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Proceedings of the 2024

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31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering

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ICONE31
August 4-8, 2024, Prague, Czech Republic

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ICONE31-131270

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COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF INTELLIGENT OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE SYSTEM FOR MOBILE SMALL MODULAR REACTOR

Fangxiaozhi Yu Hao Dong

China Nuclear Power China Nuclear Power
Engineering Engineering
Beijing, China Beijing, China
ABSTRACT Multi-stack Monitoring range diameter ≤tens of
The potential applications of small modular reactors area kilometers
include supplying power to remote mining sites and centralization
communities. These application scenarios make it put forward Stationary Time of crew working at fixed
Operation type location＞several years
higher requirements for "unattended monitoring and duty" characteristics
capability. In order to achieve its operation and maintenance Mobile type Time of crew working at fixed
of units
technical requirements, compared with traditional large location≤several years
commercial pressurized water reactors, small modular reactors Lack of the talents who play a key role will
talent flow away from the unit against its
need to adopt advanced operation and maintenance Adequate
will, or lose their active role
technologies with higher intelligence level. This paper analyzes crew
Enough of There is no phenomenon of "the
the application scenario of the "intelligent operation and conditions in
talent talents who play a key role in the
maintenance system" of small modular reactors, and clarifies place
unit flowing away against the will of
the requirements of the monitoring center of small modular the unit, or losing their active role.
reactors. It lays the foundation for the "subsystem feasibility Undeveloped There are no ready-made fixed and
analysis," "subsystem requirement analysis" and "system region mobile network facilities on site
Infrastructure
overall technical scheme design" in the follow-up "scheme Highly There are ready-made fixed and
conditions
design and requirement analysis" stage. developed mobile network facilities on site
Keywords: Nuclear power system, Intelligent Operation area
and Maintenance System, Communication Requirement The typical application scenarios are classified based on
Analysis the characteristics of the application scenarios, and the targeted
monitoring communication requirements are clearly defined, as
1. ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION SCENARIO shown in Table 2:
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMR Table2 Classification of typical application scenarios and summary
1.1 Scenario analysis of monitoring communication requirements
First of all, this paper classifies typical application
Monitoring and
scenarios based on the characteristics of application scenarios, Classification Power consumption Monitoring
and defines the specific monitoring communication scene
basis object and power Communication
requirements. Requirements
The characteristics of application scenarios mainly include: "Multiple-
① Regional distribution characteristics of units, ② Operation stack area
characteristics of units, ③ Adequate crew conditions in place, discrete,"
Scene
"maneuvering, airports. NA
④Infrastructure conditions, assuming definitions as follows: 1
" "under-
Table 1 Characteristics and Classification Basis of Application developed
Scenario area"
Characteristics Features Classification basis "Discrete," - Residential users Fixed and / or
Regional Multi-reactor Monitoring range diameter > tens of Scene "Fixed," and community mobile
distribution region kilometers 2 "Underdevelo facilities in the communication
characteristics discretization ped" community (e.g. (private network)

