WOODY FLORA OF JHAJJAR WATERSHED, DISTRICT

REASI, J&K, INDIA

A THESIS
Presented to RIMT University
in Partial Fullfilment if the Requirement for the
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Nitan Kumar Katoch

Reg. No.-19-PhD-9704

Supervisor
Dr. Brij Bala

The School of Basic and Applied Sciences

RIMT UNIVERSITY, MANDI GOBINDGARH, PUNJAB
2024
DEDICATED
TO
MY PARENTS
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify this thesis “Woody Flora Of Jhajjar Watershed, District Reasi, J&K,
India” embodies the work carried out by Mr. Nitan Kumar Katoch himself under my
supervision that is worthy of consideration for the award of the PhD degree.

Dated:- 13.12.2024
Dr. Brij Bala
 DECLARATION

I hereby affirm that thesis is a presentation of my own original research. The matter
included in the thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree. The
information gleaned from other people's study is clearly highlighted, with relevant
references to the literature. Every contribution has been acknowledged.

Dated:- 13.12.2024 Nitan Kumar Katoch

Countersigned

Dated:- 13.12.2024 Dr. Brij Bala

 DECLARATION

I hereby affirm that thesis is a presentation of my own original research there are no
collaborators. It includes work for which PhD degree has been awarded to me by the
RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab.

Dated:- 13.12.2024 Nitan Kumar Katoch

Countersigned

Dated:- 13.12.2024 Dr. Brij Bala

Title of the thesis: Woody Flora of Jhajjar Watershed, district reasi, J&K, India.
Name of the Candidate: Nitan Kumar Katoch
Registration No- 19-PhD-9704
Subject: Botany
Name of Designation of Supervisor: Dr. Brij Bala
Degree to be awarded: PhD (Botany)
Year of Award: 2024
Name of University: RIMT UNIVERSITY
ABSTRACT
The study focused on cataloging and investigating the woody flora of the Jhajjar watershed
in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, an area previously under-researched in terms
of forest ecology and woody plant diversity. The research aimed to: 1. Identify and
document woody plant species in the watershed. 2. Determine their ecological and
economic significance. 3. Provide updated nomenclature and categorize their uses.The
study divided the area into five altitudinal zones (700-1700 meters above sea level). A total
of 80 woody species were recorded, with 56% being shrubs and 44% trees. The plants
were used in 36 different ways, primarily for medicinal, edible, and timber purposes, with
various preparations (e.g., powders, decoctions, extracts). Parts commonly used included
bark, leaves, and roots. The key findings of this study are as fallows; i) 39 species were
exclusively medicinal, 8 species were both medicinal and edible, and 5 species were used
for medicine and timber. ii) The study found that the watershed is rich in species diversity,
with 63 genera and 36 families, dominated by Moraceae, Rosaceae and the genus Ficus.
iii) The distribution pattern of species was mostly random, indicating varying availability
across the watershed, iv) People’s in the region rely on these plants for medicinal, timber,
fodder, and fuel needs, highlighting the importance of sustainable plant use.
Recommendations included further ethno-botanical studies in nearby areas, sustainable
utilization of the plants, and assessing the populations of rare species to guide conservation
efforts.
Key words: Plant diversity, woody flora, distribution, ethno-botanical uses,
documentation and inventerizations.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of Candidate

Dated:- 13.12.2024
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………. …….. i-ii

List of Tables……………………….……………………….……………………. .iii
List of Figures……………………………….……………………….….................vi
List of Plates……………………………………………………. …,,,,,….…..........v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION……………………………….……….....……………...1-5
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………….. …………..…...............6-11
CHAPTER III
MATERIAL AND METHODS …………… …..………..…...….......12-16
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS………………………………………………………..…….16-135
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION…………...……… ………… ………….................. 136-140
CONCLUSION ………………………………….…………………...141-144
SUMMARY…………………………………………………………..142-145
REFERENCES…….,………………..… ……………………….......145-155
 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENTS


Vakratuda Mahakaya Suryakoti Samaprabha Nirvighnam Kurkume
Deva Subh Karyeshu Sarvada
My prayers and gratitude to the God Almighty whose unseen support and blessings
have brought me to the threshold of writing the concluding part of my thesis. From the
core of my heart, I thank the Eternal force of God that kept me going through all odds
and upheavals during my research study.
Words alone would fail to convey my adequate gratitude to my supervisor Dr.
Brij Bala for her incessant guidance, constant encouragement, constructive criticism,
wonderful analysis and ever assured smile that remained the ultimate source of
inspiration. I consider myself fortunate that I got opportunity to work under her
guidance and for being her student.
My sincere gratitude to Dr. Dimple Sharma, Head, Doctoral Research, RIMT
University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab for her constant encouragement and valuable
suggestions during the course of my work. I convey my heartiest thanks to Pro V.C. Sir
Balbir Singh Bhatia for his advice and prudent guidance throughout the study and
rendering me all the necessary facilities during the course of investigation.
I feel privileged to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Jibanananda Mishra for
his valuable suggestions and encouragement.
Apart from these, special words of gratitude go to Mr. Amit Singh for his
valuable care and help. I also wish to extend my cordial thanks to my batchmates Mr.
Manmohan Sharma, for providing cheerful environment during my research work. I
shall remain indebted to all the research scholars of the department of the botany for
their guidance and constant encouragement.
Devoting time to research is not possible without sustained backup from one’s
family, and my family always stood by me with all perservances. First and foremost I
would like to mention my parents, Sh. Dhananter Kumar and Smt. Rita Devi who
gave me liberty to choose what I desired. I admire them for all accomplishments in my
life and for all the knowledge and wisdom that they have passed on to me over the
years.

i
 Feelings can’t be put in words to show my sincere thanks to my wife Mrs.
Shivani Bali for her faith, affection and encouragement. She supported me without any
complaint in every step during this course. I would never be able to pay back the
affection showered upon by her. I would also like to my sincere thanks to my brother
Mr. Nishant Katoch for his constant love and support.
I am thankful to the non- teaching staff of RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh,
Punjab and thanks to my friend and colleagues at Department of Botany, Univeristy of
Jammu, Jammu for their camaraderie and for creating a stimulating and enjoyable work
environment.
Lastly, I acknowledge my gratitude towards all those who helped me in all manners,
unsaid and untold for the execution of my work.

Place- Jammu Nitan Kumar Katoch

ii
 List of tables

Table

Table 4.2.1.1. Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S1.

Table 4.2.1.2 Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S2.
Table 4.2.1.3. Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S3
Table 4.2.1.4. Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S4.
Table 4.2.1.5 Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S5.
Table 4.2.2.1. Phytosociological attributes of shrub layer in S1.
Table 4.2.2.2. Phytosociological attributes of shrub layer in S2.
Table 4.2.2.3. Phytosociological attributes of shrub layer in S3.
Table 4.2.2.4. Phytosociological attributes of shrub layer in S4.
Table 4.2.2.5. Phytosociological attributes of shrub layer in S5.
Table 4.3.1. Ethnobotanical uses of woody species.
Table 4.4.1. Inventory of woody plant species.

iii
 List of figures

Figure
Figure 3.1.Geographical map of the study area.
Figure. 4.2.1. Pia chart representing percentage of species showing various type
occurrences
Figure 4.2.2. Pie charts showing percentage of species represented distribution
pattern in tree layer of various sites.
Figure 4.2.3. Pie charts showing percentage of species represented distribution
pattern in shrub layer of various sites.
Figure 4.3.1. Number of plant species representing various ethno-botanical
categories.
Figure 4.3.2. Number of species showing their mode of use.
Figure 4.3.3. Number of species representing their various parts used.
Figure 4.4.1. Pia chart showing life for in percentage.
Figure 4.4.2. Families with their representative species numbers
Figure 4.4.3. Genera’s with their respective species numbers.

iv
 List of Plates

Plates
Plate 4.1. Trees of the study area.
Plate 4.2. Shrubs of the study area.
Plate 4.3. Herbarium sheet of Deberegeasia saeneb
Plate 4.4. Herbarium sheet of Mirabilis jalapa.
Plate 4.5. Herbarium sheet of Mallotus philippiensis.
Plate 4.6. Herbarium Sheet of Ricinus communis.
Plate 4.7. Herbarium sheet of Colebrookea oppositifolia.
Plate 4.8. Herbarium sheet of Justicia adhatoda.
Plate 4.9. Herbarium sheet of Lantana camara.
Plate 4.10. Herbarium sheet of Jasminum grandiflorum
Plate 4.11. Herbarium sheet of Datura innoxia.
Plate 4.12. Herbarium sheet of Datura stramonium.
Plate 4.13. Herbarium sheet of Carissa spinarum.
Plate 4.14. Herbarium sheet of Woodfordia fruticosa.
Plate 4.15. Herbarium sheets of Spirea bella
Plate 4.16. Herbarium sheet of Rubus niveus.
Plate 4.17. Herbarium sheet of Rubus ellipticus.
Plate 4.18. Herbarium sheet of Indigofera heterantha.
Plate 4.19. Herbarium sheet of Indigofera cassioides.
Plate 4.20. Herbarium sheet of Cotinus coggygria.
Plate 4.21. Herbarium sheet of Dodonea viscosa.
Plate 4.22. Herbarium sheet of Ziziphus oenopolia.
Plate 4.23. Herbarium sheet of Zanthoxylum armatum.
Plate 4.24. Herbarium sheet of Reinwardtia indica.
Plate 4.25. Herbarium sheet of Sida rhombifolia
Plate 4.26. Herbarium sheet of Berberis lyceum

v
 Chapter1
INTRODUCTION
Both the stability and functioning of ecosystems and human livelihood depend on
biodiversity (Singh, 2002). According to McNaughton (1977), a varied ecosystem is
less vulnerable to the severe or abrupt effects of environmental disruption. Science has
identified over 3,91,000 vascular plant species, of which 3,69,000 species are
considered blooming plants. A total of 31,128 plant species are thought to be beneficial
to living things; the majority of these are used for medical purposes (17,180), followed
by the production of materials (11,365), environmental purposes (8,140), human food
(5,538), animal food (3,649), poison (2,503), fuel (1,621), social purposes (1,382), and
683 plant species that are used as food for invertebrates (SOTWP, 2016). Land plants
(angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, lycophytes, and bryophytes) are thought to number
500,000 species, with a significant concentration of diversity found in the wet tropics.
Science still doesn't fully understand many species. Roughly one-third of all land plants
are threatened with extinction, including a large number that have neither been
described nor have been described but lack sufficient data. Though many more species
may be extinct because they have not been discovered recently, there have only been a
small number of known global extinctions to date. While many plant species are crucial
to natural ecosystems and the services they offer, only a small percentage of plant
species are specifically used by humans. Additionally, uncommon plants are more likely
to possess unexpected features that may be helpful in the future. The main dangers to
plant diversity are overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, human climate change,
habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. Plant diversity conservation is a huge
undertaking when considered worldwide, but anyplace in the world, ex situ gap-filling
and backup should be combined with a well-thought-out protected area system. In order
to effectively focus both in situ and ex situ conservation, the completion of the global
botanical inventory and an evaluation of the conservation status of the 94% of plant
species that have not yet been assessed are of utmost importance. Attention needs to be
directed toward the hyper-diverse lowland tropical regions, which have the largest
conservation gap in the world.
Biodiversity, or plant diversity, is essential to an ecosystem's health.
Every organism has a significant function and aids in the regulation of growth cycles
and other natural processes in a biodiverse ecosystem. This implies that if one aspect of

