Organisational Behaviour

2 Marks

1.What is organizational behaviour?

Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of how people interact within groups in a workplace
setting. It involves understanding, predicting, and managing human behavior to enhance
individual and organizational effectiveness

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2.Define perception

Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret sensory information to
give meaning to their environment. It involves the brain's ability to process and make sense of
the stimuli received through the senses, such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
Perception is influenced by various factors, including past experiences, expectations,
emotions, and cultural background, leading to a subjective interpretation of the world around
us.

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3.What do you mean by personality

Personality refers to the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's

distinctive character. It encompasses a range of traits, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
that are relatively stable over time and across situations.

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4.Define motivation
Motivation refers to the internal and external factors that stimulate individuals to take
actions that lead to achieving a goal. It encompasses the biological, emotional, social, and
cognitive forces that activate behavior. Motivation can be intrinsic (driven by personal
satisfaction or interest) or extrinsic (driven by external rewards such as money, praise, or
avoiding punishment).

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5.What is group behaviour

Group behavior refers to the ways in which individuals act and interact when they are part of
a group. This can include patterns of communication, decision-making processes, influence,
conformity, roles, norms, and cohesiveness within the group. Group behavior is studied in
various fields such as sociology, psychology, and organizational behavior to understand how
individuals function in collective environments and how groups can achieve their goals
effectively

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6.What do you understand by motivation?

Motivation is the psychological process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented
behavior. It's what causes individuals to act, whether it’s getting a glass of water to reduce
thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. Motivation can be intrinsic (arising from internal
factors such as personal satisfaction or a sense of achievement) or extrinsic (driven by
external factors like rewards, recognition, or avoiding punishment). Understanding motivation
is crucial in various fields, especially in HR, to enhance employee performance, satisfaction,
and retention.

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7.Define leadership

Leadership is the ability to guide, influence, and inspire individuals or groups to achieve a
common goal. It involves setting a vision, making strategic decisions, motivating and
empowering team members, and fostering an environment that encourages collaboration and
innovation. Effective leadership also requires strong communication skills, emotional
intelligence, integrity, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

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8.What is conflict?

Conflict is a disagreement or clash between ideas, principles, or people. It can occur in

various contexts, including interpersonal relationships, workplaces, communities, or even
nations. Conflict often arises from differences in values, beliefs, interests, or goals. It can be
constructive when managed well, leading to growth and better understanding, or destructive
when unmanaged, leading to tension and breakdown in relationships.

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9.Define organizational culture.

Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices that shape
the behavior and thinking of employees within an organization. It encompasses the
organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and the internal and external
interactions that characterize its identity. Organizational culture influences how employees
interact with each other, make decisions, and approach their work. It is often considered a key
factor in the success and sustainability of an organization, impacting employee satisfaction,
performance, and overall organizational effectiveness.

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10.What is meant by emotional intelligence

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own
emotions, as well as to perceive and influence the emotions of others. It involves skills such
as empathy, self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, and motivation. Emotional
intelligence is important in various aspects of life, including personal relationships,
professional environments, and overall well-being.

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11.Define organizational culture.

Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that
characterize an organization. It's the collective mindset and unwritten rules that guide how
people within the organization interact with each other and with external parties. This culture
influences decisions, communication styles, and overall organizational dynamics

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12.What is organizational politics?

Organizational politics refers to the activities, behaviors, and strategies that individuals and
groups within an organization use to achieve their own goals or objectives, often at the
expense of others or the organization as a whole. It involves navigating power dynamics,
building alliances, influencing decision-making, and managing perceptions to gain advantage
or protect one's interests within the organizational context. Politics can affect various
aspects of organizational life, including resource allocation, promotions, decision-making
processes, and overall organizational culture.

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13.What are the contributing disciplines to organisational behaviour

Organizational behavior draws from several disciplines to understand human behavior in

organizational settings.

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14.What is social learning theory?

Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, suggests that people learn from
observing, imitating, and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of
others. It emphasizes the role of social interactions and observational learning in shaping
individual behaviors and beliefs. According to this theory, learning can occur directly through
personal experiences or indirectly through observing others' behaviors and the
consequences they experience.
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15.What do you understand by attitude

Attitude generally refers to a person's predisposition or mindset towards something, which

influences their behavior and responses. It involves beliefs, feelings, and behavioral
tendencies towards objects, people, or events, and can be positive, negative, or neutral.
Attitudes can be shaped by experiences, values, upbringing, and social influences.

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16.State the importance of motivation.

Motivation is crucial as it drives individuals to set and achieve goals, enhances productivity,
improves performance, and fosters creativity and innovation. It also plays a key role in job
satisfaction, employee engagement, and overall well-being, making it essential in both
personal and professional contexts.

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17. Distinguish between group and team.

Group:

A group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other to accomplish shared goals
or tasks.

Members may work independently, but their efforts are coordinated towards a common
purpose.

Group dynamics are often less focused on interpersonal relationships and more on achieving
objectives efficiently.

Team:
A team is a specific type of group where members work closely together, often with
complementary skills, towards a unified goal or outcome.

Team members collaborate actively, relying on each other's strengths to achieve collective
success.

Team dynamics emphasize cooperation, mutual support, and often involve shared
responsibilities and interdependence.

In essence, while both groups and teams involve multiple individuals working towards
common objectives, teams typically exhibit higher levels of collaboration, interdependence,
and shared responsibility compared to groups.

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18.What is non-verbal communication?

Non-verbal communication refers to the transmission of messages or information without

using words. It includes facial expressions, gestures, body language, posture, eye contact,
tone of voice, and other non-verbal cues that convey meaning during interpersonal
interactions. These cues often complement or reinforce verbal communication and play a
crucial role in how messages are perceived and understood.

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19.What is meant by negotiation strategies

Negotiation strategies refer to the planned approaches and tactics used by parties involved
in a negotiation to achieve their respective goals. These strategies are designed to influence
the outcome of the negotiation in favor of one party or to reach a mutually acceptable
agreement. Key elements of negotiation strategies often include understanding the other
party's interests, setting clear objectives, assessing alternatives, and employing tactics such
as compromise, persuasion, or assertiveness to achieve a favorable outcome.

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20.Define functional conflict

Functional conflict refers to a type of conflict within an organization or group that

contributes positively to the achievement of organizational goals and improves the overall
performance. It typically involves disagreements or differences in viewpoints that, when
managed constructively, lead to innovation, improved decision-making, and creative
solutions to problems. Functional conflict contrasts with dysfunctional conflict, which
hinders organizational effectiveness and can lead to negative outcomes.

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21.What is emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to understand and manage your own emotions,
as well as to perceive and influence the emotions of others

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22.What is meant by work life integration?

Work-life integration refers to the blending of professional and personal life in a way that
allows individuals to effectively manage both aspects without strict boundaries between
them. Unlike work-life balance, which implies a clear separation of work and personal life,
work-life integration acknowledges that work and personal activities can coexist and overlap
harmoniously. This approach emphasizes flexibility, autonomy, and finding ways to achieve
personal and professional goals without compromising either area significantly.

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23.What is individual personality?

Individual personality refers to the unique set of characteristics, traits, behaviors, and
attitudes that distinguish one person from another. It encompasses how a person thinks,
feels, and behaves in various situations, reflecting their consistent patterns of behavior over
time. Personality is shaped by genetics, environment, upbringing, and experiences, and it
influences how individuals interact with others and

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24.What is the main contribution of Hierarchy of needs theory?

The main contribution of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory is its framework for
understanding human motivation and behavior. It suggests that people are motivated to
fulfill certain fundamental needs in a hierarchical order, starting from physiological needs like
food and shelter, to safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and finally self-actualization
needs. This theory has been influential in psychology, sociology, and management, as it helps
in understanding what drives human behavior and how those needs influence personal
development and workplace dynamics.

