IVDC HARDWARE PS
SOLUTIONS
NAME: BHAVY RANKA
ROLL NO: 240003018
BRANCH: MECHANICAL
MICROCONTROLLER AND
SENSORS
Q1
The Arduino Uno is a open source microcontroller
based on the microchip ATmega328P microcontroller.
The microcontroller board is equipped with digital and
analog input/output pins. The board has 14 digital I/O
pins and 6 analog pins and, is programmable with
Arduino IDE via a USB cable. The versatility of the
pinout provides many different options such as driving
motors, LEDs, reading censors etc. It also has a ICSP
header.
POWER SUPPLY IN ARDUINO UNO PINOUT
1.) USB CABLE- Today, there are several USB connector types, each of
which is further classified according to its power specifications.
The most commonly use types of USB are USB-A type, USB-B type,
USB-C type, USB-mini-B, USB-micro-B.
The USB cable in Arduino uno when connected to computer provides 5
volts at 500mA.
2.) BARREL JACK CONNECTOR- Some Arduino boards have an onboard
barrel jack connector that is used to connect external power
supplies.
3.) GND (GROUND IN ARDUINO) - In the Arduino Uno pinout, you can find
5 GND pins, which are all interconnected. The GND pins are used to
close the electrical circuit and provide a common logic reference level
throughout your circuit. Always make sure that all GNDs (of the
Arduino, peripherals and components) are connected to one another
and have a common ground.
4.) RESET - Resets the Arduino.
5.) HC-SR04 : Ultra sonic sensor
Q2
SENSOR
A sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects events or
changes in its environment and sends the information to other electronics,
frequently a computer processor.
Few types of the sensors are:
1 ENGINE AND POWERSTRAIN SENSOR:
Includes pressure sensor, air flow sensor
2 SAFETY AND DRIVER ASSISTANCE SENSOR
Includes camera sensor, radar sensor
3 COMFORT AND CONVINEINCE SENSOR
Includes climate sensor, seat occupancy sensor
4 ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE SENSOR
Includes battery management, voltage and current sensor
5. ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS) AND
AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SENSORS
Includes GPS sensor, infrared sensor
Q4
The PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control algorithm is a widely
used feedback control mechanism that aims to maintain a desired output
in various systems by adjusting inputs based on three components:
Proportional, Integral, and Derivative.
Example: Level control in water tank
Assume maximum limit to be 50cm.
When Each Component Comes into Play
Proportional (P):
o Provides an immediate response to the current error.
o Important for quick adjustments when the water level is
significantly off from the setpoint.
Integral (I):
o Eliminates steady-state errors that persist over time.
o Useful in ensuring that the tank reaches the desired level,
especially if there are small, consistent offsets.
Derivative (D):
o Anticipates future behaviour based on the rate of error
change.
o Reduces overshoot and stabilizes the system response when
the water level is approaching the setpoint rapidly.
MOTOR AND MOTOR CONTROLLER
Q1
1. DC Motors
PARTS OF DC MOTOR
1. Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor and contains
magnets.
2. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor and has windings.
3. Current: When a direct current flows through the windings, it
creates a magnetic field.
4. Interaction: The interaction between the magnetic field of the
stator and the magnetic field created by the current in the rotor
causes the rotor to rotate.
Types of DC Motors:
Brushed DC Motors: These motors have brushes that conduct
electricity to the rotor windings.
Brushless DC Motors: These motors use electronic commutation
instead of brushes to control the current flow to the windings.
Applications:
DC motors are used in a wide range of applications, including:
Toys and appliances: Fans, blenders, drills, and remote-controlled
vehicles
Automotive: Window motors, seat motors, and power steering
Industrial machinery: Conveyor belts, pumps, and compressors
Robotics: To control the movement of joints and limbs
Advantages of DC Motors:
Wide range of sizes and power outputs: DC motors can be very
small or very large, making them suitable for various applications.
Easy to control: The speed and direction of a DC motor can be
easily controlled by adjusting the current flowing through it.