1
a natural environment takes on an excessive amount of dominance, another aspect will
restore equilibrium to the system. Adaptive change is one of the several reasons for
plant variety. Many ecological services, such as shade, wildlife habitat, clean water,
healthy soil, and pure air, are provided by plants when they are employed in landscape
design. The landscape will take a long time to recover if we just utilize a limited
selection of plants and those plant kinds get sick or are attacked by a bug. Despite the
fact that plants are significantly more vital to us than animals, there isn't the same
urgency or financing for plant conservation as there is for animal conservation. In
addition to offering a vast array of other goods and services, such as wood, fiber, clean
water, erosion control, and wood-producing species, plants also serve as our primary
source of food for humans and livestock. Even urban dwellers use a broad variety of
other plant species for varied purposes, and rural people typically use many more. This
is despite the fact that the majority of commercial plant products originate from a very
restricted range of plant species. Living solely on these species would be unhealthy and
boring. Numerous other species have significance in traditional medicine, and wild plant
foods contribute to nutrition and food security. Furthermore, plants provide the three-
dimensional framework for animal life and movement as well as the food that the
majority of animals eat, making them the foundation of all terrestrial ecosystems.
Woody plants are those that have a hard stem and produce wood as their structural
component. They might be members of various gymnosperm, angiosperm, and
pteridophyte groups. Typically, they are woody climbers, trees, or shrubs. One of the
main constituents of the floristic wealth in a region is the woody plant species, among
the other components of biodiversity. These plants not only help to maintain the earth's
physical features but also stop soil erosion, lessen the impact of floods, allow streams to
flow permeably, and support river flows. They also aid in preserving the ecological
balance and offer refuge to a variety of living species (Bennie et al. 2008). Plants are the
primary suppliers of biochemical energy and habitat structure in terrestrial ecosystems
(Mayer et al. 2016). According to FitzJohn et al. (2014), woody plants make up roughly
45–48% of the world's vascular flora alone. The development of entire communities is
directly impacted by the presence of these plants. They are also important for managing
forests and shaping the landscape. Additionally, a number of studies have demonstrated
a substantial correlation between woody and non-woody species, raising the potential
that the woody flora may serve as a proxy for the entire vascular flora of a given

2
location (Abbate et al., 2015). The tree canopy controls features that control the richness
and abundance of a biotic community in addition to influencing the microclimatic
conditions in the understorey, nutrient cycles, and resource distribution (Molder et al.,
2008; Burrascano et al., 2011; Abbate et al., 2015). Therefore, it is crucial to understand
woody plants for these reasons. India is one of the world's 17 mega diversified nations,
home to a wide variety of plants and with a forest covering 24.62% of its total land area.
Despite making up only 2.4% of the world's geographical area, it represents 8% of
biodiversity worldwide (Reddy, 2008; Hajra & Chauhan, 1997). In terms of biodiversity
research, the Himalaya is still understudied, despite being acknowledged as a worldwide
biodiversity hotspot by Mittermeier et al. (2005) and Zachos & Habel (2011).
The Himalaya, which means "abode of the snow" in Sanskrit, are the
young Asian mountain ranges that divide China's Tibetan Plateau from the Indian
subcontinent. The Himalayan ranges are significant because they are home to a wealth
of biological, ecological, and extreme cultural diversity, all of which highlight the
pressing need for sustainability and preservation of these complex concerns. The
Himalayan range spans an area of roughly 600,000 km2 and is located in the east-west
arc between 2500 and 3000 km2. Along with its subranges, the Karakoram, Pamir, and
Hindu Kush, the Himalaya encompasses parts of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China,
Bhutan, and Burma. The Himalayan region is known for its verticality, and its
elevations range from a few dozen meters to 8,850 meters above mean sea level at
Mount Everest, the highest point in the globe. The Himalaya presents challenges for
agricultural operations, infrastructure development, and transportation infrastructures
because to the region's extremely harsh climate, landslides, avalanches, and
earthquakes. The Himalayan region, while rich in biodiversity and cultural legacy, is
also a vulnerable territory facing severe repercussions from deforestation, biodiversity
loss, pollution, and climate change. The most beautiful mountain woods are the
Himalayan forests, which are located in a tropical latitudinal zone of the world but have
a temperate climate inside. Even though numerous taxa are found in both temperate and
Himalayan forests, there are significant functional differences between the two, with
Himalayan forests exhibiting many functional similarities that are closer to tropical than
temperate forests worldwide. Based on latitudinal zones, three types of forest divisions
are allocated globally: tropical forests, temperate forests, and boreal forests. Mountain
forests, in addition to all other forests, are regarded their sections (Singh, 2013).

3
Temperate forests also include the mountain forests found in tropical and subtropical
latitudinal zones, which grow between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level. Higher
altitude tropical latitude mountain forests, such the Himalayan moist temperate woods
(Champion and Seth, 1968). Because they affect a greater percentage of the planet and
make up around 24% of the vegetation cover worldwide, mountain forest ecosystems
demand special consideration and studies at the biosphere level (Singh, 2014).
The development of the global biodiversity information infrastructure has been
acknowledged to depend on an annotated and constantly updated inventory of biota
(Khuroo et al. 2007). At the local, regional, and global levels, this has taken on great
relevance for accomplishing the difficult objectives of biodiversity recording,
conservation, and sustainable usage (Dar et al. 2012, 2014). However, just 1.7% of the
planet Earth's biota is known to science due to its immense worldwide diversity (Dar &
Farooq 1997). The need for a global taxonomic inventory of biodiversity has increased
significantly in light of these compelling circumstances. According to Khuroo et al.
(2008), the situation is especially bad in the developing world, which also happens to
have the richest but most vulnerable biodiversity. To document the biodiversity in
various places, new research programs have been launched globally in line with this.
Despite the Himalaya being acknowledged as a global hotspot for biodiversity
(Mittermeier et al. 2005; Zachos & Habel 2011), vital diversity and floristic data for
many of its locations remain unavailably lacking. One such area, which has been
identified by the Botanical Survey of India (Dar et al. 2012) as floristically
underexplored and where the documenting of biodiversity has immediate precedence, is
the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir (J & K) in the Western Himalaya. Rich plant
diversity of great scientific interest and enormous economic potential is bestowed upon
the State (Singh et al. 1998; Dar et al. 2002; Malik et al. 2010, 2012, 2015; Dar &
Khuroo 2013). Among the many constituents of the State's floristic wealth, woody plant
species—also referred to as arboreal species—represent one of the main groups. The
first list of arboreal plant species found in the State was published in Lambert's (1933)
"List of trees and shrubs for Kashmir and Jammu forest circles, Jammu and Kashmir
State." Since then, an updated taxonomic inventory of this significant floristic
component in the State has been necessary due to newly accessible taxonomic data and
nomenclatural modifications. The revised taxonomic data-sets on arboreal plants have
proven to be immediately beneficial for the preservation of biodiversity and its

4
sustainable utilization in the area. This is because a great deal of exotic arboreal species
have been introduced for cultivation, many of which are now naturalizing. On the one
hand, this has increased the risk of extinction for a large number of arboreal species in
forests due to habitat degradation and other unsustainable developmental activities
(Kaul & Handoo 1998; Oza 2003). After Kashmir, the region of Jammu in J & K State
has a vast floral diversity. Over the past thirty years, a number of taxonomic research
pertaining to the floristic diversity of this area have been conducted. The Flora of
Jammu and neighboring areas was published by Sharma & Kachroo, who also provided
taxonomic facts in volume 1 (1981) and drawings in volume 2 (1982). The Trikuta hills'
flora was covered by Kapur and Sarin (1990), who provided a thorough floristic
description of the species that grow in these hills and the area around Shri Vaishno Devi
Shrine. The Flora of Udhampur district, written by Swami and Gupta (1998), is a
helpful guide to the higher plants found in this region. Malik et al. (2015) focused on the
floristic diversity of the Warwan valley, whereas Bhellum & Magotra (2012) compiled
a list of flowering plants in the Doda, Kishtwar, and Ramban districts, addressing the
floristic richness of these three nearby districts in the Chenab Valley. Reasi, on the other
hand, is the Jammu province's least surveyed district floristically, with little to no
information on its flora now accessible. None of these publications—all of which are
brief, early communications—have attempted to compile a comprehensive list of all the
woody plants found in the districts. The goal was to catalog and investigate the woody
flora of the Jhajjar watershed in the Reasi district in order to close this information gap.
Knowing the knowledge gap and paucity of such works from the selected study area
(Jhajjar watershed of district Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir) the present study was set forth
with following objectives:
i). To explore, collect, describe and identify the woody plants of Jhajjar watershed in
district Reasi and substantiate by visual documentation.
ii). To work out correct nomenclature of each plant with recent nomenclature and
Vernacular name.
iii). To map the occurrence and distribution of woody species in study area.
iv). To document the economic importance of woody species of the study area.
v). To prepare an inventory of plants existing in the study area.
vi). To deposit the collected specimens in the recognized herbarium as a repository.

5
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

According to Mc Naughton (1977), species diversity and concentration of dominance

are inversely correlated; as diversity rises, dominance concentration falls and stability
rises. According to Simpson (1949), the low variety of temperate forests is caused by
hard climatic circumstances, a sluggish rate of community evolution, and lesser
diversification. Numerous environmental characteristics are determined by altitude,
which is a significant factor. Singh and Singh (1992) have documented the structural
and functional characteristics of the Himalayan forest ecosystems. According to Fischer
and Bens (2002), light frequency has a direct impact on the ground vegetation's traits
such as species diversity, dominance, biomass, evenness, and indicator value. Condit et
al. have researched the Beta-diversity of tropical plants (2002). According to Shank and
Norris (1950), aspect, slope, and topography are some other important characteristics
that significantly affect the structure and composition of species. However, altitude is
the primary factor that controls the distribution of species. According to Joshi and
Tiwari (1990), the primary factors influencing the distribution pattern of species across
the vegetation layer are the biotic nature and microenvironment variables. In any
community, the makeup and organization of the species are thought to be significant
characteristics.
Numerous researchers have examined temperate and tropical forests worldwide
for floristic analysis, including Ali et al. (2016) in Pakistan, Chhetri and Shrestha (2019)
in Nepal, Bangladesh (Khan et al., 2021) in Bangladesh, Haung (2011) in China, Feroz et
al. (2009) in Japan, Sofiah et al. (2018) in Indonesia, Bienu et al. (2023) in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Standen et al. (2020) in South Africa, Workayehu et
al. (2022) in Ethiopia, Cutiupala et al. (2023) in Namibia, Bello et al. (2023) in Nigeria,
etc.
The objective floristic composition, woody species diversity, and spatial
distribution of trees based on architectural stratification in a subtropical evergreen
broadleaf forest were studied by Firoz et al. (2009) on the island of Ishigaki in the
Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Huang (2011) carried out research on China's plant diversity
and conservation, focusing particularly on the development of strategies for the long-term
sustainable use of bioresources. Colett (2016) carried out research on plant diversity in a
changing environment, focusing on the state and trends of its conservation. In order to

