CREATION A THEOLOGY.

2023/2024 Session

The Theology of Creation. A.

1. INTRODUCTION.

In the Creed, we profess: “I believe in one God the Father Almighty, Creator of
heaven and earth”.
“Believing in God the Creator, believing that he created heaven and earth is the
beginning of belief. This is the foundation on which everything else that Christians
believe, is based. Believing in God, and not believing that he is the Creator, would
mean not believing that God exists all”.
Believe in God as Creator is the foundation for all the other things we believe: that
Jesus Christ is Saviour, that there is a Holy Spirit that there is a Church and an
eternal life. Nothing affects all of us more than the primeval questions of man about
where he comes from and where he is going, about the meaning of his life. What is
the origin of this life? Every person must ask these questions for himself if he is to
be truly human one.
Nothing affects all of us more than the primeval questions of man about where he
comes from and where he is going, about the meaning of his life. What is the origin
of this life? Every person must ask these questions for himself if he is to be truly
human one.

The story of creation, leads us to the understanding of the relationship of God to the
world and of God to man. It also helps us to understand what we call grace; the
Supernatural; the promise of the ultimate consummation of things. It also throws up a
lot of issues: world-view of faith, matter, the relation of man to matter; the evolution
of the world and of man; the age of the universe and man, the meaning of secular
culture and of political and social struggle. Some of these issues are questions that
science is asking which has not been answered. These issues are helping to bring
science and theology into a better relationship.

For centuries the story of creation was told according to the creation account as
presented in the bible. The earth was founded upon the six-day work of the Creator.
Man understood himself as part of that history that began with Adam and Eve.

With the discovery of the vastness of the universe and the age of the earth, other
competitive stories emerged. The scientific story is increasingly replacing the biblical
story. The biblical narrative is gradually being seen as a kind of mythical story.
Charles Darwin’s (1859) history of life which opened the door to the theory of
evolution brought in a sharp competition and turned it into a kind of alternative story
of creation that did not need a Creator (The origin of species by means of natural
selection).

Evolution today is a preferred story of the beginning. It is recounted everywhere as

the valid history in schools; media, public debate. It is even taken for granted (with
the biblical story saying just something about the meaning of life). The evolution
story of creation now seems to be the real and true one. Both stories continued to be
told. The biblical one in worship at Easter Virgil; in religious education sometimes
watered down. Everywhere else, the scientific story is always told, taken up in
religious education because science teaches it.

The scientific story is today taken to be more credible and if you like true, simply
because it has been established by science.

Theories of the Beginnings.

i. Heracleitus (born c. 540 BC, Ephesus, Anatolia [now Selçuk, Turkey]—

died c. 480), Greek philosopher remembered for his cosmology, in which
fire forms the basic material principle of an orderly universe. Little
is known about his life, and the one book he apparently wrote is lost

ii. Aristotle (38 -322) is the primary authority on the cosmos in the classical
Greek era. He based his theory on observation and rational thought. He
was the first scientist. For him, Heaven and Earth were completely
separate realms. The heavenly embodied the perfect, while the earthly
realm embodied the imperfect. In other words, the heavenly and the
earthly were considered to be two distinctly different kinds of realities. The
Earth was the centre of the cosmos, with all the celestial bodies orbiting
around her. The earth was not in motion but remained fixed and at rest the
orbital paths of the sun, moon, plants and stars formed perfect concentric
circles around the Earth.

iii. Ptolemy of Alexandra (127-151) Greek astronomer maintained this

definitive model for fifteen hundred years.

iv. Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish Astronomer (1473-1543) (On the

revolution of Celestial Spheres). The Earth rotates on its axis once a day
and revolves around the sun once a year. He upset two prevailing views:
the earth was fixed in place and that she was the centre of the cosmos.
(Copernican Revolution). Copernicus still believed that the distant stars
were a fixed band of celestial bodies that formed a belt around our solar
system. This book though dedicated to Pope Paul 111, was placed under
 index of Forbidden book I 1616 till 1835. It changed the way Christian
story of creation was told and the place of man in the universe.