High efficiency: DC motors are generally efficient at converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Disadvantages of DC Motors:
Maintenance: Brushed DC motors require regular maintenance to
replace worn brushes.
Noise: Brushed DC motors can be noisy due to the friction between
the brushes and commutator.
2. AC Motors
PARTS OF AC MOTOR
1. Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor and contains
windings that carry alternating current.
2. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor and is typically
made of conductive material (often aluminium or copper).
3. Magnetic Field: When AC flows through the stator windings, it
creates a rotating magnetic field.
4. Induction: The rotating magnetic field induces a current in the
rotor.
5. Torque: The interaction between the induced current in the rotor
and the stator's magnetic field produces a torque, causing the rotor
to rotate.
Types of AC Motors: Induction Motors: These are the most common
type of AC motor and operate on the principle of electromagnetic
induction. Synchronous Motors: Synchronous motors have a rotor that
rotates at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field. They are often
used in applications where precise speed control is required.
Applications:
AC motors are used in a wide range of applications, including:
Industrial machinery: Pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors, and
elevators
Household appliances: Washing machines, refrigerators, air
conditioners
Electric vehicles: Traction motors
Power generation: Wind turbines
Advantages of AC Motors:
Simple construction: AC motors have a simple design and require
minimal maintenance.
Reliable: They are known for their reliability and long service life.
Efficient: AC motors are generally efficient at converting electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
Wide range of sizes and power ratings: They are available in
various sizes and power ratings to suit different applications.
Disadvantages of AC Motors:
Speed control: Controlling the speed of an AC motor can be more
complex than controlling DC motors.
Starting torque: Some types of AC motors, such as induction
motors, have a relatively low starting torque.
3. Stepper Motors
Stepper motors are a type of electric motor that move in precise, step-by-
step increments. They are commonly used in applications where accurate
positioning and control are required.
How do they work?
1. Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor and contains
multiple poles.
2. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor and has teeth or
notches.
3. Current: When a current is applied to a specific sequence of stator
poles, the rotor rotates a fixed angle.
Types of Steppers Motors:
Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors: These motors have
permanent magnets on the rotor.
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors: These motors have no
magnets on the rotor and rely on magnetic reluctance to produce
torque.
Hybrid Stepper Motors: These motors combine the features of
permanent magnet and variable reluctance stepper motors.
Applications:
Stepper motors are used in a wide range of applications, including:
3D printers: To control the movement of the print head.
CNC machines: To control the movement of the cutting tool.
Robotics: To control the movement of joints and limbs.
Automation: To control the positioning of mechanical components.
Advantages of Stepper Motors:
High accuracy and precision: Stepper motors can provide precise
control over position and movement.
No need for sensors: They can be used in open-loop control
systems without the need for position feedback sensors.
Holding torque: Stepper motors can hold their position without
external power.
Disadvantages of Stepper Motors:
Lower torque: Compared to DC or AC motors, stepper motors
generally have lower torque.
Noise: Stepper motors can be noisy, especially at higher speeds.
Resonance: Stepper motors can experience resonance at certain
speeds, which can cause vibrations and noise.
Q2
VESC:
The VESC (Vedder Electronic Speed Controller) is an open-source
electronic speed controller designed for brushless DC (BLDC) motors. It
stands out for its programmability, advanced control techniques, and real-
time monitoring, making it ideal for high-performance applications like
robotics and electric vehicles.
Differences from Standard Motor Controllers
1. Programmability: Highly configurable via software for motor
parameters.
2. Field Oriented Control (FOC): Offers smoother, more efficient motor
control.
3. Real-time Monitoring: Provides telemetry and data logging for
performance tracking.
4. Open Source: Continuous community-driven development and
support.
Key Features for High-Performance Applications
1. FOC: Enables smooth operation, especially at low speeds.
2. High Current Handling: Supports powerful motors.
3. Temperature Monitoring: Prevents overheating.
4. Regenerative Braking: Recaptures energy during braking.
5. Multiple Communication Protocols: Easy integration with
microcontrollers.
Reference for photos and text:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino_Uno
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