6
examine the flora diversity, composition, and ecology of the Besiq Bermai Tropical
Forest in the Damai area of East Kalimantan, Sofiah et al. (2018) conducted an
investigation. A study on the objective floristic characterization of semi-arid mountain
ecosystems in the Griqualand West center of plant endemism from the Northern Cape of
South Africa was carried out by Standen et al. in 2020. To evaluate the floristic
composition, Khan et al. (2021) carried out a study on the Jahangirnagar University
Campus, a semi-natural area in Bangladesh. Through geostatistical research, Cutiupala et
al., 2023 examine the categorization, composition, and floristic diversity in natural
grasslands to various strata in the protected area Ichubamba Yasepan. In a study
published in 2024, Bello et al. projected thousands of vascular plant species that have not
yet been documented, based on trends in botanical discovery in Nigeria.
Research on the nation's flora and floristic diversity can be found in publications
on the following subjects: Ladakh (Kachroo et al., 1978); Tamilnadu (Neeelamegam et
al., 2016); Maharashtra (Nerlekar et al., 2016); West Bengal (Biswas et al., 2015);
Madhya Pradesh (Wagh and Jain, 2015); Himachal Pradesh (Aswal and Mehrotra, 1999);
and so forth.
In 1982, Yoganarasimhan et al. released a concise inventory of the Karnataka
district of Chikmagalur. A fantastic book on the flora of Lahol and Spiti Himachal
Pradesh, in the Western Himalaya, was published in 1999 by Aswal and Mehrotra. Using
statistical analysis of herbarium records, Gimaret-Carpentier et al. (2003) did a study with
the title Biodiversity Pattern of the Native Arboreal Flora of the Western Ghats (India). In
order to prioritize communities for conservation and analyze plant diversity in the
Mornaula Reserve Forest, Pant and Samant undertook a research in 2007. A study by
Jamir et al. (2012) focused on the objective concentration of endemic plant species in a
few community forests in Nagaland. The floristic diversity and conservation condition of
the non-reserve forest area in Gujarat's Kachchh district were examined by Thaker et al.
in 2022. Singh et al.'s 2022 study of Bhilangna Watershed examined the variety of tree
species present there, focusing in particular on their ethnobotanical applications. The
plant diversity situation of the Mandi region's alpine meadows, or Bugyals, was
investigated by Kumar in 2024.
Bandipur district (Haq et al., 2023); Rajouri (Dangwal et al., 2012); Dachigram
National Park (Haq et al., 2021); Pir Panjal (Haq et al., 2022); Bhimber hills (Nafeesa et
al., 2021); Lamberi forest range (Sharma and Raina, 2018); Doda, Kistwar, and Ramban

7
districts (Bhellum and Magotra, 2012); Trikuta hills of Shri Vaishno Devi Shrine (Kapur
and Sharin, 1990); Udhampur (Swami and Gupta, 1998), and so forth are some of the
floral studies from Jammu and Kashmir.
A comprehensive flora of Jammu was published by Sharma and Kachroo in
1981–1982, with a focus on plants from nearby locations. An revised checklist was
released by Malik et al. (2010) after they completed research on the objective woody
flora of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. A addition to the floristic data of two Jammu
and Kashmir districts is made by Dar et al. (2014). In 2018, Trak and Husain conducted
an investigation on endangered plants in Jammu and Kashmir, focusing on conservation
strategies. In 2020, Husain et al. released a study focused on J&K's floristic variety,
particularly in relation to skin care.The impact of aspect, height, and habitat heterogeneity
on the diversity of plant species and vegetation patterns in the state was investigated by
Wani et al. in 2023. Ahad and colleagues (2024) released a seminal study that focused on
the role that flora plays in the local Karnah region inhabitants' economy. Few research are
conducted on woody floras, however several from Kashmir Himalaya have focused on
checklists or objective floristic diversity.
Numerous studies on traditional knowledge and ethnomedical use of plants from
around the globe have been conducted. Wong, 1976 (Trinidad), Skingle, 1970 (New
Guinea), Arnanson et al., 1980 (Peru), Ji et al., 2004 (China), Shinwari et al. are among
the nations and areas that have contributed to work on these aims. Bangladesh (2006),
Akhtar et al. (2013), Pakistan In Ethiopia, Jima and Megresa (2018); in Greece,
Tsioutsiou et al. (2019); in Indonesia, Diliarosta et al. (2021); in South Africa, Mongalo
and Raletsena (2022); in Nepal, Khakurel et al. (2024), etc.
Nigro et al. (2004) studied therapeutic plants at the confluence of ethnobotany and
biotechnology in Africa. In 2009, Ali and Qaisar conducted an ethnobotanical
investigation in Pakistan's Chitral Valley. Rahman et al. (2013) examined the tribal
people of Bangladesh's Naogaon district's ethnobotanical research. Greek central
Macedonia is home to a variety of medicinal plants, which Tsioutsiou et al. (2019)
studied. While in Mersin, Turkey, Emre et al. (2021) carried out ethnobotanical research
on medicinal herbs. These research have added to our understanding of traditional
medicine and the value of conserving and applying ancient knowledge to contemporary
healthcare. The ethnomedicinal plants of the Loita Maasai people in Kenya were

8
investigated by Nankaya et al. in 2022. In 2024, Cornelius and Van Wyk released an
updated list of medicinal plants found throughout Africa.
Many Indian workers contributed to this goal. Some of the major contributors
from different states and regions are as follows: Dwivedi and Pandey, 1990
(Bundelkhand); Singh and Maheshwari, 1992 (Gorakhpur); Islam, 1998 (Assam);
Ganesan et al., 2010 (Haryana); Indo- Sidhu et al., 2012 (Punjab); Shil et al., 2014
(Tripura); Biswakarma et al., 2018 (Manipur); Tamang et al., 2023 (Sikkim); Hussian et
al., 2023 (Uttarakhand), and so on.
Pradhan and Badola (2008) investigated the use of ethnomedicinal plants by the
Lepcha tribe in North Sikkim, India's Dzongu valley, which borders the
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve. Study on ethno-medicinal plants utilized by
Arunachal Pradesh tribes was done by Khomgsai et al. (2011). Thomas et al. (2014)
looked at the ethnomedical herbs used by the Kuruma tribe in Kerala's Wayanadu regions
to cure wounds and injuries. The ethnobotanical knowledge of the semi-pastoral Gujjar
tribe at the high altitude (Adhwari's) of Churah subdivision, district Chamba, Western
Himalaya, was studied by Rana et al. in 2019. While Srinivasan et al. (2021) looked at
the knowledge that indigenous inhabitants in Tamil Nadu's Delta Regions had about
medicinal plants. A quantitative ethno-medical study on the medicinal plants of Teesta
Valley, Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India, was carried out by Subha et al. in 2022.
Tamang et al., 2023 carried out a case study in the Pakyong subdivision of East Sikkim in
order to gather data regarding the ethnomedical plants that native people used. A study of
the Indian medicinal plant sector was undertaken in 2024 by Raju and Das. The study
focused on adulterations, possibilities, and sustainability in the industry.
Numerous ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in the western Himalayan
region of Jammu and Kashmir. The traditional plant knowledge of various neighboring
areas, tribes, and communities in these states is examined in these investigations, which
include those conducted by Gupta et al. (2013) in the Paddar Valley, Bhatia et al. (2014)
in Udhampur, Rai et al. (2015) in Kathua, Manzoor and Ali (2017) in Poonch, Trak et al.
(2017) in Kishtwar, Hussain et al. (2023) in the Bhalessa region, and Sehgal et al. (2024)
in Jammu province.
A study on the purpose ethnomedicinal plants utilized by the people in the
Udhampur district was carried out by Bhatia et al. in 2014. The ethnomedicinal plants of
the Kathua district in J&K, India were studied by Rao et al. in 2015. Server et al. (2016)

9
documented the ethnomedical use and diversity of flowering plants in District Reasi,
J&K, North West Himalayas, India. Manzoor and Ali (2017) looked into the Pahari
people of district Poonch's traditional use of therapeutic plants. Mir et al., 2023 collected
data on the use of medicinal plants by conducting a study in three linguistic groups in
J&K. Sehgal et al.'s 2024 study focused on the medicinal plants utilized in Jammu and
Kashmir, India's Jammu province, to cure liver problems.
The author chose to investigate the study region for the objective "Woody flora of
Jhajjar watershed in district Reasi, J&K" after conducting a thorough review and
determining that the Jhajjar watershed in district Reasi, J&K, is not studied on the basis
of "Woody flora of Jhajjar watershed in district Reasi J&K."

10
 Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methodology: To evaluate the diversity of wood species, extensive field surveys were
carried out in a number of locations within the Jhajjar watershed area, including road
edges, village edges, and watershed sides. With the aid of the local flora, plant specimens
were gathered, pressed, dried, and identified (Singh et al., 2002). During the field
surveys, data were acquired regarding the local names of the specimens, their life form,
the fruiting and flowering period, their elevational distributions, and their availability
status. Locals in the area provided information about local names in their native tongues.
Occasionally, field visits are conducted to record life forms, fruiting, and flowers. For
every species in the region, the distribution range in terms of elevation (m) has been
documented.
Quadrates of 10×10 m size for tree and 5×5 m size for shrubs were laid down
randomly in various sites to gather the ecological data for woody layers. Data is further
analysed to obtain IVI and distribution pattern of plant species. Distribution pattern of
plant species was categorized into ‘random’ ‘regular’ and ‘contiguous’ on the bases of
abundance/frequency ratio. Based on field observations made after previous research, the
availability status or occurrence (common, uncommon, or rare) of each species was
established (Rawat et al., 2016, Bagri et al., 2023). The term "rare" was used to
characterize species that were reported as the lone specimen or with very few individuals
in the area, "uncommon" status indicated species that only occurred in patches or
scattered forms, and "common" status was assigned to species that grew abundantly in
the area. Information about regional plant uses was gathered from local residents,
including healers. Bentham and Hooker's system of categorization was used to classify
plants, and taxonomical categories (species and genera) within a family were sorted
alphabetically (Rawat et al., 2016, Bagri et al., 2023). The following online plant
databases—the tropicos data base (https://www.tropicos.org/home), the international
plant names index (https://www.ipni.org), and the plants list (http://www.theplantlist.org)
—provide only one recently accepted name for each taxon (apart from synonyms).

2. Study area:
11
Background:
In the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi is a town, notified area
committee, and tehsil. The Reasi district headquarters are located on the Chenab River's
bank. Reasi was a part of the Bhimgarh realm that Rajput ruler Bhim Dev Rasyal
founded in the ninth century. The town's previous name, "Rasyal," is whence the name
Reasi originates. One of the eight recently established districts in the Jammu and
Kashmir UT, Reasi came into being on April 1st, 2007. The district is primarily hilly
and has a range of climates, from semi-temperate to sub-tropical. Based on the
District's geographic location, it can be classified as a "Hilly" or "Low Lying Hilly"
region. There are 22 Niabats and nine Tehsils in the district. There are 153 Panchayat
Halquas in 12 Development Blocks. The district is economically underdeveloped, with
agriculture and related activities being the main source of income for the local
population. The primary crops farmed in the district are maize and wheat, but farmers
are also starting to plant a wider variety of vegetables and horticulture. The district is
surrounded by the following districts: district Jammu on its southern ends; district
Rajouri on its western and northwestern ends; district Ramban on its northern and
eastern outskirts; and district Shopian on its northern fringes. One of the nation's
principal rivers, the Chenab, passes through the district and serves as a physical divide
between the Tehsils Reasi and Mahore. The district is home to several small rivers and
streams, including the Ans, Rudd, Plassu, Ban Ganga, Pai, Anji, and others, all of which
eventually join into Chinab.
History: Bhim Dev founded the former Bhimgarh State, which is today known as
Reasi, in the seventh century. Short biographies of the succeeding kings date back to
1652, when Jammu's monarch Hari Dev ruled. Jammu was in disarray in 1810, when
Diwan Singh was in power. The regime was rocked by mutinies and palace intrigues.
Gulab Singh was dispatched by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to seize the initiative at this
point. Gulab Singh imposed the rule of law and cracked down hard on the insurgents.
General Zorawar Singh, his loyal leader, took over the administration when he defeated
the insurgents in the Reasi district. The first municipal election took place in 2005, and
Mr. Kuldeep Mengi was chosen to serve as the organization's first chairman.
Demographic profile: Five major religious groups are represented in Reasi City: (i)
Christianity (3.5%), (ii) Sikhism (0.05%), Islam (10.66%), Hinduism (85.74%), and Not
Stated (0.05%) (Census, 2011). There were 36,355 people living in Reasi. Of the

