PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
CASE STUDY
NO MATRIK NAMA
M20241000153 MOHD AMIRUL IDWAN BIN AZAMAN
1. 1. Based on the diagram below, why is the temperature in a steady state during exercise?
During steady-state exercise, the body achieves a balance between heat production (from
metabolism) and heat dissipation (via mechanisms like sweating and increased blood flow to the
skin). This steady state occurs when heat loss matches heat production, preventing continuous
rises in core temperature.
2. A group of football athletes are training at 8 a.m., with a temperature of 25°C and humidity
of 86%.
a. What happens to the core temperature of these athletes?
The core temperature will increase as the athletes generate metabolic heat. However, high
humidity impairs evaporative cooling (sweating), making it harder for the body to dissipate heat
effectively, increasing the risk of hyperthermia.
b. State 2 processes that contribute and explain these processes.
There are 2 processes that contribute that is evaporation. This occur when the skin is sweating
on skin’s surface. This can led to removing the heat and cooling the body. The next processes is
vasodilation. This process occur when the blood vessels neat the skin is widen. This can increase
blood’s floow to the skin and promoting heat loss through radiation and convection.
3. What happens to the heart rate after adaptation to exercise in hot and humid conditions, and
explain.
After our body adapt with the condition surrounding,our heart starting to reduce our heart rate
and keep maintain the heart rate during exercise.Our body increases plasma volume and
improving blood flow with sweating efficiency.There are also led to reducing cardiovascular
strain.
4. Dr. James, a sports coach, is training a group of athletes in a marathon in a hot and humid
climate. The athletes are wearing minimal clothing, and the training involves a 2-hour run
during peak heat hours (2 pm). Dr. James is concerned about the potential risks of heat-
related illnesses such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
A. What physiological mechanisms does the body use to maintain temperature balance during
exercise in hot conditions?
The body use sweating to maintain temperature balance with enhances evaporative cooling.
The skin also increase blood flow to transfer heat from the core to the skin.Then, the body
also increased breathing rate to dispatch heat via respiration.
B. What are the potential risks of prolonged exercise in a hot environment?
Heat stroke, dehydration and muscle fatigue such as cramping.
C. What measures can Dr. James take to ensure the athletes' safety during the training?
Dr.James can ask his athletes to wear the proper clothes with the temperature, setting the
training during the cooler part of day,drink a lot of water and electrolytes and always aware
with athletes signs of heat stress.
5. Emily, an elite cross-country skier, is preparing for a competition in a cold environment (-
10°C). She needs to train outdoors for several hours, and the wind chill is making it feel even
colder. Emily is concerned about the impact of cold exposure on her performance and safety,
especially regarding frostbite and hypothermia.
a. How does the body respond to cold exposure during prolonged exercise?
The body starting shivering to generate heat with activation muscles. Our blood vessel
also be vasoconstriction to minimize the heat loss and our core body start generate heat
from the inside core body.
b. What are the risks associated with cold exposure during exercise, and how can they be
prevented?
Hypothemia and frost bite
c. How can Emily optimize her performance and minimize the risk of cold-related injuries?
Emily can optimize her performance and minimize the risk of cold related injuries with
wear the proper clothes that can insulated the heat to keep body well maintain warm.
Emily also can wearing gear such as gloves,hats and insulated footwear to keep warm.
Lastly, she can consume warm fluids and high energy food such as food in high protein
and fat to maintain body heat.
