*Ancient Philosophers*
Ali Husnain
Roll no 014
1. *Plato* (Laws, 360 BCE)
- Jurisprudence: “Science of legislation aiming at common good and
happiness.”
- Law: “Sacred and just rule promoting virtue and preventing vice.”
2. *Aristotle* (Politics, 350 BCE)
- Jurisprudence: “Practical wisdom of legislation aiming at common good.”
- Law: “Rational principle promoting common good and happiness.”
*Social Contract Theorists*
1. *Thomas Hobbes* (Leviathan, 1651)
- Jurisprudence: “Knowledge of justice and law derived from natural and
civil law.”
- Law: “Sovereign command enforcing life, liberty, and property
protection.”
2. *John Locke* (Second Treatise, 1689)
- Jurisprudence: “Science of government protecting life, liberty, and
property.”
- Law: “Legislative rule aiming at common good.”
3. *Jean-Jacques Rousseau* (Social Contract, 1762)
- Jurisprudence: “Science of general will promoting equality and justice.”
- Law: “Expression of general will promoting common good.”
*Natural Law Theorists*
1. *St. Thomas Aquinas* (Summa Theologica, 1265-1274)
- Jurisprudence: “Science of law promoting common good and moral
virtues.”
- Law: “Ordinance of reason derived from eternal law.”
2. *John Finnis* (Natural Law and Natural Rights, 1980)
- Jurisprudence: “Practical reasoning on law and morality principles.”
- Law: “Rational principle promoting basic human goods.”
*Positivist Theorists*
1. *Jeremy Bentham* (Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1780)
- Jurisprudence: “Science of legislation promoting greatest happiness.”
- Law: “Sovereign command promoting utility.”
2. *John Austin* (The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, 1832)
- Jurisprudence: “Science of positive law analyzing laws and customs.”
- Law: “Sovereign command enforced by sanctions.”
*Critical Theorists*
1. *Karl Marx* (Critique of the Gotha Program, 1875)
- Jurisprudence: “Critique of ideological superstructure promoting class
struggle.”
- Law: “Tool of oppression serving ruling class interests.”
2. *Michel Foucault* (Discipline and Punish, 1975)
- Jurisprudence: “Analysis of power relations understanding control
mechanisms.”
- Law: “Discourse of power normalizing behavior.”
*Contemporary Theorists*
1. *Ronald Dworkin* (Taking Rights Seriously, 1977)
- Jurisprudence: “Theory of law protecting individual rights and justice.”
- Law: “System of principles protecting individual rights and justice.”
2. *H.L.A. Hart* (The Concept of Law, 1961)
- Jurisprudence: “Analysis of law concept understanding social rules and
norms.”
- Law: “Social rule system promoting social order and stability.”