v. Galileo Galilei. (1564-1642) fashioned an astronomical telescope and

turned it toward the night skies. He discovered 4 moons orbiting Jupiter in
the same way Copernicus has said the Earth revolves around the Sun. He
also observed that the planet Venus has phases just like our moon and
that the Sun has spots or blemishes on her surface. With this discovery
the notion that the heaven and the earth were two distinct realities
crumbled. The natural state of matter is to move and keep moving rather
than remain motionless or fixed. Matter does not move randomly but in a
straight line at a constant speed. This would be crucial to Newton’s
formulation of the laws of physics.

Bibliography’

1. Pope Pius X11, Humani Generis, Encyclical letter, 1950

2. Catholic Encyclopedia.
3. The Catechism of the Catholic Church.
4. J. Neuner S.J. and Dupuis S.J. Eds., The Christian Faith in the
doctrinal Documents of the Catholic Church, 1983.
5. Cardinal Schoeborn; Chance or Purpose?, Creation, Evolution and
A Rational Faith, Ignatius Press, San Francisco,2007.
6. Schmaus Michael, Dogma 2, God and Creation, Sheed and Ward,
London,1988.
7. Robert Butterworth, The Theology of Creation, Mercier Press,Cork,
1969.
8. Thomas J. Ood, ed., Theologies of Creation, Creatio ex Nihilo
and its rivals, Routledge, New York, 2015.
9. Judy Cannato, Radical Amazement, Contemplative Lessons from
Black Holes, Supernovas,and Other Wonders of the Universe,
Notre Dame, Indiana, 2006.
10. Edward Sri and Curtis Martin, The Real Story; Understanding
the big picture of the Bibe. Golden Colorado, 2012.
11. Carroll E. William, Creation and Science, Has Science
eliminated God?, CTS, London, 2011
12. Haught F John, Science and Religion, from Conflict to
Conversation, Paulist Press, New York, 1995.
13. Stump J.B., Stanley Gundy, editors, Creation, Evolution, and
Intelligent Design, Counter point, Zondervan, 2001.
The Three Outstanding theories/Stories of the Beginning.

1. The Theory of Evolution.

The view that God created the universe, earth, and life over billions of years, and
that the gradual process of evolution was crafted and governed by God diversity of
all on earth. I believe that God created man, and whether it came by evolutionary
process and at certain point he took this person or being and made him a living soul
or not, does not change the fact that God did create man” (Billy Graham – The Bible
is not a book of Science) .

Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has
descended from a common ancestor: the birds and tress, the fishes and the flowers
are all related. The evolutionary worldview itself is as old as antiquity. Ancient Greek
philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the development.

The Theory of Evolution, is the process by which organisms change over time as a
result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an
organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more
offspring.

Evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history
of science, supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines,
including paleontology, geology, genetics and developmental biology.

Darwinism.

Charles Darwin, the protagonist of this theory was an English naturalist, biologist and
geologist. He was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809. In 1831, he
embarked on a five-year survey voyage around the world. His studies of specimens
of fossils, around the globe led him to formulate his theory of evolution otherwise
known as Darwinism. He formulated his views in his classic book: “On the Origin of
Species”, in 1859.

All life on Earth according to him, is connected and related to each other. All animals
have a few or common ancestors.

The diversity of life is a product of modifications by natural selection. In this some

traits were favoured in an environment over others. In other words, a kind of descent
by modification; “survival of the fittest”. Fitness refers not to an organism's strength
or athletic ability, but rather the ability to weather environment, survive and
reproduce.

His general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a
purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification". That is, complex
creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time.
In 1891 Dutch physician, paleoanthropologist and geologist after some discoveries of
human fossils confirmed the development or evolution of life from lower grade to
more complex human life.

- Pithecanthropus erectus (ape-human that stands upright).

- Java Man is the potential intermediate form between modern humans and the
common ancestor we share with the other great apes
- Peking Man. Dubois' specimen was later classified as Homo erectus
Paleontology is the study of the history of life. Because that history is written in the fossil and
geological record, therefore paleontology allows us to place living organisms in both evolutionary
(life-historical) and geological (earth-historical) context. ... Determining the evolutionary identity of
living and past organism.

