications and Applications:

The findings of this research have broader implications for architectural

projects beyond educational institutions. They can be applied to various
architectural projects, including corporate campuses, museums, government
buildings, and public spaces. The idea of creating architecture that reflects
the values and mission of an organization or community can be extended to
different contexts. This research can also inform urban planning and
development by emphasizing the importance of contextual architecture in
creating a sense of place and identity within a city or community.

Future research in architectural structures can explore comparative analysis

across diverse regions and cultures, shedding light on factors influencing
architectural choices and branding. Additionally, studying user experiences
within these spaces can provide insights into well-being and productivity.
Investigating sustainability and technology integration in design, as well as
the long-term branding effects of architectural choices, offers avenues for in-
depth research.