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Solution New

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35 views11 pages

Solution New

Chem

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shuklapranjal445
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r \ | | Mo, 8090020188 DEVANSH CLASSES ; ! CHEMISTRY py SANTOSH TRIVEDI _ (Classes X, XI, XI & B.Sc.) Solutions b> 2.1 TypasofSolations 25 {deal and Non-ideal Solutions 4 2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions 26 Colligativé Properties and Determination of Molar Mass, 2.3 Solubility 24 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions, 27 “Abnormal Molar Masses* CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEDI CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEDI CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVED Number of questions —y PT ligative | imutn SA type questions were asked from i termination er flr Mass, Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions and Colligative | Prepares ond dete Propeities and Deteemiination of Molar Mass. | Maxim’ NSA type question ‘ere asked » “Maximum LA type ‘questions were asked i from ColigatveFropetes and Detrmination of. "trom Coligative Properties and Determination i Molar Mass. of Molar Mass. QUICK RECAP © Solution ; A perfectly homogeneous mixture of two or more components is called solution, © Solute: The component which is present in lesser amount or whose physical state is changed during _ the formation of solution is called solute. 50, ANAND VIHAR, NAUBASTA, RAJEEV CLASSES BARRA-7, KANPUR Head Office: CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEDI CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEDI, CHEMISTRY BY SANT \, © Solvent: Thecomponentt which is present in larger amount and deterniines the physical state of the solution is called solvent, © Dpes of solution + Depending upon the nature of solute and solvents solutions are assy voc ietecttage Mags fraction % A105 Jue Veotation(in mi) classified as follows: > Gaseous solutions : Solutions in which Strengih gasacts as solvent. (gL) Solute [Solvent | Examples Solid} Gas [Jodine vapours in] |Pétts per million] air, dust or smoke]: |(PPm) > particles in air » [Motarity, ca iv, X1000 iquid G ‘Water. vapours a) ii i ST aS fmol) ty > Vaotanon (in mL) Gas_ [1 Gas_[air i Motality, Gn)” “| jp, x¢1000 | ayer ; » lutions : Solutions in which © [ORE Yat, x, Gn g) i liquids are present in larger amount. | [hele action i a Solute | Solvent |, Examples a); Fey etm -Solid | Liquid |Salt/sugar in water ae (xy +x3= 1) Liquid | “Liquid. | Alcohol in water In case of gases only, Gas | Liquid | Aerated drinks, 0, faa a Af Bakes > Solid solutions + ‘Solutions in which °°® Solubility: Maximum amount of substance lids tin | solids are Peesetit n lasger amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of Solute [Solvent solvent at speed temperature scaled Solid | Solid: | Alloys : “solubility. Liquid] Solid [Hg in Ag, Hg in Za Factors affecting Solubility of a solid ina (Amalgam) liquid: — = > Nature of solute and solvent : Polar Gas |, Solid Soh \ jnpihadet ees _Solutes ‘dissolve: in. polar. solvents and I. non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar © Difereat ‘methods for expressin solvents, (ie, like dissolves like). concentration of solution 8 ‘>, Effect of temperature: is ~\ If, the dissolution, _ process endothermic (A,,,21> 0), the solubility increases with rise in temperature. wolf dissolution process is exothermic / Qgay®l < Oe the solubility decreases with rise in temperature, P Rffect of pressure : Pressure does not have any sigalficant effect on solubility of solids in liquids as these ‘are highly Incompressible. Hy euEMISTAV BY SANTOSH TRIV CHEMIsta Mo, 8090020188 | Le IRY BY SANTOSH TRIVED) © Fretorsatticcting solubility ofa gos ina ligitid, Nl hd pate vapour pre } Effect of pressure + Heiity’s lay states coinpoicnte {and ag Et eisures of pure that “the jpattial pressure of the gas 44) teenie ‘and 2 respectively, at the same yapour phase (p) is phoportiotial (9 . the mole fivetion of the BOs (x) in the Ballots hawt partial pressiires « solution” Prout by + y= 4, p24 a 2 , total be +x, p= Kye wher, Ky is the Henty's lay "ela ce : aby sid yd constant and is different for diferent PY aD = ph? + (py = p.