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 school, water mode. According to different typical application scenarios, there
treatment are three kinds of monitoring and communication modes of
facility, health "Intelligent Operation and Maintenance System " as follows:
clinic); (1) fixed and / or mobile communication (private network)
- Mining
modes (scene 2, scene 3, scene 4, scene 5); 2 Mobile
operations,
employee camp communication (public network) mode (scenario 6).
facilities, etc. Therefore, in the design of remote communication, it is
- Residential users necessary to consider compatibility with different
and community communication methods such as fixed and mobile as much as
facilities in the possible, so as to provide a basis for the subsequent product
"Multiple
Heap Area
community (e.g.
Fixed and / or stack.
school, water 1.2 Communication analysis
Centralized," mobile
Scene treatment From the existing public information, the monitoring
"Fixed," communication
3 facility, health communication scheme for small reactors has only relevant
"Under (private network)
clinic);
Developed mode. functional descriptions, and there is no specific communication
- Mining
Area" requirement for specific functions, so it is intended to sort out
operations,
employee camp the requirements from the two angles of equipment adjustable /
facilities, etc. monitorable accuracy and communication requirements for
"Multiple Pile similar tasks in the aerospace field.
Area Fixed and / or (1) General Communication Needs
Centralized," Mining operations, mobile The general communication requirements are arranged as
Scene
"Fixed," employee camp communication shown in Table 3.
4
"High facilities, etc.; (private network) Table 3 Summary of General Communications Requirements
Development mode.
Area" Communication Corresponding Specific needs
- Residential users Needs task
and community - Compatibility:
facilities in the "Centralized" and
"Multiple Pile
community (e.g. "Discrete" power
Area Fixed and / or
school, water supply /
Discrete," mobile
Scene treatment management modes
"Fixed," communication
5 facility, health are supported
"High (private network)
clinic); according to
Development mode.
- Mining Matching Remote scenarios 1 to 6
Area" Communication
operations, Management and - Flexibility: Without
mode adaptation
employee camp Operation Control changing the
capability
facilities, etc. Mode of SMR communication
- Responsible for system architecture,
"Multiple the architecture
life-saving, life-
Reactor Area transformation
sustaining,
Discrete," Mobile between
Scene public health,
"Mobile," communications "monitoring center
6 safety and
"High (public network). - multi-heap" can
management of
Development be carried out.
the Department's
Area"
critical facilities.
"Multi-pile
regional
centralized,"
Scene
"mobile," NA NA
7
"high
development
area"
"Multi-stack
regional
centralized,"
Scene
"mobile," NA NA
8
"under-
developed
region"

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 Security Requirements: Security Level 3
Reliability requirements:
- Firewalls / filters, etc.
- [Advanced] Path traceability
monitoring

Deployable within QoS requirements:

The entire land area of - QoS Classification Guarantees Highest
Communications designated
the country or offshore Superiority in Communication Systems
coverage countries and
regions - Instruction (unidirectional delay)
effective delay of not less than 1 second
- Bandwidth requirements: 300 kbps
Control data
Security Requirements: Security Level 3
Reliability requirements:
- Firewalls / filters, etc.
- [Advanced] Path traceability
monitoring

QoS requirements:
- According to the communication mode,
the minimum bandwidth can be
adjusted according to the kbps
granularity
State heartbeat for - Time Delay Requirement: 1MB file no
Communication life monitoring Text data more than 4 minutes
30s
cycle abnormal state of Security Requirements: Security Level 3
communication Reliability requirements:
- Firewalls / filters, etc.
- [Advanced] Path traceability
monitoring

QoS requirements:
- Bandwidth requirements: According to
the transmission quality, the
corresponding smooth bandwidth is
- High development given
zones (Scenario 4, - 480p,720p：2Mbps
Scenario 5, - 1080p：5Mbps
Full-time safety
Scenario 6) require - 2K：6Mbps
management of
100% accessibility Video data - 4K：25Mbps
cold stack (no
Communication at all times - Transmission quality: adjustable from
disconnection due
accessibility - Underdeveloped 480p to 4K
to abnormal
areas (Scenario 1, Security Requirements: Security Level 3
communication
Scenario 2, Reliability requirements:
links)
Scenario 3) must be - Firewalls / filters, etc.
100% accessible at - [Advanced] Path traceability
all times monitoring

QoS requirements:
(2) Specific Needs - First packet delay 1 s
- 150ms delay
Communication requirements are determined by the data - Jitter 20ms
type transmitted by the communication system, as shown in - BANDWIDTH 200 KBPS
Voice class data
Security Requirements: Security Level 3
Table 4. Reliability requirements:
- Firewalls / filters, etc.
Table 4 specific communications requirements - [Advanced] Path traceability
Data type Specific needs monitoring
QoS requirements:
Sensor data - Bandwidth: 10 Mbps per node 2. Research on Domestic and International
- RTT delay required less than 2 seconds; Communication Systems