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25 Why Individual Behaviour is important in organization?

individual behavior shapes the organizational culture, impacts performance and engagement,
and influences how effectively the organization can respond to challenges and opportunities
in its environment. Thus, understanding and managing individual behaviors is critical for
organizational success.

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26.State the contribution of Elton Mayo to the field of organizational behaviour.

Elton Mayo's work laid the foundation for understanding the complex interplay between
human behavior, social dynamics, and organizational productivity, influencing subsequent
theories and practices in organizational behavior and management.

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27.Define Trait

A trait generally refers to a characteristic or quality that distinguishes an individual or thing.

In psychology, it often refers to enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that
remain relatively consistent over time and across different situations. Traits can be used to
describe personality, abilities, or physical attributes.

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28.What do you mean by Aesthetic Values?

Aesthetic values refer to the principles that guide judgments about beauty, artistic merit, and
taste. They involve subjective perceptions of what is visually or conceptually pleasing, often
influencing preferences in art, design, literature, and other creative expressions.

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29Give a brief note on Extrinsic Motivation with example

Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in activities or pursuing goals for external rewards or
pressures, rather than for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself

the motivation to perform comes from outside influences rather than personal enjoyment or
satisfaction

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30.Define Attitude.

Attitude refers to a person's enduring favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, and

predispositions towards particular objects, people, events, or ideas. It encompasses a
person's evaluations and emotional reactions, influencing their behavior and decision-
making.

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31.Outline the limitations of Cohesive Groups

Cohesive groups, while beneficial in many ways, also have limitations. Here are some key
limitations:

Groupthink: Cohesive groups may become overly focused on consensus and harmony,
leading to groupthink. This can suppress dissenting opinions and hinder critical thinking and
innovative solutions.
Resistance to Change: High group cohesion can create resistance to change. Members may
prefer maintaining the status quo to preserve group harmony, even when change is necessary
for growth or adaptation.

Social Loafing: In some cases, group cohesion can lead to social loafing, where individuals
exert less effort in a group setting than they would individually. This can reduce overall
productivity and motivation.

Group Polarization: Cohesive groups may reinforce and amplify pre-existing attitudes among
members, leading to group polarization. This can increase divisions and make consensus-
building more challenging.

Conformity Pressure: Strong group cohesion can exert pressure on members to conform to
group norms and values, potentially stifling individual creativity and independence.

Limited Diversity of Thought: Cohesive groups may lack diversity of thought and
perspectives, as members may be more inclined to share similar viewpoints and ideas.

Dependency: Members of highly cohesive groups may become overly dependent on each
other, which can hinder individual autonomy and decision-making.

Understanding these limitations can help leaders and members of cohesive groups mitigate
potential drawbacks and leverage the benefits of group cohesion more effectively

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32.State any two advantages of Group Decision Making.

Group decision making has several advantages, including:

Diverse Perspectives: Groups can bring together individuals with different backgrounds,
knowledge, and expertise. This diversity often leads to a richer pool of ideas and
perspectives, which can result in more creative and innovative solutions to problems.

Increased Acceptance and Commitment: When decisions are made collectively, there tends
to be higher acceptance and commitment from the group members. This is because they feel
a sense of ownership over the decision-making process and the outcomes, which can
enhance cooperation and implementation

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33. Write short note on Kinesies.

Kinesthetics, also known as kinesics, refers to the study of body movements as a form of non-
verbal communication. It encompasses gestures, facial expressions, posture, and body
language to convey meaning and emotions. Understanding kinesics helps in interpreting
unspoken messages and can be crucial in various interpersonal interactions, including
communication, psychology, and anthropology studies.

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34.Define Politics,

Politics refers to the activities, actions, and policies that are involved in governing a country
or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping
to achieve power. It encompasses a wide range of activities related to decision-making,
influencing government policies, and the distribution of resources and power within a society.

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35. What causes Group Conflict?

Group conflict can arise from various factors, including:

Competition: When groups compete for limited resources, status, or recognition, conflict can
emerge as each group seeks to secure its interests.