Biological evolution is a process of descent with modification.Lineages of organisms

change through generations; diversity arises because the lineages that descend
from common ancestors diverge through time.

Humans and other mammals descend from shrew-like creatures that lived more than
150 million years ago; mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes share as
ancestors’ aquatic worms that lived 600 million years ago. All plants and animals
derive from bacteria-like microorganisms that originated more than 3 billion years
ago

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin SJ. (1 May 1881 – 10 April 1955).

He is another champion of the theory of evolution. He was a French Jesuit

Priest, and a philosopher who trained as a paleontologist and geologist. He took
part in the discovery of Peking Man. His publications include the epic; The
Phenomenon of Man and The Divine Milieu. His theory came from more of
observation and studies on fossils and theological reflection based on the
findings of paleontology.

For Teilhard De Chardin, evolution, is a process that leads to increasing

complexity, culminating in the unification of consciousness

His basic theses is that the origin of the Earth was purely accidental: “Some
thousands of millions of years ago, not, it would appear, by a regular process of
astral evolution, but as the result of some unbelievable accident (a brush with
another star? an internal upheaval?) a fragment of matter composed of particularly
stable atoms was detached from the surface of the sun. Without breaking the bonds
attaching it to the rest, and just at the right distance from the mother-star to receive
moderate radiation, this fragment began to condense, to roll itself up, to take shape.
Containing within its globe and orbit the future of man, another heavenly body—a
planet this time—had been born.”5
‘‘The Earth was probably born by accident; but, in accordance with one of the most
general laws of evolution, scarcely had this accident happened than it was
immediately made use of and recast into something naturally directed.”6

Evolution for De Chardin therefore is a kind of process that leads to increasing

complexity, culminating in the unification of consciousness.
Material cosmos is described as evolving from primordial particles to the
development of life, then human beings and the noosphere, and finally to his
vision of the Omega Point in the future, which is "pulling" all creation towards it.

One of Teilhard de Chardin’s central idea was the concept of “Omega Point”. He
proposed that evolution has a purposeful direction, leading towards a final
convergence or point of unity, which he called the Omega Point. Humanity’s
consciousness will eventually become the thinking layer of the earth, which he
calls noosphere. (Fuchs-Kittwski,1996).

The Omega Point. Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet,
symbolized the ultimate goal of all development. “I am the Alpha and
the Omega, the First and the Last, the beginning and the End,” says
Christ in Revelations 22:13. For Teilhard, the Omega point
was incarnated in the living Christ, who was the goal of all evolution, the
centre on which all development and progress converge. For him,
evolution occurs in a directional goal-driven way (orthogenesis). It is an ascent
toward consciousness, unlike Darwin who conceived evolution as naturalistic or
undirected.

For De Chardin, evolution, is a process converging toward a final unity that he called
the Omega point. This is a maximum level of complexity and consciousness towards
which he believed the universe was evolving

De Chardin, regarded the basic trends in matter – gravitation, inertia,

electromagnetism, and so on – as being ordered toward the production of
progressively more complex types of aggregate. This process led to the
increasingly complex entities of atoms, molecules, cells, and organisms, until
finally the human body evolved, with a nervous system sufficiently sophisticated to
permit rational reflection, then self-awareness, and moral responsibility.
The appearance of man for Teilhard brought an added dimension into the world.
This he defines as the birth of reflection: animals know, but man knows that he
knows; he has "knowledge to the square."

Teilhard de Chardin, in his theological reflection, preferred the allegorical and

theological interpretation of the book of Genesis to the prevalent literal
interpretation.
Although many of Teilhard's writings were censored by the Catholic Church during
his lifetime because of his views on original sin, Teilhard has been posthumously
praised by Pope Benedict XVI and other eminent Catholic figures, and his
theological teachings were cited by Pope Francis in the 2015 encyclical, Laudato
si'. The response to his writings by evolutionary biologists has been, with some
exceptions, decidedly negative.

