GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING o Subdivisions, highways, railroads,

canal, piers, wharves, dams,
SURVEYING irrigation and drainage networks, etc.
o Industrial equipment, set machinery,
- It is the art of determining the positions on or hold tolerances in ships and
near the earth’s surface by means of airplanes, forestry and geological
measurements in the three elements of maps, etc.
space; namely distance, direction, and
elevation. (Rayner and Schmidt) CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS
- It is the art of measuring horizontal and
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
vertical distances between objects, of ▪ The Earth is considered ▪ Takes into account the
measuring angles between lines, of to be a flat surface spheroidal shape of
determining the direction of lines, and of Earth
▪ The curvature of the ▪ The curvature of the
establishing points by predetermined angular Earth is not taken into Earth is taken into
and linear measurements. (Davis, Foote, consideration consideration
Anderson and Mikhail) ▪ Suitable for small are ▪ Suitable for large area
surveying
- It is the art of making such measurements of ▪ Survey accuracy is low ▪ Survey accuracy is high
the relative positions of points on the surface ▪ Economic and easy ▪ Special instrument
of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, survey method needed and long survey
method
natural and artificial features may be
exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical
relationship. (Clarke) TYPES OF SURVEYS
- It is that branch of applied mathematics
which teaches the art of determining the area CADASTRAL SURVEY
of any portion of the earth’s surface, the These are closed surveys in urban and rural
length and directions of the boundary lines, locations to determine and define property lines and
the contour of the surfaces, and of accurately boundaries, corners, and areas.
delineating the whole paper (Webster)
- It is the science or art of making such
measurements as are necessary to
determine the relative position of points
above, on, or beneath the surface of the
earth, or to establish such point. (Breed,
Hosmer, and Bone)
- It is the art and science of determining
angular and linear measurements to
establish the form, extent, and relative CITY SURVEY
position of points, lines, and areas on or near These are surveys of the areas in and near a city for
the surface of the earth or on other the purpose of planning expansions or
extraterrestrial bodies through applied improvements, locating property lines, fixing
mathematics and the use of specialized reference monuments, determining the physical
equipment and techniques. (La Putt) features and configuration of the land, and preparing
maps.
SURVEYING: IMPORTANCE

• Necessary for determining property

boundaries and divide sections of land into
smaller pieces.
• Necessary for planning and laying out of
projects.
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
These are undertaken at construction site to provide
data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions,
ground configuration, and the location and elevation
of structures which are of concern to engineers,
architects, and builders.

MINE SURVEY
These determines the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structures, to fix
surface boundaries of mining claims, determine
geological formations, to calculate excavated
volumes, and establish lines and grades for other
related mining work.
FORESTRY SURVEY
These are surveys in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the production
and conservation of forest lands.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY
These survey uses photographs taken with specially
designed cameras either from airplanes or ground
stations.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
These are surveys made to map shore lines, chart
the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and
measure the flow of streams.

ROUTE SURVEY
These involves the determination of alignment,
grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and
artificial objects in connection with the planning,
design, and construction of highways, railroads,
INDUSTRIAL SURVEY pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other
linear projects.
These are the use of surveying techniques in ship
building, construction and assembly of aircraft, lay-
out and installation of heavy and complex
machinery, and in other industries requiring very
accurate dimension layouts.
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY TAPE THERMOMETER

These surveys determine the shape of the ground, o Attached to the tape for the purpose of
the location and elevation of natural and artificial determining the temperature during actual
features upon it. taping

SPRING SCALE
o Used at the end of a tape for reading the pull
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS applied to the tape during measurement

STEEL TAPE
o Also called the engineer’s or surveyor’s tape
o Graduated in feet or meters together with
decimals parts and lengths may vary from 15
to 100 m.

TAPE CLAMPING HANDLE

o Used to apply tension by a strong grip using
a scissor-type action on any part of a steel
tape
o Device to provide a tapeman’s hands from
RANGE POLES injury when handling steel tapes with sharp
o Used as guides or markers when sighting edges
points, and for lining up tapemen in order to
keep them going along the correct direction.

PLUMB BOB
o Used to project a point on the tape down to
CHAINING PINS the ground, or to project a point on the
ground up to the tape.
o Used for marking the ends of tapes or
intermediate points during tapping.
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

TAPE LEATHER THONGS WYE LEVEL

o Attached to the forward end of a steel tape to o Its telescope tube is supported by two Y-
allow the tapeman a better hold on the tape shaped uprights fixed to a horizontal bar and
during measurement. in turn attached to the vertical spindle about
which the instrument rotates.