Perceived Threats: Groups may perceive each other as threats to their goals, identity, or
values, leading to defensive or hostile behaviors.

Cultural Differences: Varied norms, beliefs, and values among groups can lead to
misunderstandings, mistrust, and conflict.

Communication Breakdown: Poor communication or miscommunication can escalate

tensions and misunderstandings between groups.

Power Imbalance: When there is an unequal distribution of power or resources between

groups, it can lead to resentment and conflict.

Social Identity: Strong identification with one's group can create in-group favoritism and out-
group hostility, contributing to conflict dynamics.

External Factors: Influence from external events, such as political changes or economic
pressures, can exacerbate inter-group tensions.

Understanding these factors helps in managing and mitigating group conflicts through
effective communication, conflict resolution strategies, and promoting inter-group
cooperation.

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36 . Give a brief note on Emotional Intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage both
your own emotions and the emotions of others. It involves several key components:

Self-awareness: Knowing your own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values, and goals.

Self-regulation: Managing your impulses, adapting to changing circumstances, and

maintaining your standards of behavior.

Motivation: Harnessing your emotions to achieve goals, persevere in the face of setbacks, and
maintain a positive outlook.

Empathy: Recognizing and understanding the emotions of others, and responding in ways
that build relationships and support others.

Social skills: Managing relationships to move people in desired directions, communicating

clearly, inspiring and influencing others, and resolving conflicts effectively.

Emotional intelligence is crucial in personal and professional contexts, impacting

relationships, leadership effectiveness, and overall well-being.

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37. State the importance of the study of behavioural science.

Understanding Human Behavior: It helps in understanding why people behave the way they
do, which is crucial for improving personal relationships, workplace dynamics, and societal
interactions.

Improving Mental Health: Insights from behavioral science can lead to better mental health
treatments and interventions, aiding in the diagnosis and management of psychological
conditions.

Enhancing Education: Knowledge of behavioral science can improve educational strategies,

making learning more effective and tailored to individual needs.

Informing Public Policy: Behavioral science informs policymakers about how to design more
effective public policies and interventions that can improve societal well-being.

Boosting Productivity: In the workplace, understanding behavioral science can lead to better
management practices, increased employee satisfaction, and higher productivity.

Promoting Healthy Behaviors: It helps in designing interventions that encourage healthier

lifestyles, such as reducing smoking or promoting exercise.

Improving Decision-Making: It provides insights into how people make decisions, helping to
improve personal and professional decision-making processes.

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38.Specify the nature of organisations.

Organizations can be categorized based on various factors such as their goals, structures, and
operations. Here are some common types:

Commercial Organizations: Aim to make a profit. These include corporations, small

businesses, and startups.

Non-Profit Organizations: Aim to serve a social cause without seeking profit. These include
charities, NGOs, and community organizations.
Government Organizations: Public sector entities that provide services to citizens, including
federal, state, and local government agencies.

Educational Institutions: Provide educational services. These include schools, colleges,

universities, and training centers.

Healthcare Organizations: Provide health services. These include hospitals, clinics, and health
NGOs.

International Organizations: Operate across multiple countries. Examples include the United
Nations and multinational corporations.

Cooperatives: Owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit.

Hybrid Organizations: Combine elements of multiple types, such as social enterprises that
aim to make a profit while addressing social issues.

Each type of organization has its unique structure, objectives, and operational strategies
tailored to its specific mission and goals.

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39. State some of the individual differences.

Individual differences refer to the unique variations among people in various psychological
and physical attributes. Some common examples include:

Personality Traits: Differences in characteristics such as extraversion, agreeableness,

conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
Intelligence: Variations in cognitive abilities, including logical reasoning, problem-solving, and
verbal skills.

Emotionality: Differences in emotional responses, including sensitivity, intensity, and

regulation of emotions.

Physical Attributes: Variations in height, weight, strength, and physical health.

Learning Styles: Preferences for visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or other methods of learning
and processing information.