3 Copyright © 2024 by ASME

 In this paper, the communication mode, reliability and important sensors in the grid that will be explained later and
safety requirements of mobile small reactor communication controlled in real time.
system are investigated. At the same time, we investigate 2.2 Research on communication reliability
communication technologies, including terrestrial wired, In the field of energy system control, IBM implemented
terrestrial wireless, etc., and select more suitable early intelligent grid control systems by defining reliability
communication methods for different small-pile scenarios, requirements. One is high observability, that is to say, it can
providing a basis for the subsequent analysis of technologies in monitor the state in service of power network, the state of
the industry and the selection of suitable technologies. capital equipment and the customer's power consumption in
2.1 Research on Communication Patterns real time. The second is to require dynamic interaction between
In the nuclear power field, the United States NuScale energy producers and consumers, that is, to optimize
proposed to VOYGR-12 node, as well as E2 as the monitoring dispatching by using real-time information of power generation
center [1]
for the Digital programs and automation libraries to and users. The third is high availability, that is, it can
ensure that operators perform the right operations on the right automatically recover from system shocks, and alarm and
units; A tiered notification system to notify operators of adjust in advance for system instability trends. For example, the
abnormal conditions and provide alerts; Using a fully automatic US Department of Energy defines that smart grid should have
sequence, the operator can choose to vary the power, change the characteristics of system shock self-recovery, high
the power output and control the equipment on selected nodes; robustness, security and stability. The third level of the three
Integrated Emergency Procedure: Graphically informs the levels of smart grid defined by IBM is advanced analysis based
operator of the safety status of the reactor. on information integration to achieve the goal of improving
Moltex of Canada, Hitachi GE of Japan and the United reliability, reducing costs, improving benefits and efficiency.
States may adopt the same technical route. And Rolls-Royce The Transient Stability Assessment Method (TSA) for
offered NetZero, [2]
Specifically, it is similar to Smart Grid Power Systems is defined by the U.S. Department of Energy
technology, and uses power communication to achieve (DOE) in the field of energy system control. [3] Through
management and control functions. process data acquisition and data analysis, the reliability of the
In the field of energy system, industrial infrastructure such system is improved. The first is to solve the problem of
as smart grid control adopts monitoring and data acquisition determining the stability of the power grid. Power system
(SCADA) system to dynamically collect process data. It stability is divided into two categories: static stability and
consists of an interface between man and machine, a transient stability. Transient stability describes the robustness of
monitoring computer system, a remote terminal unit (RTU) power system after large disturbances, such as short-circuit
connected to sensors and a communication infrastructure. The faults, short lines and sudden load shedding of generators, etc.,
communication network may be wired or wireless. For large such as the 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada. The
area networks, SONET / SDH optical communication can be other is pattern recognition based on data itself, including
used. The downside of SCADA is that it is slow and can take artificial neural network, support vector machine, genetic
several minutes to collect data from the grid. Therefore, it algorithm and so on.
cannot be used for fast data communication, such as data from In the field of universal communication network, the
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) that measure instantaneous reliability of wide area network (WAN) is realized by two kinds
phase and frequency at different locations in the grid, which are of technologies: fault detection and disaster tolerance

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switching. Fault detection mainly depends on the report of distributed intelligence, broadband communications,
protocol design. After network fault occurs, IP network disaster monitoring and control, and automatic response, seamless
recovery technology can use network redundancy resources to connections between buildings, industrial processes, and power
automatically restore business. According to the type of fault networks can be implemented in real-time market transactions.
point, it can be divided into link protection, node protection and Sensors and control systems connect the electrical equipment in
end-to-end network protection. a building or factory to the power distribution system. Modern

