Benha University

Benha Faculty of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

Report Title
Oscilloscope

Score:

Students' names:
Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
Ahmed Magdy Abdelaziz
Ahmed salah Mohamed
Ahmed Ashraf Awadallah

Course Coordinator
Dr. zinab Afifi
Introduction to Oscilloscopes
An oscilloscope is an essential tool in electronics and electrical engineering
used to visualize and analyze electrical signals. It's invaluable for
troubleshooting circuits, designing new ones, and ensuring signal integrity.
Let's delve deeper into the two main types of oscilloscopes: analog and
digital.
Analog Oscilloscope

analog oscilloscope
➢ How it Works: It converts electrical signals into visual representations
on a screen using a cathode-ray tube (CRT). Electrons emitted from the
cathode are accelerated towards the screen and manipulated by
electric and magnetic fields to trace the waveform.
➢ Key Features:
• Direct viewing: Provides a real-time display of the waveform.
• High bandwidth: Can handle high-frequency signals.
• Fast response: Reacts quickly to changes in the signal.
➢ Drawbacks:
• Size and weight: Large and heavy due to the CRT.
• Power consumption: Requires significant power.
• Limited lifespan: The CRT has a finite lifespan.
• Sensitivity to external influences: Susceptible to magnetic and
electric fields.
➢ Applications:
 • Measuring high-frequency signals.
• Analyzing complex waveforms.
• Troubleshooting electronic circuits.
Digital Oscilloscope

digital oscilloscope
➢ How it Works: It converts the analog signal into a digital signal using an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The digital signal is then processed
and displayed on a digital screen.
➢ Key Features:
• High accuracy: Offers high measurement accuracy due to digital
conversion.
• Advanced features: Provides many advanced features like data
storage, spectrum analysis, and automated measurements.
• User-friendly: Has a user-friendly interface with many options for
customization and analysis.
• Compact size: Smaller and lighter than analog oscilloscopes.
• Versatility: Can be programmed to perform specific tasks.
➢ Drawbacks:
• Limited bandwidth: May have a limited bandwidth compared to
high-end analog scopes.
• Display latency: There might be a slight delay in displaying the
waveform due to the digital conversion process.
➢ Applications:
• Measuring both digital and analog signals.
• Analyzing complex waveforms.
• Troubleshooting electronic circuits.
• Software development.
• Scientific research.
➢ Comparison Table
Choosing the Right Oscilloscope
The best oscilloscope for you depends on your specific application. If you
need high accuracy and advanced features, a digital oscilloscope is the best
choice. For high-frequency signals and direct waveform viewing, an analog
oscilloscope might be more suitable.
Key Terms and Functions
• Probe: Connects the oscilloscope to the circuit being measured.
• Time-based: Determines the time period displayed on the screen.
• Voltage scale: Determines the maximum voltage that can be displayed.
• Trigger: Sets the level at which the waveform starts displaying.
Tips for Using an Oscilloscope
• Read the user manual: Familiarize yourself with all features and
functions.
• Start with simple settings: Begin with basic settings and gradually
adjust them for optimal results.
• Use the correct probe: Ensure you're using the appropriate probe for
the signal type.
• Handle with care: Oscilloscopes are sensitive instruments, so handle
them gently.
Calculating Frequency (f)
Frequency is the number of cycles an electrical signal completes in one
second, measured in Hertz (Hz). The frequency can be calculated using the
formula:
F=1/T.
Where:
• F is the frequency in Hertz (Hz).
 • T is the period of the signal in seconds (the time taken for one complete
cycle).
To calculate the frequency from the oscilloscope:
• Measure the time period (T) by calculating the distance between two
consecutive peaks or troughs of the signal on the screen.
• Then, use the above formula to find the frequency.
Calculating Peak-to-Peak Voltage (Vp-p)
Peak-to-peak voltage (Vp-p) is the voltage difference between the highest and
lowest points of the waveform. To measure Vp-p on the oscilloscope:
• Adjust the vertical scale to properly display the waveform on the screen.
• Measure the vertical distance between the highest peak and the lowest
trough.
• Multiply this distance by the vertical scale factor to calculate the peak-
to-peak voltage.
image showing how to calculate Peak-to-Peak Voltage (Vp-p) and
frequency
Ratio for Pattern in X-Y Mode
In X-Y mode, the oscilloscope displays the waveform on both the X and Y axes,
instead of displaying it over time. This mode is typically used to study the
relationship between two signals.
To calculate the ratio in X-Y mode:
• For dual-frequency signals on the X and Y axes, measure the
frequency of each signal and calculate the ratio between them.
• For amplitude ratio: Measure the peak values of the signals on both
axes (X and Y) and calculate the ratio between the two values

➢ Some types of patterns when

using x-y mode The ratio between
f(x) and f(y) and angle.