Motivation: Differences in what drives individuals to achieve goals and how they are
motivated, whether intrinsically or extrinsically.

Interests and Values: Diverse preferences, hobbies, and beliefs that shape behavior and
decision-making.

Self-Esteem: Variations in individuals' perceptions of their own worth and abilities.

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40.Give the meaning of perception with an example

Perception is the process by which individuals interpret and organize sensory information to
produce a meaningful experience of the world. It involves the way we see, hear, smell, taste,
and feel, as well as how we process and understand these sensations.

Example:

Imagine you walk into a room and see a dog. If you love dogs, you might perceive the dog as
friendly and cute. However, if you had a bad experience with a dog in the past, you might
perceive the same dog as threatening or scary. In this case, the sensory input (seeing the dog)
is the same, but the perception varies based on your past experiences and feelings.

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41. Give the meaning of need, want and motivation.

Need: A need is a fundamental requirement or necessity that is essential for survival or well-
being. Needs can be physiological (such as food, water, shelter) or psychological (such as the
need for love, belonging, and esteem).
Want: A want is a desire or wish for something that is not essential for survival but can
enhance one's quality of life or provide satisfaction. Wants are influenced by culture, society,
and individual preferences and can vary greatly from person to person.

Motivation: Motivation is the internal drive or impetus that stimulates and directs behavior
towards achieving a goal. It is what causes individuals to act, whether to fulfill a need, satisfy
a want, or achieve a personal or professional objective. Motivation can be intrinsic (arising
from within the individual) or extrinsic (arising from external factors such as rewards or
recognition).

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42.What is group dynamics

Group dynamics refers to the behavioral and psychological processes that occur within a
social group or between social groups. It involves the ways in which individuals interact,
communicate, and influence one another within a group setting. Key aspects of group
dynamics include group formation, roles, norms, cohesiveness, conflict, decision-making, and
leadership. Understanding group dynamics is essential for effectively managing teams,
improving collaboration, and fostering a positive group environment.

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43. Give any four communication. guidelines for effective

Here are four communication guidelines for effective interactions:

Be Clear and Concise: Ensure your message is straightforward and to the point. Avoid
unnecessary jargon and complex sentences that might confuse the recipient.

Listen Actively: Pay attention to what the other person is saying without interrupting. Show
that you are engaged by nodding, summarizing their points, and asking relevant questions.
Use Appropriate Tone and Body Language: Your tone of voice and body language should
match the message you want to convey. Maintain eye contact, use open gestures, and
modulate your voice to keep the conversation positive and respectful.

Provide Constructive Feedback: When giving feedback, focus on the issue rather than the
person. Be specific about what needs improvement and offer suggestions for how to achieve
it.

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44.Who is a leader and who is a manager?

A leader and a manager have distinct roles and responsibilities, although they may overlap in
some aspects. Here are the key differences:

Leader:

Visionary: A leader focuses on the big picture and long-term goals. They inspire and motivate
others to achieve a shared vision.

Innovative: Leaders often challenge the status quo and encourage creativity and innovation.
They are open to new ideas and approaches.

Influential: Leadership involves influencing and guiding others. Leaders build strong
relationships and are often charismatic.

People-Centric: Leaders prioritize the development and well-being of their team members.
They are empathetic and supportive, fostering a positive and motivating environment.

Manager:

Operational Focus: A manager is concerned with day-to-day operations and the efficient
functioning of the organization. They ensure that tasks and projects are completed on time
and within budget.

Organized: Managers are responsible for planning, organizing, and coordinating resources,
including people, finances, and materials, to achieve specific objectives.
Directive: Management involves directing and controlling processes and activities. Managers
set goals, monitor progress, and provide guidance to their team.

Process-Centric: Managers focus on maintaining and improving processes and systems. They
are detail-oriented and ensure that standards and procedures are followed.

In summary, while leaders inspire and guide people toward a vision, managers ensure that the
organization's operations run smoothly and efficiently. Both roles are essential for the
success of an organization.

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45. What are the sources of power?

