REVIEW: CHAPTER 4,5,6

Task 1: Identify the presupposition(s) of the following utterances.

1. ‘John’s sister has been in hospital for a week.’
=> John has a sister.
2. ‘Could you come to our party this weekend?’
=> We’re going to have a party this weekend.
3. ‘The book you gave me is worth reading.
=> You have a book
You gave it to me.
4. ‘We imagined that we were in Hawaii.’
=> We ain’t in Hawaii.
5. ‘He pretends to be ill.
=> He isn’t ill.
6. ‘Can you stop making that noise?
=> There is some noise.
You’re making it/ that noise.
7. ‘How long has your grandfather been in hospital?
=> Your grandfather has been in hospital.
8. ‘I don’t know why I’ve got an average mark.
=> I’ve got an average mark.
9. If I had enough money, I would buy that house.
=> I don’t have enough money to buy that house.
10. If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane.
=> We didn’t take a taxi.

Task 2: State the logical relations between these pairs of sentences.

1. a. The girl kissed the boy. 8 a. The exercise is easy.

b. The boy was kissed by the girl. b. The exercise is difficult.
=> Logical equivalence => Logical contrariety
2 a. He is alive. 9 a. He is the father of my mother.
b. He is dead. b. He is my maternal grandfather.
=> Logical contradiction => Logical equivalence
 3 a. Some boys ran down the street. 10 a. It’s a duck.
b.Some kids ran down the street. b. It’s a swan.
=> Logical entailment ( a=>b ) => Logical contrariety
4 a. Today is Monday. 11 a. Alan planted roses.
b. Yesterday is Sunday. b. Someone planted flowers.
=> Logical equivalence => Logical entailment ( a => b)
5 a. Alfred saw a bear. 12 a. John is the father of Neil.
b.Alfred saw an animal. b. Neil is the father of John
=> Logical entailment ( a => b ) => Logical contrariety
6 a. It is 50 miles to the nearest service station. 13 a. Max ate the pizza.
b. The nearest service station is 50 miles away. b. Max did something to the pizza.
=> Logical equivalence => Logical entailment ( a => b )
7 a.Jack is here. 14 a. The president was dead.
b.Jack is not here. b. The president was assassinated.
=> Logical contradiction => Logical entailment (b => a)

Task 3: State the logical relations between these pairs of words/expressions.

1. woman – female adult => logical equivalence
2. bird – duck => logical subordination
3. duck – swan => logical incompatibility
4. member – non-member => logical complementarity
5. shrink – change => logical subordination
6. cost a lot – be expensive => logical equivalence
7. bachelor – single man => logical equivalence

Task 4: What is the relationship between the words in the following pairs?

Pairs of words Relations Pairs of words Relations

1. married - unmarried Complementary opposition *17. rise – fall Directional opposition
2. fat - overweight Partial synonymy 18. forward – backward Directional opposition
3. old -- young Antonymy 19. doctor – patient Converses
4. permit - allow Partial synonymy 20. hotter -- colder Converses
*5. appear -- disappear Directional opposition *21. hand – arm Meronymy
*6. landlord - tenant Converses 22. beer - beverage Hyponymy
7. possible – impossible Complementary opposition *23. dress - undress Directional opposition
8. legal – illegal Complementary opposition 24. brave – courageous Partial synonymy
9. interesting – boring Antonymy 25. interviewer - interviewee Converses
10. thin – thick Antonymy 26. wing—bird Meronymy
11. old – new Antonymy 27. collar – shirt Meronymy
*12. retreat -advance Directional opposition 28. car – vehicle Hyponymy
13. free – occupied Complementary opposition 29. branch- tree Meronymy
14. arrive – depart Directional opposition *30. wrap -- unwrap Directional opposition
15. even - odd Complementary opposition *31. encourage - discourage Antonymy
16. member – non- Complementary opposition 32. ceiling - house Meronymy
member