The origin of the first cell provided no problem to de Chardin. He wrote:

“If their spontaneous generation took place only once in the whole of time, it
was apparently because the original formation of the protoplasm was bound
up in a state which the general chemistry of the earth passed through only
once.”7
On the reproduction of cells, he claims that:

“At first sight reproduction appears as a simple process thought up by nature

… what was at first a happy accident or means of survival, is promptly
transformed and used as an instrument of progress and conquest.” 8
He proposed that the universe did not consist of real things, since everything
was evolving and converging towards a future goal called “Omega”. The only
thing that must give it unity, therefore, is the spiritual or mystical realm. God
must be the only unifying force. According to Teilhard, God somehow inserted
himself into the evolutionary process, and Christ the force drawing everything
towards the goal of “Omega”.

He did not accept the God of Genesis who was clearly portrayed as the Creator
of all things.

Teilhard de Chardin, in his theological reflection, preferred the allegorical and

theological interpretation of the book of Genesis to the prevalent literal
interpretation.

Although many of Teilhard's writings were censored by the Catholic Church during
his lifetime because of his views on original sin, Teilhard has been posthumously
praised by Pope Benedict XVI and other eminent Catholic figures, and his
theological teachings were cited by Pope Francis in the 2015 encyclical, Laudato
si'. The response to his writings by evolutionary biologists has been, with some
exceptions, decidedly negative
“Neither Darwin nor any Darwinian, has so far given an actual causal
explanation of the adaptive evolution of any single organism or any single
organ. All that has been shown is that such explanation might (that is to say,
they are not logically impossible)”.

(Sir Karl Kopper, Philosopher and theoretician of Science. By Christoph Scheonborn

pg., 63)

“Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such
intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely
graduated organic chain, and this perhaps, is the most obvious and serious
objection which ca be urged against the theory” Darwin; On the Origin of
Species pp.292-93.

Evolution and the Existence of God

1. The variation that leads to differentiation of species are purely random, thus
suggesting that the workings of nature are accidental and irrational. Today,
the source of this variations has been identified as genetic mutation and most
biologists still follow Darwin in attributing these to “Chance”.
2. The fact that the individuals have to struggle for survival and that most of
them suffer and lose out in this contest, points to the basic cruelty of the
universe, particularly towards the weak.
3. The mindless process of natural selection by which only the better adapted
organisms survive, points to a universe that is essentially blind and indifferent
to life and humanity.

These three inseparable ingredients: randomness; struggle; and blind natural

selection seem to suggest that the universe is impersonal, utterly unrelated to any
interested God. The three mentioned features: chance, struggle, and blind natural
selection are so antithetical to any conceivable notion of divine providence or even
design that we find it hard to understand how scientifically educated person could
still believe in God.

Darwin himself after reflecting on the cruelty, randomness, and impersonality in

evolution, could never again come back to the benign theism of his ancestral
Anglicanism. His heirs after equated evolution with atheism.

The Big Bang.

The protagonist of this theory was a Belgium Jesuit Catholic priest George Lemaitre
(1894-1966). He was a mathematician and an astronomer and a professor of
Physics, at the Catholic University of Louvain Belgium. It was George Gamow who
finally formulated the theory now known as the Big Bang.

The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. This
theory postulates that the universe as we know it started with a small singularity,
then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today.
Here science in confirming the Judeo-Christian tradition that there was a beginning
to the cosmos a starting point from which all life has originated.

The universe originated in a fiery cosmic burst of energy from a dense particle
smaller than an atom in a form of singularity.

In a very simple way, this is a theory that held that universe came out of a big
Bang that took place 13 billion years ago. After the explosion, the universe has
been cooing and expanding ever since.