In organizational theory, sources of power can be categorized into several types:

Legitimate Power: This is power derived from a person's position or role within an
organization. It's based on the formal authority granted to them.

Reward Power: This type of power comes from the ability to provide rewards or benefits to
others. It's based on the perception that the person in power can distribute incentives or
positive outcomes.

Coercive Power: This power comes from the ability to punish or control others. It relies on the
fear of negative consequences or punishments that the person in power can impose.

Referent Power: This is power that comes from being liked, admired, or respected by others.
It's based on the personal qualities and characteristics of the person in power that others
find appealing.

Expert Power: This power is derived from a person's knowledge, skills, or expertise in a
particular area. It's based on the perception that the person in power has valuable
information or capabilities.
Informational Power: This type of power comes from controlling or having access to valuable
information. It's based on the advantage gained from possessing knowledge that others need
or want.

These sources of power can influence relationships and dynamics within organizations,
impacting how decisions are made, tasks are allocated, and goals are achieved.

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46. What are the work stressors

Work stressors can vary widely depending on the job and individual factors, but some
common ones include:

Workload: Having too much or too little work can be stressful.

Time Pressure: Tight deadlines and a lack of time to complete tasks.

Role Ambiguity: Unclear job expectations or responsibilities.

Interpersonal Conflicts: Issues with coworkers, supervisors, or clients.

Job Insecurity: Concerns about job stability or future employment.

Lack of Control: Feeling powerless or unable to influence decisions.

Work-Life Balance: Difficulty balancing work demands with personal life.

Environmental Factors: Physical conditions such as noise, lighting, or temperature.

Career Development: Concerns about advancement opportunities or skills development.

Organizational Culture: Factors like lack of support, recognition, or fairness.

These stressors can impact individuals differently and may vary in intensity depending on the
workplace environment and personal resilience.
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47. What is Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of human societies, cultures, and their development. It
explores various aspects of human life, including social structures, beliefs, behaviors, origins,
and evolution over time. Anthropologists use a range of methods, such as participant
observation, interviews, and comparative analysis, to understand the diversity of human
experiences across different cultures and societies.

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48. Give a brief note on Cognitive Component in Attitude.

In the context of attitudes, the cognitive component refers to the beliefs, thoughts, and
information one has about an attitude object. It involves evaluating the object based on
information and knowledge. This component influences how one forms opinions or
judgments about something, shaping overall attitudes through reasoning and evaluation.

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49. Define Personality

Personality can refer to the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an

individual's distinctive character. It encompasses the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves,
influencing their interactions with others and their environment. Personality traits can
include aspects such as temperament, attitudes, habits, and emotional responses, all of
which contribute to defining who a person is.

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50.Define Perception.
Perception refers to the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret sensory
information to understand and make sense of the world around them. It involves both the
physiological processes of sensing stimuli through our sensory organs (such as sight, hearing,
touch, taste, and smell) and the cognitive processes that process and interpret these sensory
inputs. Perception is influenced by various factors including past experiences, expectations,
cultural backgrounds, and emotions, shaping how individuals perceive and interpret reality.

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51. What do you mean by Job Engagement?

Job engagement refers to the emotional and intellectual involvement that employees have
towards their work and their organization. It goes beyond mere job satisfaction and involves a
deep commitment and enthusiasm for one's work tasks, leading to higher levels of
productivity, job satisfaction, and overall well-being. Employees who are highly engaged
typically show dedication, passion, and a willingness to go above and beyond in their roles.
Employers often strive to foster job engagement as it correlates strongly with organizational
success and employee retention.

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52.Define Motivation.

Motivation is the internal or external drive that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented
behaviors. It involves the desire or willingness to do something, often influenced by factors
such as personal needs, values, rewards, or goals.

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53.What is Group Dynamics

Group dynamics refers to the interactions, relationships, and processes that occur within a
group of people. It involves how individuals behave in a group setting, how they interact with
one another, their roles and norms, and how these factors influence the group's overall
behavior and performance. Understanding group dynamics is crucial in various contexts such
as workplaces, teams, social groups, and educational settings, as it affects decision-making,
productivity, cohesion, and overall effectiveness of the group.