2.3 Research on Communication Security State Grid will be highly integrated information technologies
and power technologies, information security will be
In the field of monile small reactor communication, the
strengthened. Rapid detection and automatic response to
University of Chicago and Purdue University proposed using
electrical equipment tripping and rapid system restoration will
quantum key distribution (QKD) to encrypt the control channel
improve the security of the grid and make the grid resilient to
of each monile small reactor. [4] , and recommended that
physical attacks from terrorist activities. It will also promote
NuScale adopt the scheme. QKD can improve the level of
the use of renewable energy sources such as wind power
safety of Qualcomm. Countries have proposed plans to build
generation, hydropower and geothermal power generation.
QKD networks to ensure secure transmission and data privacy.
Also in the field of energy systems, the U.S. Smart Grid
However, despite the promise of better safety, research on the
adopted a decoupling between SCADA / EMS and management
practical application of QKD technology in the nuclear industry
IT to increase system security. The fact that SCADA / EMS
is still limited. Due to the extremely high demand for command
systems are now interconnected and integrated with external
signal availability and limited bandwidth, the nuclear industry
systems creates new capabilities and threats for network
has different safety requirements from other industries.
security. Using the node ID to complete the identification
Therefore, we need to evaluate not whether QKD provides
creates an operating environment that implies both possible
better security, but which QKD solution is best and where to
digital entry points and digital vulnerabilities. For example, the
implement it.
use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in smart grid AMIs is
Grid2030 Energy Systems, United States Grid [5] It is
very vulnerable to attacks by smart adversaries. When
required that the energy system and information network be
refurbishing or replacing an existing SCADA / EMS system,
highly integrated to ensure system security. Specifically, it is
information and IT security issues must be considered. The
proposed to build the US power grid into a comprehensive
operational SCADA / EMS system part must be isolated from
power grid composed of a national backbone network, regional
the administrative part, thus protecting the operational part
power grids, local distribution networks and distributed micro-
from digital threats that may be connected via the Internet. If
grids. The backbone grid consists of a number of new
you're replacing your SCADA / EMS system, it's a good time to
technologies, including controllable, ultra-low-impedance
rethink your entire system architecture and then incorporate IT
superconducting cables and transformers operating in AC
security into all SCADA / EMS levels. One way to achieve this
synchronous grids, HVDC power transmission equipment to
more secure state is to separate the operational SCADA / EMS
form inter-regional interconnection, and support for real-time
system from the administrative IT system, if possible. In
operation and national power information networks. The new
addition, another possibility is to protect the firewall
power grid ensures the monitoring and control of each user and
configuration between the operational and administrative parts
each network node, and forms a two-way power flow and
2.4 Communications Technology Research
information flow from power plants to users. Through

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 2.4.1 Wired Communication Technology relatively small. Instead of using PON, using the direct mode of
In the field of general data communication, before fiber IP-over-OTN, you can consider O-band access in a range of 40
communication technologies became mature, operators mainly km, or C-band (WDM) access in a range of 100 km. Very high
used digital subscriber line (DSL) to provide personal, office or bandwidth, suitable for the aggregation of a large number of
home Internet. It uses phone lines for digital data transmission. data, can be pulled farther; But the cost is high and requires
It can support high-speed data transmission between 10Mbps deployment of Transponder etc.
and 10Gbps in DSL media, or between 155Mbps and 160Gbps 2.4.2 Wireless Communication Technology
in coaxial and fiber optics cable. Other wired communication In the field of energy systems, the National Institute of
systems besides PLCs consist of optical transmission methods Standards and Technology (NIST) has proposed wireless
and DSL communication, which provide higher data rates than technologies as an important part of physical information
PLCs. Since the power facility is connected to the control systems and smart grids to enable smart meters. A wireless
center, this infrastructure prevents additional setup costs for network consists of a layered mesh network that uses a wireless
communication media. The types of DSL technologies include LAN to interact with electrical equipment. The most suitable
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), which provides 8 Mbps data smart meter infrastructure is NAN and HAN for wireless
downlink, ADSL2 +, which has a maximum downlink speed of deployment because of their low installation cost. Internet-
24 Mbps, and Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL or VHDSL), based communication infrastructures and Data Management
which enables downlink data transmission of up to 52 Mbps Points (DMPs) can be installed wireline or wireless, where
over copper wires. communication between NAN and DMP can cover several
In the current information infrastructure, such as large data kilometers. Innovative research into the application of physical
centers, almost all use optical fiber communication to carry information systems relies on highly scalable and widespread
massive data. The main advantages of optical communication transmission communication networks that can be easily built
are its ability to transmit Gbps packets to several kilometers, using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In addition, WSNs
and its resistance to electromagnetic interference. These should provide a reliable foundation by reducing latency to
characteristics make it suitable for high voltage lines. At requirements. For NAN, OpenSG has latency requirements of
present, there are two main access systems, one is PON access, less than 1 second, making it easier than commercial broadband
the other is direct OTN access. GPON supports a variety of rate communications. Han, which is used to perform source
levels, can support upstream and downstream asymmetric rate, management and demand planning, involves smaller coverage
downlink 2.5Gbps or 1.25Gbps, uplink 1.25Gbps or 622Mbps, than nan. Han usually allows latency of less than 5 seconds,
according to the actual demand to determine the upstream and which is also very convenient compared to nan.
downstream rate, select the corresponding optical module, In the field of personal communications, the global
improve the optical device rate price ratio. However, microwave access interoperability (WiMAX) is currently used
considering the application scenario of PON, its access range is to achieve global access hotspots. WiMAX is an
only km, and it can use different shunt designs such as 1: 32 to implementation of the IEEE 802.16 standard for urban area
interconnect multiple sites. The advantage is that the cost is networks (MAN), using orthogonal frequency division multiple
relatively low, the access is stable, and it can support multi-site access (OFDMA), which is a multiuser adaptation of
access. However, the coverage area is small, how to access the conventional OFDM digital modulation schemes. The multiuser
backbone network needs to be considered, and the bandwidth is structure is obtained in OFDMA by scheduling a subset of