WOODEN HUB/PEG
o Used in surveying to establish points on the
ground
o Driven to the ground and used in staking out
lines or grades

AUTOMATIC LEVEL
o Incorporated with self-levelling features
o Very useful under conditions of unstable
ground and wind, and where speed in
BRUNTON POCKET COMPASS levelling work is an important consideration

o Combines the main features of a sighting

compass, a prismatic compass, a hand level,
and a clinometer
o An accurate and convenient device for
topographic and preliminary surveys of all
kinds. LEVELLING RODS
o Used in conjunction with an instrument such
as a transit or a level to determine distances
or differences in elevation
o Can be self-reading or target rods.
o Philadelphia Rod is the most commonly used
type of rod wherein it is a combination self-
reading and target rod and consists of two
DUMPY LEVEL sliding sections so that it can be extended to
a length about twice the length of one section
o Most widely used direct levelling instrument
o Name originated from the fact that formerly
this instrument was usually equipped with an
inverting eyepiece and was shorter than
other levels of the same magnifying power.
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

ENGINEER’S TRANSIT
o Essentially a telescope and two large
protractors, one mounted in a vertical plane
and the other in a horizontal plane, fixed to
measure the angle of rotation of the
telescope about the horizontal and vertical SUBTENSE BAR
axes, respectively.
o Device used for determining distances
indirectly
o Consists of a bar made from an alloy having
a low coefficient of expansion

THEODOLITE
SEXTANT
o Precision instrument for measuring angles
o An angle measuring instrument, held in the
o Two general classes of theodolites:
hand of the user.
repeating theodolites and direction
o Functions by the physical principle that a light
theodolites
ray striking a plane mirror causes the angles
of incidence and reflection to be equal

PLANE TABLE GEODETIC TOTAL STATION

o Composed of a drawing board mounted on a o Consists of an electronic distance measuring
tripod so that it can be set up in the field and instrument, an electronic digital theodolite,
levelled and a microcomputer
o Used in field compilation of maps o Has the capability to simultaneously
measure distance, as well as direction, and
transmit the results automatically to a
microcomputer

ALIDADE
o Combination of a straight edge and a
sighting device
o Can be used to plot angles graphically,
determine horizontal, vertical, and inclined
distances by stadia method
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

REFLECTOR AND TARGETS COMPUTER

o Device used with an EDM instrument when a o Person whose duty is to perform all
continuous beam of light needs to be computations of survey data and works out
transmitted during the measurement of necessary computational checks required in
distances. a field work operation
RECORDER
o Person whose duty is to keep a record of all
sketches, drawings, measurements and
observation taken or needed for a field work
operation
HEAD TAPEMAN
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
o Person responsible for accuracy and speed
CHIEF OF PARTY of all linear measurements with tape.
o Determines and directs the marking stations
o Responsible for the overall direction, to occupied by instruments and directs
supervision and operational control of the clearing of obstruction along the line of sight.
survey party. o Responsible for eliminating or reducing
o Responsible for submitting survey reports possible errors and mistakes in taping.
and records, and sees to it that these are
complete, accurate and adheres to REAR TAPEMAN
prescribed technical standards and o Person whose duty is to assist the head
specifications. tapeman during taping operations and in
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF PARTY other related work.

o Assists the chief of party in the FLAGMAN

accomplishment of the task assigned to the o Person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or
survey party. range pole at selected points as directed by
o Responsible for employment of surveying the instrumentman.
equipment, instruments and accessories o Responsible for setting up reflectors or
used in the survey operation. targets where electronic distance measuring
o Prepares field and office report and survey instruements are used.
plans for submission to chief of party
RODMAN
INSTRUMENTMAN
o Person who holds the stadia or levelling rod
o Person whose duty is to set up, level, and when sights are to be taken on it.
operate surveying instruments.
o Sees to it that instruments to be used are in AXEMAN/LINEMAN
good working condition and in proper
o Person whose duty is to clear the line of sight
adjustment.
o Responsible also for the safety and security
TECHNICIAN of members of the survey party at the survey
site.
o Person responsible for use and operation of
all electronic instruments required in a field AIDMAN
work operation.
o Person whose duty is to render first aid
o Has a duty to see to it that the equipment are
treatment to members of the survey party
functioning properly, are regularly calibrated,
who are involved in accidents involving their
and are in proper adjustment.
health, safety, and well being.
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