Later, there gradually emerged the conditions necessary for the formation
of atoms, still later, the condensation of galaxies and stars, and about 10 billion
years later, the formation of planets. In our own solar system and on earth (formed
about 4.5 billion years ago), the conditions have been favourable to the
emergence of life.
While there is little consensus among scientists about how the origin of this first
microscopic life is to be explained, there is general agreement among them that
the first organism dwelt on this planet about 3.5–4 billion years ago.
Since it has been demonstrated that all living organisms on earth are genetically
related, it is virtually certain that all living organisms have descended from this first
organism.
Converging evidence from many studies in the physical and biological sciences
furnishes mounting support for some theory of evolution to account for the
development and diversification of life on earth, while controversy continues over
the pace and mechanisms of evolution.

The theory was further substantiated in 1964 with the discovery of microwave
background radiation, energy consistent with an explosive origin. This enabled
astronomers to see the universe approximately 380.000 years after the big bang. By
1960 the Big Bang theory had gained wide acceptance among the scientific
community as the explanation which best described the origin of the universe based
on the mathematical and experimental data available.

(Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics.

They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes.". A region of space, at the
centre of which is a singularity so dense that nothing that has passed a border
called the event horizon can escape, not even light

After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded
and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and
temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this
day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet,
circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other
stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an
expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared
out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory. 13.7 billion
years ago.

" Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely

hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity.) (Juddy Cannato; Radical
Amazement, Contemplative Lessons from Black Holes, Supernovas,and other
Wonders of the Universe, Sorin Books, Notre Dame,2006. P 48ff.)

Some physicists argue that the notion of "quantum tunneling from nothing, " which accounts for
the emergence of subatomic particles from a vacuum, can provide a coherent explanation of the
"creation" of the universe out of "nothing. "I

our Universe did indeed appear from nowhere... Contrary to widespread belief, such an event need
not have violated any of the conventional laws of physics."

Evidence for the Theory

What are the major evidences which support the Big Bang theory?

- we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.

- The galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to
their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin Hubble
(1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation
supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was
once compacted.
- if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should
be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radio astronomers Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765
degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background
radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to
be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared
in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery.
- Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in
the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins

Miraculous timing! If universe had unfolded one trillionth of a trillionth, of a percent

slower, the gravitational force would have been too great and the universe would
have imploded before anything of significance occurred. If on the other hand, the
universe had unfolded one trillionth of a trillionate of a percent a percent faster.
Matter would have escaped; a gravitational pull and the cosmos would have been
flung apart before anything could happen force would have been faster or even
slower the cosmic material would have been flung too apart of would have collapsed
upon itself. (Judy Cannato, p.42)

The theory of Evolution, has many slants. There is the theistic evolution that
maintain that though life originated from non-life and humans from apelike
creatures called hominis through an evolutionary process over a billion and million
years, God was and is working in and through the process.
For the Church, any such gradual appearance must have been guided in some
way by God. However, the Church has declined to define in what way that may be.
Such phrases as “the Providence of God, Intelligent Design” used in the statement
of International Theological Commission have given room for free interpretations.

THE THEORY OF INTELLIGENT DESIGN.

intelligent Design Theory is the claim that some features of the universe and living
organisms are so complex – “irreducibly complex” – that they could not possibly
have come into existence through normal causes, through processes of blind law,
and hence demand the supposition of a designer who thought them up and put them
into place (Ruse, 2005; Forrest and Gross, 2004). In other words, they are best
explained by intelligent cause. They don’t specifically call it the Christian God, but it
is assumed.

Phillip Johnson is known as the father of intelligent design. The idea in its current
form appeared in the 1980s, and Johnson adopted and developed it after Darwinian
evolution came up short, in his view, in explaining how all organisms, including
humans, came into being.

There are specific life forms e.g., cells and biotic subsystems which are irreducibly
complex and which could not possibly be brought about by means of natural
selections. These irreducible complexities cannot be the result of random processes.
It can only be explained by an appeal to a designer.

In other words, natural entities which reveal this specified complexity, cannot be
brought about by natural processes alone and thus must be the outcome of an
intelligent design. This designer is not simply the source of the form or pattern, but is
also the agent cause of its production in the natural order. This ultimately leads us to
the existence of a designer

When we look at the beauty of the universe; the harmony and the precision, one may
ask: is it the product of chance and randomness?