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multiple sub-carriers to a unique consumer, thereby allowing Table 4 Analysis of Potential Technologies for Communication
Mode
simultaneous data transmission from a large number of
Potential Operational Scope Accessibilit Data
consumers at low data rates. WiMAX subcarrier-based multi- options requiremen requiremen y transmission
ts ts requiremen requirements
user structure prevents the interference between consumer data ts
Single satisfy All: Meet All: Meet Only optical
and improves the spectral efficiency of the whole system.
mode at very at very fiber
Although WiMAX architecture is not complex compared to high cost high cost communicati
on meets,
cellular standards, it is not widely used as a wireless platform in others do not
meet
applications.
Ad Hoc Hundreds Not Not Not satisfied
In the field of general communication, the mobile mode of heap satisfied satisfied
node
communication of users is realized by the ground mobile scenarios
system. Options are 5G and LTE. This is mainly due to the fact are not
satisfied
that the 2G system is almost out of service, and the 3G service Full satisfy Meet at Meet at satisfy
cable very high very high
system is chaotic (CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, etc., mode cost cost
of which TD-SCDMA has been delisted), which is not easy to Full satisfy satisfy satisfy Not satisfied
wireless
integrate uniformly. The main technology of 5G is NR, mainly mode
(includin
using OFDM transmission scheme, single user bandwidth g
power is high, some tests show that China Mobile 5G network mobile,
etc.)
average downlink speed is about 1200 Mbps, the average Considering the limited cost and satisfying various
uplink speed is about 77 Mbps. However, the base station requirements, it is necessary to use wired and wireless
coverage is limited, only 100-300 meters, which means that communication as the technical base point of communication
using 5G networks to provide services requires a large number system.
of base station deployments and high cost. The advantage is Then, the potential solutions of communication reliability
high-speed and stable access; However, a large investment is technology are shown in Table 6.
required, and theoretically a mobile stack needs to be equipped Table 6 Analysis of Potential Technologies to Achieve
with a base station, which is not acceptable in terms of cost, so Communication Reliability
Potential Survivability Security QoS capabilities
only a few coastal mobile stations are expected to be available. options risk of relevant data
types
It can also be seen from the 5G base station distribution density No Backup low low Cannot be
in Figure 1, therefore, the use of 5G may only consider mobile Scheme satisfied during
downtime
stacks and control stations deployed in coastal, more populated 1 + N backup high high Post-handoff
scheme satisfaction
and economically developed areas. [6]
Intelligent high high satisfy
routing
3. Potential solutions analysis technology
In this paper, according to the characteristics of small Primary satisfy Higher Unable to resist
alternate route the QoS
modular reactor, the applicability and technical route of the technology unsatisfactory
problem caused
research content are preliminarily analyzed. by soft failure
Firstly, the potential program of communication mode Considering the special QoS requirements of different
types of data and the accessibility requirements of the whole
technology and its degree of satisfaction to the needs are shown communication system, it is necessary to adopt a combination
in Table 4. of 1 + N backup and intelligent routing for the reliability of the
communication system.