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54.Write short note on Interpersonal Communication.

Interpersonal communication refers to the exchange of information, feelings, and meaning

between two or more people. It involves both verbal and non-verbal elements such as facial
expressions, body language, tone of voice, and gestures. Effective interpersonal
communication is essential in building relationships, resolving conflicts, and conveying
emotions accurately. It relies on active listening, empathy, clarity, and mutual understanding
to ensure messages are interpreted correctly and relationships are strengthened.

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55.Define Leadership

Leadership can be defined as the ability to inspire, influence, and guide others towards a
common goal or vision. It involves having a clear sense of purpose, effective communication
skills, the ability to make decisions, and the capacity to motivate and empower team
members or followers. Leadership also encompasses traits such as integrity, empathy, and
resilience, which are crucial in fostering trust and achieving collective success.

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56. What is Locus of Control?

Locus of Control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events that
affect them. It's a psychological concept that categorizes people based on whether they
attribute outcomes to their own actions (internal locus of control) or to external factors like
luck or fate (external locus of control).

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57.Mention any two causes of Work Stress

Work stress can arise from various factors, but two common causes include:
High Workload: When employees are consistently tasked with more work than they can
handle within regular hours, it can lead to stress. This may involve tight deadlines, too many
responsibilities, or insufficient resources.

Lack of Control: Feeling powerless or lacking autonomy over work-related decisions can
contribute significantly to stress. When employees feel they have little influence over their
work environment or tasks, it can lead to frustration and stress.

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58. What are values?

Values are principles, standards, or qualities that an individual or a group considers

worthwhile or desirable. They guide behavior, decisions, and interactions by providing a
framework for judging what is important in life. Values can include concepts like honesty,
integrity, loyalty, kindness, fairness, and many others that shape how people prioritize their
actions and beliefs.

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59. What is a team?

A team typically refers to a group of individuals working together towards a common goal or
objective. In organizational contexts, teams often collaborate on tasks, projects, or initiatives,
pooling their skills, knowledge, and efforts to achieve desired outcomes. Good teamwork
involves effective communication, coordination, and mutual support among team members.

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60. What is a conflict?

A conflict is a disagreement or clash between individuals or groups who have opposing views,
interests, or goals. It often involves differing opinions, emotions, or actions that can lead to
tension, disputes, or even hostility between the parties involved. Conflict can arise in various
contexts, such as personal relationships, workplaces, or even on a larger societal scale

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61. What are the elements of communication?

The elements of communication typically include:

Sender: The person or entity who initiates the message.

Message: The information, idea, or emotion being conveyed.

Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted (e.g., speech, writing,
gestures).

Receiver: The person or audience to whom the message is directed.

Feedback: The response or reaction from the receiver, indicating whether the message was
understood.

Context: The circumstances or situation in which the communication occurs, influencing its
interpretation.

Noise: Any interference or distortion that can affect the clarity of the message during
transmission.

These elements work together to facilitate effective communication between parties.

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62. What is negotiation

Negotiation is a process where two or more parties discuss specific terms to reach a mutually
acceptable agreement. It involves communication, compromise, and often involves finding a
middle ground that satisfies the interests of all parties involved.

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63. What is culture ?

Culture refers to the set of beliefs, behaviors, values, customs, and traditions shared by a
group of people or a society. It encompasses the way people live and interact, including their
language, religion, social habits, food preferences, art, music, and more. Culture is passed
down from generation to generation and shapes individuals' identities and worldview within a
particular community or society. It plays a crucial role in defining how people perceive
themselves and others, as well as how they interpret the world around them.

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64. What do you mean by work life balance?

Work-life balance refers to the equilibrium an individual seeks to achieve between their
professional responsibilities (work) and their personal life, including family, leisure, and
health. It involves managing time, energy, and attention in a way that allows one to meet work
obligations while also enjoying and fulfilling personal pursuits outside of work. Achieving a
good work-life balance is crucial for overall well-being and productivity.