UTILITYMAN INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS

o Person whose duties are to render other 1. Title of the Field Work or Name of Project
forms of assistance needed by the survey 2. Time of Day ad Date
party or as directed by the chief of party. 3. Weather Conditions
4. Names of Group Members and their
Designations
SURVEYING FIELD NOTES 5. List of Equipment
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
DIRECT MEASUREMENT INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
▪ Comparison of ▪ Made when it is not
measured quantity with possible to apply a
a standard measuring measuring instrument
unit (makes use of directly to a quantity
instruments to measure
the quantity
 Linear, Area, and Volume Measurements
 Angular Measurements
 Radians – SI unit for plane angles (the
angle subtended by an arc of a circle
having a length equal to the radius of a
circle).
 Sexagesimal Units – the degree, minute,
second
 Centesimal Units – use grads (360 =
400 grads) – the grad is divided into 100
centesimal minutes and the minute is
divided into 100 centesimal seconds.
ERROR VS MISTAKE
ERROR MISTAKE
▪ Difference between the ▪ Difference from a true
true value and the value caused by the
measured value of inattention of the
quantity surveyor.
▪ Can be caused ▪ Inaccuracies in
imperfection of a measurements which
person’s senses, by the occur because some
imperfection of the aspect of a surveying
equipment, or by the operation is performed
weather effects. by the surveyor with
carelessness, poor
judgment, and improper
execution.

TYPES OF ERRORS
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
▪ This type of error is one ▪ These errors are purely
TYPES OF NOTES
which will always have accidental in character.
the same sign and The occurrence of such
1. Sketches magnitude as long as errors are matters of
2. Tabulations field conditions remain chance as they are likely
3. Explanatory Notes constant and to be positive o
unchanged negative, and may tend
4. Computations in part to compensate or
5. Combination of the above average out according
to laws of probability.
 GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.

SOURCES OF ERRORS ∑(𝑀𝑃𝑉−𝑥)2 𝐸

𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745√ = ±0.6745
• Instrumental Errors – due to imperfections 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) √𝑛
of the instrument used.
• Natural Errors – caused by variations in the RELATIVE PRECISION
phenomena of nature
Ratio of the precision of a given measurement and
• Personal Errors – arise from the limitations the value of the measurement itself
of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of
the human observer which are likely to be 𝑃𝐸𝑚
𝑅𝐸 =
erroneous or inaccurate. 𝑀𝑃𝑉
PRECISION VS ACCURACY ERROR OF A SUM

PRECISION ACCURACY
▪ Refers to the degree of ▪ Denotes the absolute
refinement or nearness of observed
consistency of a group quantities to their true 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑛
of observations and is values.
evaluated on the basis
of discrepancy size 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ±√(𝐸1 )2 + (𝐸2 )2 + (𝐸3 )2 + ⋯ + (𝐸𝑛 )2

ERROR OF A PRODUCT

MOST PROBABLE VALUE

• It refers to a quantity which, based on

available data, has more chance of being
correct than has any other
𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ±√(𝐴 × 𝐸𝐵 )2 + (𝐵 × 𝐸𝐴 )2
𝑀𝑃𝑉 = 𝑋̅ =
𝑛
STANDARD ERROR
WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS
Estimates the likely accuracy of a number based on
the sample • The weight is DIRECTLY proportional to the
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS OR
∑(𝑀𝑃𝑉−𝑥)2 ∑ 𝑣2 MEASUREMENTS
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸 = ±√ = ±√
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
• The weight is INVERSELY proportional to
𝑣 = 𝑀𝑃𝑉 − 𝑥 the SQUARE OF PROBABLE ERRORS
• The weight is INVERSELY proportional to
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN the DISTANCE
• The weight is INVERSELY proportional to
Indicates the size of the likely discrepancy compared
the NUMBER OF SET-UPS
to that of the largest population
• The correction (C) is inversely proportional to
∑(𝑀𝑃𝑉 − 𝑥)2 ∑ 𝑣2 the weight (W)
𝐸
𝐸𝑚 = ±√ = ±√ =± %𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟.
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) √𝑛 𝐶= ×𝐸
∑ %𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟.
PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN

Probability of true error being less or greater than the

probable error is 50%
GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.
GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.
GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.
GeoE409 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | Geron, JB.