When we look at the planetary system, its stability does not depend on the regular
action of the universal gravitation, but also on the initial positioning of the planets and
comets in relation to the sun. “These bodies no doubt may continue in their orbits by
the mere laws of gravity, however, there is no doubt that they do not at first derive
the regular position of the orbits from these laws.

From all indications, the most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets could
only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being.
(Sir Isaac Newton in the General Scholium to the Principia 1934)

“How come the bodies of animals are contrived with so much Art, and for what ends
were their several parts? Was the eye contrived without skill and ear without
knowledge of sounds? And these things being rightly dispatched, does it not appear
from Phaenomena that there is a Being incorporeal, living, intelligent, omnipresent?”
(Newton in 1952) Optics.

1. The argument from the Big Bang where an initial singularity outside the
categories of space and time, points to a supernatural cause of the beginning
of the universe
2. There are specific life forms e.g., cells and biotic subsystems which are, in his
terms irreducibly complex (irreducible complexity) and which could not
possibly be brought about by means of natural selection. This can only be
explained by an appeal to a designer. (Biochemist Michael Behe)
This intelligent design is not simply the source of the form or pattern of what is
designed but is also the agent cause of its production in the natural order.

It holds that there are telltale features of living systems in the universe – for example,
the digital code in DNA, the miniature circuit and machines in cells and the fine
tuning of the laws and constants in physics that are best explained by an Intelligent
cause rather than an undirected material process.

These irreducible complex systems and life forms disclose “Intelligent design” and
leads us to the existence of designer. (god of the gaps).

This theory does not challenge the idea of evolution defined as either change
overtime or common ancestry, but it does dispute the Darwinian idea that the cause
of biological change is wholly blind and undirected. Either life arose as the result of
purely undirected material processes or a guiding intelligence played a role. Living
organisms look designed because they really were designed.

3. The DNA Enigma

Is it plausible to think that natural selection, acting on random mutation or other
undirected evolutionary mechanism could produce the information in DNA necessary
to generate new forms of life? No

This theory on the other hand, shows a compelling argument for design.

The theory of intelligent design is not based upon the Bible. It is rather based upon
recent scientific discoveries and what we know about the cause-and-effect structure
of the world, specifically what we know about patterns of evidence that indicate
intelligent cause. In other words, a proposal drawn from scientific evidence.

This theory attempts to explain the observed complexity and information-rich

structures found in living systems and other features of life and the universe.

This intelligent design theory is a contemporary version of what has been called the
“god of the gaps”. This is the view that the natural order itself and the changes in it
require an appeal to a divine agent operating within the world as a supplement to
other agents and causes in the world.
The “god” in the “god of the gaps”, is more powerful than any other agent in nature.
Such a god is not the God of orthodox Christianity. The “god of the gaps” a kind of
intelligent design is the cause within the world and is not the Creator. The theory
again is not about creation.

The Christian idea of the world is that it originated in a very

complicated process of evolution but that it nevertheless still
comes in its dept from the Logos. It thus bears reason in itself.

Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI)

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and

almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same
DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA),
but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is
called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are structures within cells
that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use
DNA was discovered to be able to store information in the form of a four
character alphabetic code strings of precisely sequenced chemicals called
nucleotide bases store and transmit assembly instructions for building the
crucial protein molecules and protein machines that cells need to survive.

Is it plausible to think that natural selection, acting on random mutation or other

undirected evolutionary mechanism could produce the information in DNA necessary
to generate new forms of life? No

This theory on the other hand, shows a compelling argument for design.

This is so whether it is Biological evolutionary theory --- new forms of life from
simpler pre-existing forms of life or Chemical evolutionary theory - origin of the
first life from simpler non-living chemical.

Neo Darwinian mechanism does not provide an adequate explanation for the origin
of the genetic information necessary to produce the major innovation in biological
form that have arisen during the history of life on earth.

The DNA enigma shows the creative action of a conscious and intelligent agent
clearly represents a known and adequate cause for the origin of information.