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65. What is Eustress?

Eustress refers to positive or beneficial stress that can motivate and energize individuals.
Unlike distress, which is negative stress that can lead to anxiety and decreased performance,
eustress often results from situations perceived as challenging but within one's ability to
handle. It can enhance focus, performance, and personal growth. Examples include starting a
new job, preparing for a competition, or pursuing a challenging goal.

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66. What is the scope of organisational behaviour?

Organizational behavior (OB) encompasses a broad scope within the field of management and
psychology. Its primary focus is on understanding individual and group behavior within
organizational settings. Here are some key aspects of its scope:

Individual Behavior: Studying individual attitudes, personality, perception, motivation, and

decision-making processes.

Group Behavior: Analyzing dynamics such as team effectiveness, leadership, communication

patterns, conflict resolution, and group decision-making.

Organizational Structure: Examining how organizational design, culture, and change

management impact behavior and performance.

Human Resource Management: Addressing topics like recruitment, training, performance

management, and employee development.

Workplace Dynamics: Considering factors such as job satisfaction, organizational

commitment, stress, and work-life balance.

Ethical Behavior: Exploring ethical dilemmas and the influence of ethical practices on
organizational behavior.

Overall, organizational behavior aims to improve organizational effectiveness by applying

behavioral science principles to enhance individual and group performance, satisfaction, and
overall organizational health.

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67.Why do people behave differently

People behave differently due to a variety of factors such as personality traits, upbringing,
cultural influences, past experiences, societal norms, and situational contexts. These
elements shape individual behavior and contribute to the diversity of human actions and
responses in different situations.

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68. What are the factors contributing to political behaviour?

Political behavior can be influenced by various factors. Here are some key contributors:

Personal Factors: These include individual motivations, ambitions, values, and personality
traits of political actors.

Social Factors: The society and community in which individuals live play a significant role.
Social norms, cultural values, peer influence, and socialization processes shape political
behavior.

Economic Factors: Socioeconomic status, income levels, access to resources, and economic
conditions can influence political behavior, particularly in terms of voting patterns and policy
preferences.

Institutional Factors: Political institutions such as political parties, electoral systems,

government structures, and legal frameworks impact how individuals engage in politics and
make decisions.

Political Environment: The current political climate, issues at stake, political events, and
crises can all influence political behavior, shaping how individuals perceive and respond to
political situations.

Media and Communication: Mass media, social media, and communication channels shape
public opinion, influence political discourse, and impact political behavior by framing issues
and presenting information.

Historical and Cultural Context: Historical events, traditions, and cultural practices can shape
political behavior over time, influencing attitudes towards governance, democracy, and
participation.

Understanding these factors helps in analyzing and predicting political behavior across
different contexts and societies.

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69.What do you understand by learning?

Learning generally refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, behaviors, or attitudes
through study, experience, or instruction. It involves the ability to gain new insights,
understandings, or capabilities that can be applied in various contexts. Learning can occur
consciously or unconsciously and is essential for personal growth, adaptation to new
situations, and the development of expertise in specific domains.

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70. State the importance of motivation.

ChatGPT

Motivation is crucial in various aspects of life and work for several reasons:

Driving Force: It energizes individuals to pursue goals and take action, even in the face of
challenges.

Goal Achievement: Motivation enhances persistence and determination, crucial for achieving
personal and professional objectives.
Performance: Motivated individuals tend to perform better, contributing to higher
productivity and quality of work.

Resilience: It helps individuals bounce back from setbacks, fostering resilience in the face of
failure or obstacles.

Job Satisfaction: Motivation often correlates with job satisfaction, leading to a more fulfilling
work experience.

Team Dynamics: Motivated team members can boost morale, enhance collaboration, and
inspire others to perform better.

Overall, motivation is a key factor in personal growth, achievement, and maintaining a

positive outlook in both professional and personal contexts.

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