12
population, 46% are women and 54% are men. The average literacy rate in Reasi is
75%, which is higher than the 59.5% national average. The rate for males is 78%, while
the rate for females is 70%. Thirteen percent of people in Reasi are younger than six
years old. Reasi is home to 177 settlements with a combined total size of 74932 square
kilometers and a population of 71501 people. The primary languages spoken there are
Kashmiri, Gojri, Urdu, Dogri, and Hindi.
Geography: The coordinates of Reasi are 33.08°N 74.83°E. It is located at an average
elevation of 1,529 feet, or 466 meters. Jammu is 64 miles away from the district of
Reasi. The majority of people survive on meager incomes from government work, small
businesses, and agriculture. 1011 hectares of the 12293 hectares of arable land in the
region are irrigated. Paddy, bajra, wheat, and maize are important crops. There is also
vegetable growing. The majority of the region is in the subtropical zone, with the
remaining portion being in the temperate zone. Generally speaking, summers are
pleasant and winters are chilly with snowfall on the higher elevations.
Geology: Rich ores of bauxite, iron, and precious stones can be found at Reasi.
According to the Indian Geological Survey's 2023 report, the region contains 5.9
million tonnes of lithium reserves inferred from the region. Reasi's economy has
progressed slowly because it is located distant from the Jammu - Udhampur Highway
and is physically difficult to reach because of its steep terrain. However, since the Salal
Hydroelectric Project was built in the 1980s, economic activity has increased. The
militancy of the 1990s was a blow to the region's prosperity, but the arrival of the Army
has made the residents feel more secure. However, the upcoming Jammu - Srinagar
Railway Line, which will run through Reasi and probably bring prosperity and growth
to this region, has the potential to drastically alter the landscape of Reasi. Following the
conclusion of this project, Reasi would see significant development. Nearly all of the
big banks are present in Reasi to support the financial needs of the recently established
area. Constructed by Konkan Railways, the Chenab Bridge (359 meters) in Reasi is the
highest railway bridge in the world, surpassing the Millau Viaduct (323 meters) situated
in southern France. The Salal Hydro Electric Project on the Chenab River, which has a
690 MW total generation capacity, is one of the biggest hydroelectric projects in the
nation. The District also has a vast potential for producing micro and mini hydroelectric
power.

13
Historical places: Numerous historical sites with cultural and religious value can be
found in Reasi, such as the shrines to Mata Vaishno Devi, Shiv Khori, Bawa Aghar
Jitto, Siarh Baba, Baba Dhansar, Dera Baba Bhanda Bahadur, and Ziarat Baji Ismail
Sahib in Bharakh. "Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University at Kakrial (Panthal)" is a well-
known university in the district.
Adventures: Chenab River river rafting is a well-known activity in Reasi. From Bara
Dari Reasi, one can hire a raft and a guide, depending on their time and energy needs.
The location for river rafting is near Shri Shiv Khori Shirne and about 27 kilometers
from Katra town. In order to go river rafting, one can take a one-hour break.
Additionally, a lot of tournaments are hosted in the district to encourage adventure
tourism.
Economy: The district is economically underdeveloped, with agriculture and related
activities being the main source of income for the local population. The primary crops
farmed in the district are maize and wheat, but farmers are also starting to plant a wider
variety of vegetables and horticulture. The District offers a diverse range of climatic
conditions that allow for the production of horticultural fruits such as citrus, quince,
apple, mango, guava, apricot, and others. It is also rich in flora. The most sought-after
location in Jammu and Kashmir according to tourism maps is District Reasi. The region
is unique enough to draw visitors from all over the world. The Most Holy Place, Holy
Shrine of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi, draws a lot of pilgrims each year.
Horticulture: Because of its diverse agroclimatic zones, Reasi District has a lot of
potential for producing a variety of fruit corps. The district is blessed with the ability to
produce a variety of fruits, including walnut, apple, pear, and apricot in temperate
zones, pecannut, plum, and peach cultivation offering opportunities in sub-temperate
areas, and mango, citrus, guava, anola, litchi, papaya, and other fruits that are
successfully grown in sub-tropical areas. Preliminary estimations indicate that 8000
hectacres of land are accessible for additional fruit crop expansion. Reasi is separated
into four horticultural zones: Reasi, Pouni, Arnas, and Mahore. The subdivisions Katra,
Dharmari, and Mahore make up Reasi. The district is approximately 1700 square
kilometers in total geographic area. There are 254 villages, 153 Panchayats, and 12 CD
Blocks in the district.
Jhajjar watershed: The Jhajjar watershed in district Reasi is located in the Jammu
division of Jammu and Kashmir, close to the foothills of the Trikuta hills. It is found

14
between N 32°53'32"; E 74°57'34" to N 33°01'25"; E 75°00'55" and N 32°57'25"; E
74°57'08" to N32°59'57"; and E 75°00' 40". The Jhajjar watershed in the Devi Pindiyan
valley was chosen for this study due to its rich floristic variety.

Figure3.1. Map of the study area.

15
 Chapter 4
RESULTS

4.1. Identification and description of woody plant species.

Description of woody flora of study area is given below. The plants was arranged
alphabetically (A-Z) to make it suitable to read and described.
1. Aegle Marmelos (L.) Correa
Synonyms: Crateva marmelos.
Family: Rutaceae
English Name: Stone apple, Wood apple.
Hindi Name: Bel
Sanskrit: Adhararuha, Tripatra, Sivadrumah.
Flowering and Fruiting: April-June
Description: Bel is a fruit-bearing tree which is cultivated throughout India, as well as in
Sri Lanka, northern Malaya, Java and in the Philippines. The tree, grows up to 15 meters
tall and bears thorns and fragrant flowers. Leaves are alternate, pale green, trifoliate;
terminal leaflet, 5.7 cm long, 2.8 cm broad, having a long petiole; the two lateral leaflets,
almost stalkless, 4.1 cm long, 2.2 cm wide, ovate to lanceolate, leaf-stallk 3.2 cm long.
Flowers are greenish white, sweetly scented, bisexual, stalked; stalk 8 mm long; diameter
of a fully open flower is 3 cm. Flowers are borne in lateral panicles of about 10 flowers,
in leaf axils. The fruit is woody-skinned, 5-15 cm in diameter.
Distribution and Habitat: Native across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia,
and is cultivated throughout Sri Lanka, Tamilnadu, Thailand, and Malesia. It occurs in
dry, open forests on hills and plains at altitudes from 0–1200 m.
IUCN Status: Near Threatened
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17298.

2. Bauhinia variegata L.
Family: Caesalpiniaceae
English Name: Orchid Tree, Variegated Bauhinia.
Hindi Name: Kachnal, Kachnar.
Sanskrit Name: Kanchanara, Kovidaar, Chamarik, Yugapatrak.

16
Flowering and Fruiting: Feb-Aug
Description: Kachnar is closely related to peacock flower and to the tree many consider
the world's most beautiful, the royal poinciana - and it shows! Orchid tree is staggeringly
beautiful when in bloom and it blooms for several months! Orchid tree grows 20-40 ft tall
and 10-20 ft wide with a spreading crown of briefly deciduous leaves which are 4-6 in
across and rounded with lobed ends and heart shaped bases. The leaves are shaped a little
like a cow's hoof. The flowers are reminiscent of showy orchids, with five irregular,
usually slightly overlapping petals in shades of magenta, lavender, purplish blue or even
white. The flowers often make their first appearance in late winter while the tree is bare
of leaves. The blooming period then lasts until early summer. The flowers are 3-5 in
across and carried in clusters at the branch tips.
Distribution and Habitat: Naturally found in the sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills
and valleys from the river Indus in Pakistan eastwards to Assam and Myanmar, ascending
to altitudes of 1500 to 1830m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17299.

3. Berberis lycium Royle

Family: Berberidaceae
Synonyms: Berberis afghanica, B. angustifolia, B. heteracantha.
English Name: Indian lycium, Boxthorn barberry.
Hindi Name: Kasmale, Daruhaldi, Chatrol
Flowering and Fruiting: March-July
Description: Indian Lycium is a semi deciduous shrub, up to 3-4 m, with white stems,
and narrow fine-pointed leathery leaves mostly without spiny teeth, glaucous beneath.
Flowers are dull yellow, 7-8 mm across, borne in leaf-axils, in clusters 3-5 cm, longer
than the leaves. Leaves are inverted-lanceshaped, 2-4 cm; stems hairless, stem spines 6-
20 mm. Berries are ellipsoid-ovoid, hairless, greenish first, turning dark purple or black
when ripe, 9-10 mm including the 1 mm style.
Distribution and Habitat: Indian Lycium is found in shrubberies; common in cultivated
areas of W. Himalaya, from Pakistan to E Nepal, at altitudes of 1500-3000 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern

17
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17300.

4. Bergera Koenigii L.
Family: Rutaceae
Synonyms: Murraya koenigii, Chalcas koenigii
English Name: Curry leaf
Hindi Name: Kari patta
Sanskrit Name: Kalashaka
Flowering and Fruiting: March-August
Description: Curry Leaf tree is a small or medium sized tree, most famous for its
aromatic leaves that provide curry spice.. It is a small tree, growing 4-6 m tall, with a
trunk up to 40 cm diameter. The leaves are pinnate, with 11-21 leaflets, each leaflet 2-4
cm long and 1-2 cm broad. They are highly aromatic. The flowers are small white, and
fragrant. The small black, shiny berries are edible, but their seeds are poisonous. Together
with South Indian immigrants, curry leaves reached Malaysia, South Africa and Réunion
island. When cooking, the leaves are generally used fresh off of the tree. Outside the
Indian sphere of influence, they are rarely found. The yellow "curry powder" that is
common in Western countries is actually not curry at all, but a mix of spices intended to
mimic the true curry flavor. The yellow color comes from turmeric root.
Distribution and Habitat: Curry leaves are found in Southern India and Sri Lanka (and
are absolutely necessary for the authentic flavour), but are also of some importance in
Northern India. Found commonly distrubted from 500-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17301.

5. Boehmeria virgata (G.Frost.) Guil.

Family: Urticaceae
Synonyms: Boehmeria macrostachya, Splitgerbera macrostachya, Boehmeria
platyphylla
English Name: False Nettle, Harmless Nettle
Flowering and Fruiting: June-September.

18
Description: False Nettle is a perennial herb or subshrub, growing up to 2 m tall. Leaves
are papery, widely varying in shape, proportions and number of teeth, ovate to rhombic-
ovate or elliptic, medium or large, 10–20 by 7–16 cm, usually relatively broad, length
1.5–2 × width; marginal teeth 25–50 either side. Inflorescence-bearing axes are 10–50 cm
long, pendulous, unbranched or with a few long branches close to base or sometimes
male with lateral branches throughout length and erect with pendent tip.
Distribution and Habitat: False Nettle is found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka,
including the Himalayas, at altitudes of 100-2600 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17302.