%) gases ata particular temperature, % HigherthevalueotKyata given pressure, If) and y, are the mole fractions of the the lower is the solubility of the gas inthe : components I and 2respectivelyin the vapour liquid. Phase thet, 'p,'=y, Pray and p, = y, P, } Effect of temperature : As dissolution is © ‘Raouie’s 1 ; a fats moe ‘an exothermic process then according to ee, ee Le Chatelier’s principle, the solubility’ | al wid solutions + Ie’states that relative lowering in vapour Should decrease with ‘increase, of... ,, Pressure of'a solution containing a non- teniperatire. «_,Yoltile solute is equal to the mole fraction of © Revutes tow: 1estates tat fora stuton of tele ‘Volatile liquids, the partial vapour'pressure) Prey, ofeach component of the solution is directly‘ Pe ‘Proportional to its mole fraction present in: where, p® = vapour pressure of pure solvent solution. p; = px, and p;=p3 x, ; whiere p? pps fapour pressure of solution ‘x Smole fraction of solute. 4 CHEMISTRY BYSANTOSH TRIVEDI, CHEMISTRY BY SANTG t Negative deviation from 20 Rail’ law ‘Vapour pressure ‘ice > = 1 a) 0 xpel Mole fraction —> ‘Mole fraction —> xp : xB ae sNopout pres es ‘A~Binteractions = A- A | A~Binteractions > A~A and 14 B ~ B interactions Interactions B= Binteractions and B~ Bint DHpig=0AVyie=0 | BHigee ? AV tn © rhe [AB gies OAM ge <0 ie 9 ; thanol, eg acetone + aniline, , dilute solutions, eg, acetone + ell ee + toluene, acetone + CS,, 7 acetone + chloroform, mohexane+ n-heptane | water + methanol HINO, + water CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRiVED oY CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEDy fb Maximum boiling, AMHCOLEOPES they ,, © Axcotropes : The mixtures of liquids wwhiety E formed by those liquid pairs which 4, Boil at constant temperature like a pure Tiguid and possess same composition of negative deviations from idea bl components in liguid as well as. vapour id acid-water mixture, P 1 ql Nh eg. ntti hase are called constant boiling mixtures ot 4 al - Eeohipk mixtures, © Colligative properties + Properties: wh. depend only on the number of solu, } Minimum boiling azcotropes : They formed by those liquid pairs which show positive deviations from ideal behaviour ¢.g, ethanol-water mixture. Particles dissolved in @ definite amount »» the solvent and do not depend on the nat, of the solute are called colligative properties Expression Colligative properties, ‘| Relative lowering of vapour pressure: When a non-| % volatile solute i dissolved in a solvent, vapour pressure of | “r= #2 = tm the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent which is] Pi | Known as lowering of vapour pressure. Relative lowering of = XM, vapour pressure is equal to' the mole fraction of the solute 1, M,xw, | inthe solution, a (+ fordilute solutions, n, <<) | Elevation in boiling ATHT, 27, | point: The boiling point «| Aq, c mor AT, =K, me of a solution containing , a non-volatile, solute is: always higher than the — x, {12 x1000_) | ig xn) Kyxiv, x1000 boiling point of the pure Jor a4, solvent. This increase.in. we ‘AT, x1w;(in g) boiling point is termed ‘Temperate (Ky K, is called. boiling point elevation as elevation’ in boiling constant or, molal elevation constant cor ebullioscopic constant, having unit int. ‘. la ts Kkg mol", Depression in freezing aT= 1) =, point: Thefreezing point ate nor AT= Kym of a solution containing a sh, w, X1000 a non-volatile sélute aK we] is always Jess than’ the bce Bega aa ding freezing point ofthe pure or Mj =ALX™? solvent. This decrease jn AT; xin (ing) freezing point is termed K; is knowin as freeing point depresiton as depression in freezing constant ‘or muolad depression: constant —L } point, . Temperance ik) ‘or cryoscopie constant, having unit Kkg mot" ‘Osmotic pressure ; The movement of solvent molecules from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution through semipermeable membrane is termed as-osmosis, ‘The hydrostatic pressure which develops on account of osmosis is called osmotic pressure or the excess pressure that must bé applied on the solution to prevent ‘osmosis is called osmotic pressure. Ii CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRI \ Sa CHEMISTRY BY sanTOSH TRIVEDI ‘Two soliitions having same osniotle presstie ata given temperdture are called isotonie solutions, } If one solution is of lower osmotic pressure, it js. called lypotonic with * respect to the more concentrated solution. The more concentrated solution issaid tobe hyperteniewith respect tothe dilute solution, > Ifa pressure higher. than .the osmotic Pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will low from the solution into the, pure solvent through the semipermieable membrane and the’ process is called reverse osmosis. It is wed in désalination of sea water. Abnormal molecular, mass’: When the molecular mass of asubstance determined * byany ofthe colligative properties comes out to be different than the expected value, the ‘substances said to show abnormal molecular mass. | pe : > Abnormal “molecular masses’ are ‘observed when the solution is non-ideal (not'“dilute) “or sth’ solute "undergoes jation or dissociation.’ ‘yan't Hoff Factor’ Its défined as the ratio. of the experimental value of thecolligative property to the calculated value of the colligatlve property. Observed value of the colligative property Calculated value of the colligative property Observed molecular mass (Total number of moles of particles after ‘association / dissociation) after association / dissociation) “(Total number of moles of particles before association / dissociation) > Ifi> 1, solute undergoes dissociation in "the solution and if f< 1; solute undergoes association in the solition. is } Fot substances undergoing association or dissociation in the solution, the various expressioné for the colligative properties ._ ate modified as follows: ig; AT, = Kym 4 CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEDI 22 Expressing Concentration of Solutions PUR 1. Define the following term : Molality (m) (1/2, Delhi 2017, 1/5 At 2014¢) 2, Define the following term: Molarity (M), (1/2, Delhi 2017, 1/5 AI2014) 3. Define the following term". ‘Mole fraction (U5 AI 2014 C, 1/2, Delhi 2012, Al 2012) 4. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (1v/19) solution of H,SO, if the density “of the solution is 1.02 g ml-1, (Molar mass of H,S0, = 98 g mol) (215; Foreign 2014) 5. Differentiate between molarity and molality ofa solution. How can we change molality value of a'solution into molarity value? (Delhi 20140) 6. A solution of glucose (CH,;0,) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the miolality of the solution? (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol”) (2/5, AI 2013) 7. Differentiate between molarity and molality inasolution. Whatis the effect of temperature change on molarity and molality in a solution? (2/5, Delhi 2011, 2/5, AI 2011) 8. Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. Explain how molarity value of solution can be converted into its molality? (Foreign 2011) GUN (smarky % A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 § mol”) in water fs labelled as 10% (by mass), What would be the molality and molarity of the solution? (Density of solution =12gml-}) (3/5, AI 2014) ——___$—___— CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRivEDy © 2.3 Solubility ER (1 mark) _ 10, Why aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm pete ha Hi ie le et "the two gases will have the higher value of \ Ky (Henry's constant) and sor ‘fting 12, Explain the followi Henry's law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid, (0/5, AI 2012) 13.. Siate the following : Henry's law about partial pressure of a gas in ‘amixture. # (U5, Delhi, AI2011) pinatisy 14. State Henrys law. Why is air diluted with helium in the tanks used by scuba divers? REI Bibi (215, 2020) 15, «State Heniry’s law. Calculate the solubility of CO, in water at,298 K under, 760 mm Hg. (Ky for CO, in water at 298 K is 1,25 x 106 mi Hg) (2020) 16," Glve reasons for the following. (2), Aquatic-species are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. (b) At higher altitudes people suffer from anoxia resulting in inability to think. (A12019) 17, State Henry's law and mention two of its important applications, (215, Al 2013C, 20120) 18, Explain why. aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water, ‘(Delhi 2012C) HEN) (3 marks) 19, ‘The partial pressure of ethane over asaturated solution containing 6.56 x 10? g of ethane is 1 bar, Ifthe solution contains 5.0 x 107 g af ethane, then what will be the partial Pressure of the gast (Delhi 2013C, AI20120) CHEMISTRY BY SANTOSH TRIVEO! \, / A cxemistay vy san rost tn1veD| 20. TEN, gas is bubbled thtotigh Water at 293 K how many millatoles OF NY eae vould Aissolve in 1 litre of water? Asstine that Ny ‘exerts partial peste of 0.987 bat, Giver that Hewty’s law constatit for N, at 293 K ig 76.8 kbar, (At 20120) 24 Vapour’ Pressure of Liquid Solutions FOS mang 21, Tdentify which ligaid will have a higher ‘Yapour pressure at 90°C ifthe beiling points of two liquids A and B'are 140°C and 180°C, respectively, (One word, 2020) 22. Define Raoult’s law. (1/5 At 20140) 25: State the following 2-9)

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