Definition
Political science is a branch of social science that deals with the study of political systems, political
activities, political thoughts, and political behavior. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including the
analysis of political entities, the examination of political processes, and the political ideologies.
Scope:
The scope of political science is vast and varied. It includes the study of:
- Political institutions (e.g., parliaments, presidents, courts)
- Political processes (e.g., elections, policy-making, political campaigns)
- Political ideologies (e.g., liberalism, conservatism, socialism)
- Political behavior (e.g., voting patterns, public opinion, political participation)
Goals of Political Science
1. Understanding Political Systems:
One of the primary goals of political science is to understand how political systems operate. This
involves analyzing the structure and function of different types of governments, such as democracies,
dictatorships, and monarchies.
2. Explaining Political Behavior:
Political scientists aim to explain why individuals and groups behave the way they do in the political
arena. This includes understanding voter behavior, political party dynamics, and the role of interest
groups.
3. Predicting Political Outcomes:
Another goal is to predict political outcomes, such as election results, policy decisions, and social
movements. By studying historical patterns and current trends, political scientists can provide insights
into future political developments.
4. Informing Public Policy:
Political science seeks to inform public policy by providing evidence-based recommendations.
Researchers use their findings to advise policymakers, contribute to legislative drafting, and evaluate the
effectiveness of policies.
Perspectives in Political Science
1. Classical Perspective:
The classical perspective in political science focuses on the ideas of early political thinkers, such as Plato,
Aristotle, Hobbes, and Locke. This perspective emphasizes the importance of political philosophy and
the role of rationality in political decision-making.
2. Behavioral Perspective:
The behavioral perspective emerged in the mid-20th century and emphasizes empirical research and
statistical analysis. Behavioralists study political phenomena through quantitative methods, focusing on
observable behaviors and measurable data.
3. Institutional Perspective:
This perspective concentrates on the structures and institutions of government and their impact on
political outcomes. Institutionalists examine how constitutional designs, legislative procedures, and
judicial review influence policy-making and governance.
4. Comparative Perspective:
Comparative politics involves the comparison of different political systems to identify similarities and
differences. This approach helps to understand the unique characteristics of various political regimes
and the factors that contribute to their stability or instability.
5. Normative Perspective:
The normative perspective in political science deals with questions of value and ethics. It explores what
ought to be rather than what is. Normative theorists discuss issues like justice, freedom, equality, and
the moral limits of government action.