6. Bombax ceiba L.
Family: Malvaceae
Synonyms: Salmalia malabarica
English Name: Silk cotton tree, Kapok tree.
Hindi Name: Semal, Shalmali
Sanskrit Name: Shaalmali, Sthiraayu.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-May
Description: Silk Semul trees bear beautiful red-colored flowers during January to
March. The phenomenon paints the whole landscape in an enchanting red hue. The fruit,
the size of a ping-pong ball, on maturity appears during March and April. These are full
of cotton-like fibrous stuff. It is for the fiber that villagers gather the semul fruit and
extract the cotton substance called "kopak". This substance is used for filling
economically priced pillows, quilts, sofas etc. The fruit is cooked and eaten and also
pickled. Semul is quite a fast growing tree and can attain a girth of 2 to 3 m, and height
about 30 m, in nearly 50 years or so. Its wood, when sawn fresh, is white in color.
However, with exposure and passage of time it grows darkish gray. It is as light as 10 to
12 kg, per cubic foot.
Distribution and Habitat: Cotton tree is a type of native cotton tree with large red
flowers. The genus name Salmalia is derived from the sanskrit name shaalmali. Silk
cotton trees comprise eight species in the genus Bombax, native to India, tropical

19
southern Asia, northern Australia and tropical Africa. Found distributed from 500-
1200masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17303.

7. Buddleja crispa Benth.

Family: Scrophulariaceae
English Name: Himalayan Butterfly Bush
Flowering and Fruiting: April-June.
Description: Himalayan Butterfly Bush is a deciduous shrub of bushy habit, growing to
3.5 m high, more in diameter. Young twigs and both sides of leaves are covered with a
white or tawny, loose felt. Leaves are ovate-lance-shaped, 5-12 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide.
Petiole 0.6-2.5 cm. Flowers are fragrant, borne in a terminal panicle 7-10 cm high and 5
cm wide, formed of axillary whorls. Flowers are lilac with an orange throat, 8 mm long.
The flowers are fragrant, attractive and irresistible to butterflies, bees and other nectar
feeding birds and insects.
Distribution and Habitat: Himalayan Butterfly Bush is found in the Himalayas, from
Pakistan to SW China, altitudes of 1200-4000 m.
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17304.

8. Carissa spinarum L.
Family: Apocynaceae
Synonyms: Carissa hirsuta, Carissa diffusa, Carissa opaca.
English Name: Wild Karanda
Hindi Name: Karonda, Garnae, Kharanu.
Flowering and Fruiting: May-June
Description: Wild Karanda is the wild cousine of the Karanda (Carissa carandas). It is an
erect thorny shrub, with forked branches, 2-3 m in height. Wood is very hard; bark, light
brown to green, can be stripped off longitudinally by hand, exposing the white to light-
green wood underneath; thorns, 3.2 cm long, brown to greenish at the base and deep

20
brown towards the tip. Leaves, ovate, 4.5 cm long, 2.5 cm broad, leathery; venation,
reticulate pinnate; margin, entire; petiole 3 mm long; leaves exuding a white latex, when
plucked from the stem. Flowers with five white narrow petals.
Distribution and Habitat: This shrub is found wild in Africa to Indo-China, Australia to
New Caledonia. The thorny bushes of Wild Karanda are found commonly growing in the
forests and waste-lands, and in Western Himalayas up to elevations of 1,500 metres.
They are highly drought-resistant. Foud distributed from 100-800 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17305.

9. Cassia fistula L.
Family: Caesalpiniaceae
English Name: Golden shower tree, India labumum.
Hindi Name: Amaltas.
Sanskrit Name: Aaragvadh, Raajavriksha, Shampaak, Chaturangul.
Flowering and Fruiting: May-August
Description: This native of India, commonly known as Amaltaas, is one of the most
beautiful of all tropical trees when it sheds its leaves and bursts into a mass of long,
grape-bunches like yellow gold flowers. A tropical ornamental tree with a trunck
consisting of hard reddish wood, growing up to 40 feet tall. The wood is hard and heavy;
it is used for cabinet, inlay work, etc. It has showy racemes, 1-1.5 ft long, with bright,
yellow, fragrant flowers. These flowers are attractive to bees and butterflies. The fruits
are dark-brown cylindrical pods, also 2 ft long, which also hold the flattish, brown seeds
(up to 100 in one pod) These seeds are in cells, each containing a single seed. A postal
stamp was issued by the Indian Postal Department to commemorate this tree.
Distribution and Habitat: Native to the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions of
Southeast Asia. Found distributed from 100-800 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17306.

10. Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.)Tirveng.

21
Family: Rubiaceae
Synonyms: Gardenia spinosa, Randia spinosa, Xeromphis spinosa
English Name: Mountain pomegranate, Spiny randia
Hindi Name: Mainphal
Sanskrit Name: Madanah
Flowering and Fruiting: May-June
Description: Mountain Pomegranate is an armed shrub or small tree. Spines arise from
leaf axil and are straight. Branchlets have soft hair on them. Leaves are 4.5-8 x 1.6-3.5
cm obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate; hairy along nerves and nerve-axils beneath ;
petiole 1-2 cm long. Leaves are oppositely arranged on horizontal branches. Flowers
solitary or paired at the ends of arrested branchlets; stalks 5 mm long, smooth, often with
small intermediate teeth in between. Flowers white, turning pale yellow ; flower-tube 1-
1.2 cm long, narrow, petals 5, spreading, 1 cm long. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube.
Filaments are short, anthers 2-celled. Fruit is 4x3 cm, ovoid, with persistent calyx like a
pomegranate; seeds many.
Distribution and Habitat: Mountain Pomegranate is found in India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia.
It is also found in the Himalayas, up till altitudes of 1600 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17307.

11. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.

Family: Lamiaceae
English Name: Indian Squirrel Tail
Hindi Name: Bhamber, Binda, Pansra.
Flowering and Fruiting: December-April.
Description: Indian Squirrel Tail is a branched shrub, growing to 1-3 m tall. Light
colored stems are stout. There are many pale branches which are hairy when young.
Oppositely arranged light green leaves are crowded at branch ends. The leaves are
elliptic, oblong, lance-like, finely serrated, 10-15 cm long, darkish green above, whitish
hairy below. Numerous tiny white flowers occur in panicles of upright spikes, 5-10 cm
long. The flower spikes look hairy, and resemble squirrel's tail.

22
Distribution and Habitat: Indian Squirrel Tail is found in the Himalayas, from Kashmir
to Bhutan, Punjab, Western Ghats, and many other parts of India, at altitudes of 250-1700
m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17308.

12. Cotinus coggygria Scop.

Family: Anacardiaceae
Synonyms: Rhus cotinus, R, laevis
English Name: Smoke Tree, Wig Tree.
Flowering and Fruiting: April-July.
Description: Smoke tree is a rounded, broadly spreading shrub, or rarely a small tree,
that grows to 15 ft tall. The plant has broadly elliptic blunt to nearly rounded leaves with
prominent lateral veins. They are borne alternately on long stems. The plant can be easily
identified by its pale purple, branched, hairy flowering clusters at the end of branches.
The flowering clusters have thin, hairy filaments which give a cloud-like appearance
from a distance. The flowers themselves are inconspicuous little yellowish green
blossoms that appear in early summer. The fruits are tiny kidney shaped brown berries.
Distribution and Habitat: Southern Europe, east across central Asia and the Himalayas
to northern China. Found distributed from 100-800 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17309.

13. Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall.

Family: Rosaceae
Synonyms: C. affinis, Cotoneaster confusus, Cotoneaster parvifolius
English Name: Purpleberry cotoneaster
Hindi Name: Riush
Flowering and Fruiting: May-July.

23
Description: Purpleberry Cotoneaster is a deciduous shrub, up to 5 m tall. Flowers are
borne in compound corymbs 3-4 cm across, 15-30-flowered or more. Axis and flower-
stalks are densely yellow woolly; bracts linear-lanceshaped, woolly. Flower-stalks are 2-3
mm, flowers about 1 cm in diameter. Sepal-cup is bell-shaped, below woolly. Sepals are
broadly triangular, tip pointed. Petals are spreading, white, nearly round or ovate, 3-4
mm, above velvet-hairy near base, base shortly clawed, tip blunt. Stamens are 20, shorter
than sepals. Branchlets are dark reddish brown, round. Leaf-stalks are 4-5 mm, densely
yellow woolly; stipules linear or lanceshaped. Leaves are ovate or elliptic-ovate, 2.5-5 x
1.4-2 cm, midvein raised below and impressed above, below densely yellow woolly,
gradually becoming hairless, base broadly wedge-shaped, tip blunt or pointed. Fruit is
purplish brown to black, ovoid, 6-8 mm in diameter.
Distribution and Habitat: Purpleberry Cotoneaster is found on slopes, mixed forests,
thickets of river valleys in the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan, SE Tibet, W. China,
at altitudes of 1100-2800 m. It is commonly used for making walking sticks and for
controlling cattle.
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17310.

14. Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood.

Family: Urticaceae
English Name: Himalayan Wild Rhea
Hindi Name: Puruni, Siaru, Siharu
Flowering and Fruiting: March-June.
Description: Himalayan Wild Rhea is an evergreen tall shrub or small tree. Stem has
dark brown fibrous bark scabrous, young shoots whitish velvety. Leaves are carried on up
to 2.5 cm long, densely velvety stalk. Leaf balde is oblong - lanceshaped 2-15 cm long,
0.6-3 cm broad, silvery velvety beneath, rough and bristly above, toothed, pointed.
Stipules are linear-lanceshaped up to about 1 cm long, brown, deciduous. Male flower
clusters are larger than female flower heads. Sepal cup of male flowers is bell-shaped,
streaked orange-red and white, velvet-hairy outside, 4-lobed, shorter than brown
bracteoles, tubular-ovoid with narrowed mouth in female flowers. Stamens are 3-5,
protruding, anthers pale purple. Fruit is fleshy, yellow, about 1.5 mm long, pointed.

24
Distribution and Habitat: Himalayan Wild Rhea is found in Iran, Afghanistan,
Himalayas, from Kashmir to Nepal, at altitudes of 1500-2400 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17311.

15. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd.

Family: Urticaceae
Synonyms: Urtica longifolia, D, velutina
English Name: Orange wild Rhea
Hindi Name: Tusara, Sausaru
Flowering and Fruiting : Nov-Jan
Description: Orange Wild Rhea is a large shrub or small , about 5 m tall. Bark is grey,
smooth. Branchlets are round, gray hairy. Leaves are simple, alternate, spiral. Stipules are
lanceolate, bifid, 1 cm long, fused, falling off and leaving scar. Leaf stalks are 0.8-4 cm
long, gray hairy. Leaves are 5-15 x 1.5-4 cm, narrow oblong or lanceshaped, tip pointed
to long-pointed, base rounded, margin toothed, leathery, suface bullate with scattered
hairs above, grayish beneath, 3-nerved at base. Flowers are knob-like, in forking cymes,
in leaf axils. Peduncle is up to 0.5 cm long, velvety. Seedpods are orange-yellow when
ripe.
Distribution and Habitat: Orange Wild Rhea is found in Indomalaysia, and throughout
Western Ghats. Found distrusted from 400-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17312.

16. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees.

Family: Poaceae
Synonyms: Bambusa stricts, Bambos stricta
English Name: Calcutta Bamboo, Solid Bamboo, Stone Bamboo.
Hindi Name: Bans
Sanskrit Name: Vansha
Flowering and Fruiting: Nov-Jan

25
Description: Calcutta Bamboo is a deciduous densely tufted bamboo with stems 8-16 m
high, 2.5-8 cm in diameter, pale blue green when young, dull green or yellow on
maturity, much curved above half of its height. The most peculiar aspect of the plant is
the solid stem as there is no hollow part in it. Leaves are linear-lanceshaped, small in dry
localities, up to 25 cm long and 3 cm broad in moist areas, rounded at the base into a
short petiole, tip is sharply tapering with twisted point. Inflorescence is a large panicle of
large dense globular heads 4-5 cm apart. Long stamens protrude out of the flowers.
Distribution and Habitat: It is widely found across South and Southeast Asia,
particularly India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. It is also found in Cuba
and El Salvador. Found distributed from 0-600 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17313.

17. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Family: Sapindaceae
English Name: Hop Bush, Hopseed
Hindi Name: Sannatta. Vilayti-mehndi
Sanskrit Name: Aliar, Rasna, Sanatta
Flowering and Fruiting: August-November and February-April.
Description: Hop Bush is a shrub growing to 1-3 m tall, rarely a small tree to 10 m tall.
It is commonly called 'hop bush' because the colourful fruits resemble the fruits used in
brewing. The leaves are simple elliptical, 6-13 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, and secrete a
resinous substance. The flowers are yellow to orange-red, produced in short racemes. The
fruit is a capsule 2 cm broad, red ripening brown, with three wings. The wood is
extremely tough and durable, and New Zealand's Māori have used Hop Bush to fashion
clubs and other weapons.
Distribution and Habitat: Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa,
the Americas, southern Asia and Australasia. Found distributed from 500-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17314.

26
18. Ehretia acuminata (DC.) R. Br.
Family: Boraginaceae
Synonyms: E. serrata, Cordia thyrsiflora, E. ovalifolia.
English Name: Koda tree, brown clear, silky-ash
Hindi Name: Paniya, Bakli
Flowering and Fruiting: Oct-Jan
Description: Koda Tree is a hardy, fast growing tree, usually seen less than 10 m tall,
bearing dense sprays of delicately scented, white flowers in spring. Leaves elliptic to
obovate or oblong-ovate, 5-13 × 4-6 cm, margin regularly serrate with teeth curved
upward. Tiny fragrant white flowers occur in panicles 8-15 cm long. Flowers are tiny
white bell shaped, with 5 spreading pointed petals. Flowers are followed by large clusters
of edible, sweet tasting, yellow-orange berries in autumn, which are loved and eaten by
birds. Tree is spectacular in fruit as the whole canopy becomes covered with the brightly
colored berries. Trees may become deciduous in dry times.
Distribution and Habitat: Koda tree is found in Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan,
Vietnam; Australia, and in the Himalayas at altitudes of 100-1700 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17315.

19. Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehder

Family: Lamiaceae
English Name: Shrubby mint
Flowering and Fruiting: September-October.
Description: Shrubby mint is a shrub with branches yellow- or purple-brown, with
broadly elliptic-lanceshaped leaves which are narrowed below to a very short leaf-stalk,
and with long narrow spikes of tiny white hairy flowers. Flower-spikes are strongly
aromatic, 10-25 cm long and up to 8 mm broad, with lanceshaped bracts. Flower are 3-4
mm long, densely hairy like the much shorter calyx. Leaves are 8-16 cm, saw-toothed,
glandular, finely hairy. Stems are mostly 1-3 m, with grey fibrous bark on older stems
which peels off in strips.
Distribution and Habitat: Shrubby mint is found in the Himalayas, from Uttarakhand to
SW China, at altitudes of 1500-2400 m.

27
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17316

20. Engelhardia spicata Lechen ex. Blume

Family: Juglandaceae
Synonyms: Engelhardtia spicata, E. acerifolia, Gyrocarpus pendulus.
English Name: Mauwa
Hindi Name: Gadh mauha, Mahwa, Samma. Silapoma.
Flowering and Fruiting: March-April.
Description: Mauwa is a tree identified by fissured bark, compound leaves with leaflets
opposite, and winged nut. It is a deciduous tree up to 20 m tall. Bole is straight. Bark is
grey or grey-brown, deeply fissured. Leaves are compound, alternate and spiral, impar- or
pari-pinnate, leaflets are narrowly ovate or elliptic, with yellow glandular dots, margin
entire. Primary vein is single. Flowers are arranged in a many-flowered inflorescence, in
leaf axils, on small leafless twigs, unisexual, on the same tree, on stalks up to 3 mm long.
Fruit is up to 3.5 cm long, 1-seeded, 3-winged nutlet, not splitting open.
Distribution and Habitat: Mauwa is found in the Himalayas, till NE India, at altitudes
of 1000-3000 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17317.

21. Euphorbia royleana Boiss.

Family: Euphorbiaceae
English Name: Danda Thor, Churee, Royle’s Spurge
Hindi Name: Chhun, Danda thor, Senhur
Sanskrit Name: Nanda, Nisrinsapatra, Saptala.
Flowering and Fruiting: March-May.
Description: Danda Thor is a large cactus-like shrub, up to 5 m tall, with stout strunk and
many thick fleshy branches with 5-7 thick, wavy, winged ridges armed with pairs of
thorns on their margins. Leaves are fleshy, spoon-shaped, 10-15 cm long. The stems

28
become leafless during hot and cold seasons. Flower-heads are yellow-green, 3-4 in
almost stalkless clusters in leaf axils. Fruit is 3-lobed, about 1 cm across.
Distribution and Habitat: Danda Thor is found in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to E.
Nepal, up to 1800 m elevation.
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17318.

22. Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: Urostigma arnottiana
English Name: Indian rock fig, wild pipal.
Hindi Name: Bassari, Palhi, Paras Pipal, Pimpli
Sanskrit Name: Parisah, Plavaka
Flowering and Fruiting : June-July.
Description: Indian Rock Fig is a tree which is commonly mistaken for Peepal (Ficus
religiosa). Leaves are typical peepal like, but with wavy margins. One of the common
ways of recognizing Ficus arrnottiana from Ficus religiosa is to examine the color of the
leaf-stalk and the veins which are bright Pink to red in colour. The Leaf tips of F.
religiosa are tapering, acuminate and long as against the leaf tips of F. arnottiana which
are pointed and acuminate but not long.
Distribution and Habitat: Indian Subcontinent, Andaman Islands, Thailand. It is a tree
and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Found distributed from 0-800
masl.
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17319.

23. Ficus auriculata Lour.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: F. oligodon, F. roxburghii, F. macrophylla.
English Name: Elephant ear fig, Roxburgh fig.
Hindi Name: Fagoora, Tiamble, Timla, Tirmal.

29
Flowering and Fruiting: June-August
Description: Elephant Ear Fig a fig tree with very large leaves, reminding one of
elephant ears. The young leaves start intensely red, and turn more and more green when
reaching their ultimate size of up to 50 cm length. It is a tree 5-10 m tall, with crown
wide, and a bole diameter of 10-15 cm. Bark is gray, smooth. Branchlets are sparsely
pubescent. Stipules, falling off soon, are ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. Leaves are
alternately arranged, carried on 4-6 cm long stalks. They are obovate-elliptic to elliptic,
12-25 × 6-23 cm, papery, densely small tuberculate on the underside, hairless above, base
shallowly heart-shaped to broadly wedge-shaped, margin irregularly toothed. Figs are
clustered on short branchlets of old stems, sometimes even on the roots of the tree. They
are dark red when mature, pear-shaped to spherical, with 4-6 longitudinal ridges and
small tubercles. They are large for figs, 2-3.5 cm in diameter, covered with soft hairs.
Distribution and Habitat: Elephant Ear Fig is found in the Himalayas, from Nepal to
NE India, Burma, S. China, Indo-China and Malaya, at altitudes of 1000-2100 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17320.

24. Ficus benghalensis L.

Family: Moraceae
English Name: Banyan tree
Hindi Name: Bargad, Vat.
Sanskrit Name: Avarohin, Vata, Vrkshanatha
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Apr
Description: Barh or Banyan, sends down from its branches great numbers of shoots,
which take root and become new trunks. A single tree thus may spread over a large area
and look like a small forest. This tree is considered to be sacred in some places in India.
A specimen in the Calcutta botanical garden is more than 100 years old. It has a main
trunk 13 feet (4 m) in diameter, 230 trunks as large as oak trees, and more than 3,000
smaller ones. The largest banyan tree known is on the island of Sri Lanka. It has 350
large trunks and over 3,000 small ones. The banyan often grows to a height of over 21
meters and lives through many ages. Perhaps the most amazing part of this extraordinary
tree is its flower. What we think of as the fruit is really a hollow, flower-bearing structure

30
called a cyconia. The inside it is lined with hundreds of male and female flowers. The
males carry pollen and the females bear seeds. Various parts of this plant are considered
medicinal.
Distribution and Habitat: Barh or Banyan, a remarkable tree of India and tropical
Africa. Found distributed in tropical to subtropical region between 100-800 masl.
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17321.

25. Ficus hispida L.f.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: F. oppositifolia, F. compressa, Covellia hispida
English Name: Hairy fig, devil fig.
Hindi Name: Gobla, Kagsha, Katgularia.
Sanskrit Name: Kakodumbarika.
Flowering and Fruiting: June-July.
Description: Hairy Fig is a coarsely hairy shrub or small tree. Ovate-lanceshaped stipules
are usually 4, and are visible on leafless fruiting branchlets. Oppositely arranged leaves,
on 1-4 cm long stalks, are ovate, oblong, or obovate-oblong, 10-25 cm long, 5-10 cm
wide, thickly papery, covered with coarse hairs. Leaf base is rounded to wedgeshaped,
margin is entire or bluntly toothed, tip is pointed. Figs appear in leaf axil on normal leafy
shoots, sometimes on leafless branchlets, solitary or paired, yellow or red when mature,
top-shaped, 1.2-3 cm in diameter. Figs are covered with short hairs.
Distribution and Habitat: India and southern China southwards to northern Australia.
Found distributed from 400-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17322.

26. Ficus palmata Forssk.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: Ficus pseudocarica
English Name: Punjabi fig.

31
Hindi Name: Anjiri, Jangli-Anjir, Khemri.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Jun
Description: Punjab Fig is a deciduous, moderate-sized tree, 6-10 m in height. It is
usually seen cultivated as a shrub. Young branches, velvety, often becoming hairless;
bark, smooth, dull, ash gray, can be stripped off with the hand, exposing the white to
light-yellow wood underneath; wood, moderately hard. Leaves, alternate, broad, ovate,
membranous, 12.92 cm long, 14.16 cm broad, with a heart-shaped base, and toothed
margin (which is rare in figs). Leaves are dark green and rough on the upper surface, light
green and tomentose on the lower surface.
Distribution and Habitat: Punjab Fig is one of the tastiest fruits found growing wild in
the mid-Himalayan region at the altitudinal range of 0-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17323.

27. Ficus pumila L.

Family: Moraceae
English Name: Climbing fig, Creeoing fig.
Hindi Name: Chipkali bel.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Jun
Description: Climbing Fig is an enthusiastic climber able to scramble up vertical
surfaces 3-4 stories tall with the aid of a powerful adhesive. This vine coats surfaces with
a tracery of fine stems that are densely covered with small heart shaped leaves that are 2.5
cm long by about 2 cm wide, they are held closely to the surface creating a mat of foliage
that extends barely 1 in from the surface. These are the juvenile leaves. Once the vine has
reach the top of its support if will begin to form horizontal branches on which adult
foliage is borne. Adult leaves are held alternately in two rows along these branches. They
are more leathery than the juveniles, and are dark green, and about 3 in long by 2 in wide.
The fruit is a fig, obovoid top-shaped. These are borne only on the horizontal stems, they
are pale green in color and about 3 in long by 2.5 in wide.
Distribution and Habitat: Climbing Fig is native to China, Japan and Vietnam,
cultivated in India. Found distributed from 100-1000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern

32
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17324.