Task 5: T or F?
1. A deictic word is one which takes some element of its meaning from the situation (i.e. the
speaker, the addressee, the time and the place) the utterance in which it is used. T
*2. All personal pronouns are definite. T
3. Proper names are indefinite (definite) noun phrase. F
4. The addressee (speaker) forms the deictic center. F
5. “here, there” are time (space) deixis. F
6. Presuppositions are what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message
already knows. T
7. To decide whether a condition is a presupposition or not, we can use 2 tests: negation test
and question test. T
8. Presuppositions of a sentence will be different (same) under its negation. F
9. The sentences “I like his painting.” and “I don’t like his painting.” have the same
presuppositions. T
10a. Presuppositions of a sentence will be the same under its interrogation. T
*10b. Presuppositions of a sentence are the truth conditions of that sentence. F
11. The same attribute cannot at the time both belong and not belong to the same subject in
the same respect. T
12. In a given CoU, with a given reading, a declarative sentence is either true, false or both. F
13. Negation reverses the truth value of a sentence. T
14. A sentence (in a given reading) is contingent (logically true) iff it is true in all CoUs. F
15. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically true (contingent) iff it is true in some CoUs. F
16. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically false iff it is false in all CoUs. T
17. The sentence “It’s raining.” logically entails (follows) the sentence “It’s raining heavily.” F
18. The sentence “It isn’t raining.” logically entails the sentence “It isn’t raining heavily.” T
19. The logical relationship between 2 sentences “Today is Monday” and “Tomorrow is
Tuesday” is mutual entailment. T
20. We swap the 2 sides of an entailment if we negate both sides. T
21. The 2 sentences “The bottle is half empty.” and “The bottle is half full.” are logically
equivalent. T
*22. The logical relation between 2 sentences “The room is big.” and “The room is small.” is
logical contradiction (contrariety). F
*23. The 2 sentences “It’s hot.” and “It’s not hot.” are logical contradictories. T
*24. The 2 sentences “Everyone will win” and “Someone will lose” are logical contradictories. T
25. Two predicate terms (in given readings) are logically equivalent iff they necessarily yield the
same truth value for the same arguments. T
26. Two predicate terms A and B are logically complementary (incompatible) if they cannot
both be true of the same arguments. F
27. A predicate term A is a logical subordinate of B iff B is true of some arguments whenever A
is true of them. T
28. Negation of a declarative sentence A is true whenever A is is False and false whenever A is
true. T
29. Logical subordination is the relationship between a general term and a specific term. T
30. “beautiful” and “gorgeous” are total (partial) synonyms. F
31. “horse” is the hyperonym (hyponym) of “animals”. F
32. Two expressions are antonyms (converses) iff they express the same relation between 2
entities, but with reversed roles. F
33. Two expressions are complementaries (antonyms) iff they express two opposite extremes
out of a range of possibilities. F
34. Two expressions are converses (directional opposites) iff they express opposite cases with
respects to a common axis. F
Task 6: Complete.
1. “This, that” are demonstratives.
2. Pronominal demonstratives are definite noun phrases.
3. “Nobody, somebody, something” are indefinite pronouns.
*4. Personal pronouns are mainly used anaphorically.
*5. In the sentence “If you like the dress, I will buy it for you”, the dress is the antecedent, it is
the anaphor.
6. Place deixis relates to the spatial situation in which an utterance takes place.
7. Time deixis relates to the time when an utterance is produced.
8. “Now, then, yesterday” are the lexical means of time deixis.
9. The most salient linguistic means of person deixis are system of personal pronouns.
10. To decide whether a condition is a presupposition or not, we can use 2 tests: the negation
test and the question test.
11. Presuppositions of a sentence are those conditions pertaining to the CoU which it must
meet in order for an utterance of the sentence TO MAKE SENSE in that CoU.
12. A sentence (in a given reading) is contingent iff it is true in some CoUs and false in others.
13. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically true iff it is true in all CoUs.
14. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically false iff it is false in all CoUs.
15. The sentence “ Two times seven equals fourteen.” is logically true.
16. The sentence “Duck are plants.” is logically false.
17. The sentence “There is a cat in the garden.” is contingent.
*18. According to law of contradiction, the same attribute cannot at the time both belong and
not belong to the same subject in the same respect.
*19. According to the principle of polarity, in a given CoU, with a given reading, a declarative
sentence is either true or false.
20. A logically entails B iff: necessarily, if A is True, B is True.
21. The logical relation between 2 sentences “He bought a red bike” and “He bought a bike” is
logical entailment.
22. A and B are logically equivalent iff: necessarily, A and B have equal truth values.
23. The 2 sentences “He’s the father of my mother” and “He’s my maternal grandfather” are
logical equivalent.
24. A is logically contrary to B iff: necessarily, A and B are not both true.
25. The logical relation between 2 sentences “It’s cold.” and “It’s hot.” is logically contrariety.
26. The 2 sentences “He’s dead.” and “He’s alive.” are logically contractory.
27. Two predicate terms (in given readings) are logically equivalent iff they necessary yield the
same truth value for the same arguments.
28. A predicate term A is a subordination of B iff B is true of some arguments whenever A is
true of them.
29. Two predicate term A and B are logically incompatible if they cannot both be true of the
same argument.
30. Two predicate term A and B are logically complementary if they necessarily have opposite
truth values for all arguments.
31. Synonymy is a relation in which various words have different (written & sound) forms but
have the same or nearly the same meaning.
32. Hyponymy is relation in which the referent of a word is totally included in the referent of
another word.
33. Two expressions are antonyms iff they express two opposite out of a range of possibilities.
34. Two expressions are directional opposites iff (if and only if) they express opposite cases
with respect to a common axis.
35. Two expressions are complementaries iff they express an either-or alternative in some
domain.
36. Two expressions are converses of each other iff they express the same relation between
two entities, but with reversed roles.
37. The word “carrots” is the hyponyms of the word “vegetables”.
38. The meaning relation between broad and wide is synonymy.
39. The meaning relation between single and married is complementary opposition.
40. {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday …} is a lexical field.
41. Two expressions are antonyms iff they express opposite extremes out of a range of
possibilities.
42. Two expressions are directional opposites iff they express opposite cases with respect to a
common axis.
43. Two expressions are complementaries iff they express an either-or alternative in some
domain.
44. Expressions are heretonyms iff they denote alternatives in some domain of more than 2
possibilities.
45. Two expressions are converses iff they express the same relation between 2 entities, but
with reverse roles.