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 Then, the potential solutions of communication Mbps
technologies are shown in Table 5
Table 5 Analysis of potential technologies to achieve 5G Up to 100m Slightly Increased costs
communication 10 Gbps higher for better security
Private WiMax/WiFi Below 10 m low Unsatisfactory
network 1Gbps
Potential Delay Bandwidth Support Considering the rate, coverage and cost, LTE scheme is
range (QoS
options 1s magnitude Business
guarantee preferred, and 5G scheme is used as an auxiliary in high
range) development areas. Because of the poor coverage of other
Optical fiber satisfy More than Total Independent schemes, it is difficult to meet the adaptability needs of gas-
communication 10Gbps Business physical cooled micro-reactor
private
network
3.2 Summary of Overall Adaptation Analysis
Mobile satisfy 100Mbps Total High cost; According to the characteristic requirements of the gas-
communications Business Private cooled monile small reactor for the communication scheme, the
Physical Air
Interface
summarized technical route and adaptability requirements are
Network + shown in Table 16.
Private Core Table 16 Adaptability analysis of gas-cooled monile small
Network reactor
Low cost: Features Summary of alternative technology routes
Virtual and applicability analysis conclusions
Private Communication mode The integrated use of wire and wireless
Network communication as the technical route of
Because of cost, coverage and accessibility, optical fiber communication system .
communication and mobile communication can not meet the Communication QoS A hybrid communication technology route
QoS only to use a single communication mode. combining optical fiber communications,
mobile communications, low earth orbit
Then, the potential program of terrestrial wired
satellite networks and high earth orbit
communication technology and its degree of satisfaction with satellites .
demand are shown in Table 8. Communication It adopts high reliability mixed technical
Table 8 Analysis of Potential Technologies for Realizing reliability route with multi-constitution, 1 + N and
Terrestrial Wired Communications intelligent route selection.
Communication Physical layer security, data encryption and
Potential rate distance cost Safety security other full stack encryption technology route.
options Landline For the monitoring center or the large volume
Category V / 100Mbps Less low difference communication of gas-cooled micro-reactor, the optical fiber
VI twisted 1Gbps than 100 direct connection technology is preferred,
pair meters and the radio access network with lower cost
Fiber Direct 10Gbps 40km high good is selected in the high development area.
Connection 80km Terrestrial radio LTE is mainly used, and 5G is the auxiliary
(IPoverOTN) communications communication technology route of the high
Access Below Less Centered Unsatisfactory development zone.
Network 1Gbps than
(GPON) 1km 4. CONCLUSION
From the point of view of cost, the access network with In this paper, the communication mode, reliability and
low cost can be selected in the high development area, and the safety requirements of the communication system of the gas-
optical fiber direct connection technology can be selected for cooled monile small reactor are investigated. At the same time,
the monitoring center or the large volume gas cooled micro the ground wired and ground wireless communication systems
reactor. that may be used in the gas-cooled monile small reactor
Then, Potential solutions for terrestrial wireless communication system are comprehensively investigated and
communication technology and their degree of satisfaction with compared, and more suitable communication potential solutions
demand are shown in Table 9: for different gas-cooled monile small reactor scenarios are
Table 9 Analysis of Potential Technologies to Enable Terrestrial selected, and suitable technologies are compared. At present,
Wireless Communications the technical feasibility of the communication system is high,
Potential rate Distance cost Safety and it can meet the application requirements of multiple
options (Base scenarios.
Station)
LTE Up to 1km Lower Increased costs
100 for better security

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 Advanced Reactor Communications. United States: N. p. ,
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