28. Ficus racemosa L.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: Ficus glomerata, Ficus lucescens, Ficus racemosa var. elongata
English Name: Cluster fig
Hindi Name: Goolar
Sanskrit Name: Udumbara
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-August
Description: Goolar is an attractive fig tree witha crooked trumk and a spreading crown.
Unlike the banyan, it has no aerial roots. The most distinctive aspect of this tree is the
red, furry figs in short clusters, which grow directly out of the trunk of the tree. Those
looking for the flower of goolar should know that the fig is actually a compartment
carrying hundreds of flowers. One might wonder how these flowers enclosed in a ball are
pollinated. The flowers are pollinated by very small wasps that crawl through the opening
in search of a suitable place to reproduce (lay eggs) without this pollinator service fig
trees cannot reproduce by seed. In turn, the flowers provide a safe haven and nourishment
for the next generation of wasps. Goolar is a tree commonly found in cities and towns. It
has evergreen leaves, if it is close to a water source. Otherwise it sheds its leaves in
january. Figs have been traditionally used by children to play. Thin sticks can be joined
by inserting them in goolar figs to make interesting shapes.
Distribution and Habitat: E. Asia - Southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. Found at the altidutinal
range of 500-1000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17325.

29. Ficus religiosa L.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: Ficus peepal, F. superstitiosa, F. caudate
English Name: Holy fig tree

33
Hindi Name: Peepal
Sanskrit Name: Pippala, Bodhivriksha
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-June
Description: Peepal is unrivalled for its antiquity and religious significance. No other
tree is claimed to have such long life - one in Sri Lanka, said to have been planted in the
year 288 B.C., still lives and flourishes. The Prince Siddhartha is known to have sat in
meditation under a Bo tree and there found enlightenment from which time he became
known as the Buddha. So, from then on the tree was sacred to Buddhists. Hindus
associate the tree with the three gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, Vishnu being reputed to
have been born under a Peepul, which is therefore Vishnu himself in the form of a tree. A
grand peepal tree is a perfect shade tree, and village meetings are often conducted under a
peepal tree. It is a large deciduous tree with a pale stem often appearing fluted on account
of the numerous roots which have fused with the stem. Leaves leathery 4-8 inches long
by 3-5 inches wide, somewhat egg-shaped or rounded, tailed at the tip and heart-shaped
at the base, or sometimes rounded. The young leaves are frequently pink, change to
copper and finally to green. Flowers minute within the receptacle. Fruit is a fig.
Distribution and Habitat: Ficus religiosa is native to most of the Indian subcontinent –
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India including the Assam region, Eastern
Himalaya and the Nicobar Islands, as well as part of Indochina – the Andaman Islands,
Thailand, Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia. Found distributed from 100 to 1200 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17326.

30. Ficus sermentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: F. oblongifolia, F. cabur, F. nepalensis.
English Name: Nepal fig.
Hindi Name: Van-timila
Flowering and Fruiting: May-September.
Description: Nepal Fig is a large, woody climber or shrub, with ashy grey to brown bark.
Young twigs are brownish-velvet-hairy when growing in damp shady places otherwise
almost hairless. Leaves are carried on 8-12 mm long, hairy leaf-stalk. Leaf blade is

34
variable, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceshaped or elliptic, 2.5-10 cm long, 1.5-4.5 cm broad,
3-costate at the rounded, heart-shaped, or wedge-shaped base, margins entire, tip pointed
or tapering, hairless above, velvet-hairy to becoming hairless beneath, lateral nerves 5-8
pairs, bulging underneath, intercostals irregular; stipules linear to ovate-lanceshaped, 6-
10 mm long, brownish villose. Hypanthodia usually solitary rarely paired, in leaf-axils,
stalkless to shortly stalked, spherical to ovoid or obovoid, 8-15 mm in diameter, warted or
wrinkled, minutely hairy, subtended by 3, ovate, pointed usually reflexed basal bracts,
apical orifice narrow, covered with minute bracts. Figs aew usually spherical or obovoid,
1-2 cm in diameter, orange-red.
Distribution and Habitat: Nepal Fig is found in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to China,
at altitudes of 1400-2500 m.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17327.

31. Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham.ex Sm.

Family: Moraceae
Synonyms: Covellia cunia, F. cunia, F. conglomerate
English Name: Drooping Fig
Hindi Name: Khaina, Khunia, Bhui goolar.
Sanskrit Name: Chorakapatra, Kharapatra.
Flowering and Fruiting: May-October.
Description: Drooping Fig is a small to medium sized tree , up to 15 m tall, with an
irregular crown. Trunk is up to 2 m in circumference, without aerial roots. Bark is dark-
grey, young twigs covered with white or pale-brownish short hairs. Leaves are carried on
1-1.5 cm long stalks. Leaf blade is variable, mostly elliptic to oblong, lanceshaped, 10-30
cm long, 5-10 cm broad, base highly unequal-sided with a 3.4-nerved rounded large
lower lobe overlapping the stalk. Leaf margin is entire or coarsely toothed. Tip is
tapering, and the leaves are slightly rough on both sides or hairy beneath. Figs are
spherical to pear-shaped, 1.2-2 cm in diameter, pink or dull reddish brown with white
spots, hairy, on leafless branches. The branches are pendulous and are often prostrate on
the ground. The figs often mature underground, hence the Hindi common name bhui
goolar.

35
Distribution and Habitat: Drooping Fig is found in the Himalayas, from Kashmir to NE
India, SE Asia, C. India, at altitudes of 600-2000 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17328.

32. Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Family: Salicaceae
Synonyms: F. parvifolia, Gmelina indica.
English Name: Govenor’s plum, Madagascar plum.
Hindi Name: Bilangada
Flowering and Fruiting: Sep-Dec
Description: Governor's Plum is a small tree or large shrub, usually 3-5 m tall,
sometimes 10 m. Bark is usually pale, grey, powdery, may become brown to dark grey
and flaking, revealing pale orange patches. Vegetative parts may be smooth or densely
velvety. Leaves are red or pink when young, variable in size, oval to round, up to 12 cm,
margin toothed, becoming leathery. Leaf stalk is up to 2 cm long. Flowers are unisexual
or occasionally bisexual. Male flowers are borne in 0.5-2 cm long racemes in leaf axils.
Sepals are 5-6, broadly ovate, tip pointed to rounded, 1.5-2.5 mm long and broad. Female
flowers occur in short racemes or solitary. Styles are 4-8, central, fused at the base,
spreading, up to 1.5 mm long. Fruit is round, reddish to reddish-black or purple when
ripe, fleshy, up to 2.5 cm across, with persistent styles. The genus
name Flacourtia honours E. de Flacourt (1607-60), a governor of Madagascar.
Distribution and Habitat: Africa and tropical and temperate parts of Asia. Found
distributed from 100-700 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17329.

33. Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight

Family: Phyllanthaceae
Synonyms: Phyllanthus heyneanus, Diasperus heyneanus, Gynoon heyneanum
English Name: Velvety melon featherfoil, downy melon featherfoil.

36
Flowering and Fruiting: May-July.
Description: Velvety Melon Featherfoil is a small tree or large shrub up to 9 m with
sflattened branches and leaves. Bark is brown, rough. Wood is brownish- white, soft. All
parts are evenly to densely whitish- to rusty-velvety. Leaf-stalks are 2-3 mm long. Leaves
are elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5-10 x 2-6 cm, pointed or shortly obtusely long-
pointed, wedge-shaped or rounded-wedge-shaped at the base. Male flowers are carried on
slender stalks 5-9 mm long. Sepals are 6, oblong-lanceshaped, 2-3 mm long, blunt, thick,
yellow. Stamen-column (of 3 fused sessile anthers) is 1.5 mm high, with 3 separate
conical produced connectives, yellow. Female flowers are carried on stalks 1-2 mm long,
extending to 4-6 mm in fruit. Sepals are shorter than the male sepals, green, otherwise
similar to them, persistent. Ovary is 4-7-celled, 8-14-lobed, 1 mm diameter. Styles are
fused into a column 1.5 x 1 mm, 4-7-toothed at the apex, pubescent, not or scarcely
enlarging in fruit. Fruit is depressed-globose to discoid, 8-14-lobed, 4 x 10 mm, evenly
velvety with the style persistent in the depression. Seeds irregularly obovoid, 3-4 x 4-5
mm, smooth, shiny, red, often remaining attached to the axis after the splitting of the
fruit.
Distribution and Habitat: Velvety Melon Featherfoil is found in the Himalayas, from
Kashmir to Bhutan, Bengal, N. Burma, and Western Ghats at altitudes of 150-1800 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17330.

34. Grewia asiatica L.

Family: Tiliaceae
Synonyms: Grewia subinaegualis, G. hainsiana
English Name: Sherbert Berry.
Hindi Name: Falsa
Sanskrit Name: Mriduphal.
Flowering and Fruiting: April-September.
Description: Falsa is a shrub or small tree which can grow upto 12 feet high. Its bark is
greyish-white or greyish-brown. Leaves with serrated margins vary from broadly heart-
shaped to obliquely ovate. The flowers are yellow about 2 centimeters in length, and
borne in densely crowded (rarely solitary) axillary cymes.

37
Distribution and Habitat: Falsa is found in Iran, Afghnistan to the Indian Subcontinent
to SE Asia and Australia. Found distributed from 200-600 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17331.

35. Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. ex Burret.

Family: Tiliaceae
Synonyms: Grewia oppositifolia
English Name:
Hindi: Bhimal, Bhuinal, Dhaman, Bihul.
Sanskrit: Dhanvanah, Todana.
Flowering and Fruiting: April-September.
Description: Bihul is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, 9-12 m in height. Crown
is spreading, bole is clear, 3-4 m, and about 1 m diameter. Branches are smooth, pale
silvery-brown, bark dark brown, thick and roughish, peeling in small woody scales. Blaze
is rather fibrous, pale yellow, often tinged pink towards the exterior, juice slimy. Leaves
are opposite, 5-13 cm x 3-6 cm, ovate, long-pointed, closely toothed, teeth small, blunt.
Leaves are rough and hairy above, velvety beneath. Base is rounded, slightly oblique, 3-
nerved. Leaf-stalk is 0.3-1 cm long, stout, velvety. Stipules are 0.5 cm long, linear
subulate, falling off. Flowers are borne 1-8 together, on a solitary stalk, opposite the leaf
or exceptionally in leaf axils. The stalk is 2-3.5 cm long, densely hairy. Flowers
yellowish-red, about 3.5 cm across. Sepals 1-1.5 cm long, linear oblong, 3-ribbed, green
outside, white, pale yellow or red inside. Petals are white or pale yellow, shorter than the
sepals, linear, claw distinct. Fruit is a drupe, 1-4 lobed, each lobe about 0.8 cm in
diameter, olive green then black when ripe. The genus was named after Nehemiah Grew
(1641-1712), one of the founders of plant physiology.
Distribution and Habitat: Bihul is found in the Himalayan regions in Pakistan, Nepal,
India, usually between 500 and 2500 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17332.

38
36. Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don
Family: Apocynaceae
Synonyms: Halorrhena antidysenterica
English Name: Inrajao.
Hindi Name: Karva indrajau.
Sanskrit Name: Indrayava, Vatsaka.
Flowering and Fruiting: April-July.
Description: Indrajao is a deciduous shrub or a small tree, growing up to 3 ms high.
Short stem has pale bark and several branches. Oppositely arranges, ovate, obtusely
acuminate leaves are 10-20 cm long. Leaf stalks are very short. White flowers appear in
corymb-like cymes, 5-15 cm across, at the end of branches. Flowers have five white
petals 2-3 cm long which turn creamish yellow as they age. The flowers are beautiful
with oblong petals which are rounded at the tip, and remind one of frangipani.
Distribution and Habitat: Indrajao is native to Africa, Indian Subcontinent to Indo-
China. It is also found in the Himalayas up to altitudes of 1500 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17333.

37. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Family: Ulmaceae
Synonyms: Ulmus integrifolia.
English Name: Indian Elm.
Hindi Name: Chilbil, Papri
Sanskrit Name: Chirivilva
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-July
Description: Indian Elm is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 18 m tall. It has grey
bark, covered with blisters, peeling in corky scales on old trees. Alternately arranged
leaves are elliptic-ovate, 8-13 cm long and 3.2-6.3 cm wide, smooth, with entire margins,
and a pointed tip. Leaf base is rounded or heart-shaped. Stipules are lance-shaped.
Crushed leaves emit an unpleasant odour. Flowers are small, greenish-yellow to
brownish, pubescent, borne in short racemes or fascicles at the scars of fallen leaves.
Sepals are velvety, often 4. Fruit is an a circular samara, 2.5 cm in diameter, with

39
membranous, net-veined wings, and flat seed.
Distribution and Habitat: Native to most of Indian subcontinent, Indo-China and
Myanmar. It is found mostly on plains but also in mountains on elevations up to 1100 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17334.

38. Indigofera cassioides Rotller ex DC.

Family: Fabaceae
Synonyms: I. pulchella, I. leptostachya.
English Name: Cassia Indigo.
Hindi Name: Hakuna, Sakina.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-June
Description: Cassia Indigo is an erect shrub, 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves are compound 7-15 cm
long, with 11-21 leaflets, 1.1-2.4 cm long, 7-15 mm broad, oblong to elliptical, blunt,
truncate to slightly retuse, apiculate, velvety on both sides. Stipules are 2-4 mm long,
deciduous. Inflorescence is a 5-17 cm long raceme, covered with sterile scales at the base.
Bract are 2-10 mm long. The stalk carrying the raceme is 1-2 mm long. Sepal cup is 2-3
mm long, teeth nearly equal, 1-2 mm long. Flowers are bright pink, fading to violet,
shaped like pea flowers. Vexillum is 1.2-1.8 cm long. Fruit is 2.4-4.3 cm long, 4 mm
broad, straight, hairless, 8-12-seeded.
Distribution and Habitat: Cassia Indigo is native to the Indian Subcontinent to China
and Indo-China. It is also found in the Himalayas, at altitudes up to 2000 m.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17335.

39. Indigofera heterantha Brandis L.C.

Family: Fabaceae
English Name: Himalayan indigo.
Hindi Name: Kali Kathi
Flowering and Fruiting: May-June.

40
Description: Himalayan indigo is a small or large shrub, growing up to 2.5 m tall.
Branches are covered with bristly white hairs. Showy purple or pale pink flowers are
borne in erect spike-like clusters, 2.5-5 cm long. Flowers are generally 6-10 mm across,
shaped like pea flowers. Leaves are compound, and the leaflets are very variable. Leaflets
are elliptic inverted-lance-shaped, 4-12 mm long, with white hairs. Seed pod is 1.3-2.5
cm long, straight, hairless.
Distribution and Habitat: Himalayan indigo is found in the Himalayas, from
Afghanistan to Bhutan and China, at altitudes of 1500-3000 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17336.

40. Jasminum grandiflorum L.

Family: Oleaceae
Synonyms: Jasminum officinale,
English Name: Royal Jasmine,Spanish Jasmine,
Hindi Name: Chameli,
Sanskrit Name: Balihrasa, Chambeli.
Flowering and Fruiting: Aug-Oct
Description: Royal Jasmine is a climbing shrub, 2-4 m long. Highly fragrant flowers are
borne in 2-9-flowered cymes, in leaf axils, or at branch-ends. Flowers are white, opening
flat-faced, tube 1.3-2.5 cm, petals often 5, oblong, 1.3-2.2 cm. Sepals are slender linear,
5-10 mm. Flower-stalks are 0.5-2.5 cm, middle pedicel of cymes prominently shorter.
Bracts are linear, 2-3 mm. Branchlets are round in cross-section, angular or grooved.
Leaves are opposite, pinnately cut or compound with 5-9 leaflets. Leaf-stalks are 0.5-4
cm, leaflet blade ovate or narrowly so (end one usually narrowly rhomboid), 0.7-3.8 x
0.5-1.5 cm, base cuneate or blunt, apex acute, acuminate, or blunt, sometimes mucronate..
Distribution and Habitat: South Asia, the Arabian peninsula, East and Northeast Africa
and the Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China. Found distributed from 400-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17337.

41
41. Justicia adhatoda L.
Family: Acanthaceae,
Synonyms: Adhatoda vasica, A. zeylanica.
English Name: Malabar Nut, White vasa.
Hindi Name: Arusa, Sinh-parni, Vajini
Sanskrit Name: Atarusa, Simhasya, Vaji-danta, Vasuka.
Flowering and Fruiting: Dec-Jun
Description: The Leaves are 10 to 16 cms in length, minutely hairy and broadly
lanceolate. A herbal plant which requires very little watering and is an extremely hardy
plant is Malabar nut. If there is one herbal plant that needs to be singled out for
propagation and planting on a large scale, it would be this one. Adhatoda in Tamil,
meaning a plant shunned by herbivorous animals. Propagated easily by cuttings, grows to
a height of eight to 14 feet and has attractive white flowers.
Distribution and Habitat: Malabar nut is a small evergreen, sub-herbacious bush which
grows commonly in open plains, especially in the lower Himalayas. Found distribution
from 0-700 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17338.

42. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.

Family: Bigoniaceae
Synonyms: Crescentia pinnata, Kigelia pinnata.
English Name: Sausage tree
Hind Name: Balam Khira, Jhar fanoos.
Flowering and Fruiting: Aug-Oct
Description: The blood-red flowers of the sausage tree bloom at night on long, ropelike
stalks that hang down from the limbs of this tropical tree. The fragrant, nectar-rich
blossoms are pollinated by bats, insects and sunbirds in their native habitat. The mature
fruits dangle from the long stalks like giant sausages. They may be up to two feet long
and weigh up to 6.8 kg. The flowers are seen hanging from the tree while they haven't
opened. After they open, they fall off quite soon. The fruit, while not palatable for

42
humans, is popular with hippos, baboons, and giraffes. Mainly grown as a curiosity and
ornamental, both for its beautiful deep red flowers and its strange fruit.
Distribution and Habitat: Native of Africa introduced in the tropics as ornamental tree.
Found distributed from 0-1000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17339.

43. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.

Family: Anacardiaceae
Synonyms: Dialium coromandalica, Lannea grandis, Odina wodier.
English Name: Indian ash tree, Wodier.
Hindi Name: Mohin
Sanskrit Name: Jinginee, Ghanashringee, Ajashringee.
Flowering and Fruiting: Jan-Mar
Description: Indian Ash Tree is a deciduous tree, growing up to 14 m tall. Branchlets are
minutely covered with starry hairs. Alternately arranged leaves are pinnate, with a single
terminal leaflet (pinnae) at the end. The spine carrying the leaflets is up to 7 cm long.
Leaflets are usually 5, each laterals opposite, ovate, base rounded, densely velvet-hairy
when young. Flowers are unisexual, greenish, the male in compound and female in
simple racemes. Sepals 4, about 1 mm long, broad ovate. Petals 4, 2 mm long, oblong,
green yellow. Fruit is ovoid, compressed, in panicles, at the end of leafless branches.
Distribution and Habitat: Indian Subcontinent to China and Indo-China. Found
distributed from 0-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17340.

44. Lantana camara L.

Family: Verbenaceae
English Name: Lantan
Hindi Name: Raimuniya
Flowering and Fruiting: Jun- Oct

43
Description: Common lantana is a rugged evergreen shrub from the tropics. The species
will grow to 6 ft high and may spread to 8 ft in width with some varieties able to clamber
vinelike up supports to greater heights with the help of support. The leaves are 2-5 in long
by 1-2 in wide with rounded tooth edges and a textured surface. Stems and leaves are
covered with rough hairs and emit an unpleasant aroma when crushed. The small flowers
are held in clusters (called umbels) that are typically 1-2 in across. Flower color ranges
from white to yellow, orange to red, pink to rose in unlimited combinations, in addition
the flowers usually change in color as they age. A lantana may look orange from a
distance but the flowerhead is examined at close range it consists of individual white,
yellow and red flowers that blend when viewed from afar. Numerous garden cultivars
have been developed with flower-heads completely white, yellow and many other colors.
Distribution and Habitat: Central and South America; however, it has become
naturalised in around 60 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. Found distributed
from 400-1500masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17341.

45. Leptopus cordifolius Decne.

Family: Phyllanthaceae
Synonyms: Andrachne cordifolia, Arachne cordifolia, Phyllanthis cordifolius
English Name: Heart-leaf-maiden-bush.
Hindi Name: Bhartoi, Bharti, Bhatondu
Flowering and Fruiting: Jun-Oct
Description: Heart-Leaf Maiden-Bush is a small shrub, 1-1.5 m, occasionally up to 2.5 m
tall. Leaf-stalks are 0.5-2.5 cm. Leaves are triangular-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2-5 x 1-2
cm, rounded to notched at the tip, flat or shallowly heart-shaped at the base. Leaves are
thinly membranous, lateral nerves 3-8 pairs, medium green above, paler beneath. Male
flowers are borne in pairs or in few-flowered fascicles, on slender stalks 0.5-1 cm long.
Sepals are elliptic-obovate, 2.5-3 mm long, fused at the base, pale greenish-yellow. Petals
are obovate-spoon-shaped, 2 mm long, rounded or notched, yellow. Stamens are fused at
base, filaments about 1 mm long. Female flowers occur singly, or sometimes
accompanied by a male flower in the same axil. Flower-stalks are 3-4 cm long, slender.

44
Sepals are nearly circular to ovate, 2 x 1.5 mm, enlarging to 3-4 x 2.5 in fruit, fused at the
base, 3-5-ribbed. Petals are minute, disc annular, 2-3 mm diameter. Fruits are roundly
trilobate, 3-5 mm long, 6-7 mm diameter, smooth.
Distribution and Habitat: Heart-Leaf Maiden-Bush is found in the Himalayas, from
Kashmir to Nepal, Tibet, Burma and S. China, at altitudes of 1200-2100 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17342.

46. Ligustrum sinense Lour.

Family: Oleaceae
English Name: Chinese privet
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-Jun
Description: Chinese Privet is a semi-deciduous shrub or small tree up to 12 ft tall or
more. Flowers are many, white, small, somewhat unpleasantly fragrant, on slender
velvet-hairy stalks in narrow, conical panicles, at branch-ends on branchlets. Twigs are
densely velvet-hairy. Leaves are opposite, simple, on long twigs, at first glance, may
appear compound, all green (in cultivation usually variegated, cream-white and green).
Leaf blades are up to 3.7 cm long and 1.8 cm wide, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, with tips
blunt, margins entire, and pubescence persistent on midvein below, leaf-stalks short,
velvet-hairy. Fruits are dark blue or bluish-black drupes, ellipsoid to subspherical, mostly
4-5 mm long.
Distribution and Habitat: Chinese Privet is native to Taiwan, China to Vietnam,
cultivated in India. Found distributed from 200-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17343.

47. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.

Family: Euphorbiaceae
English Name: Kaamala Tree, Dyer’s rottlera, Monkey face tree
Hindi Name: Kamala, Raini, Rohini, Sinduri
Sanskrit Name: Kampilyaka

45
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-June
Description: Kamala Tree (pronounced kaamlaa) is a tree found throughout India. It has
been in use as medicinal tree in India for ages. The tree can grow up to 10 m tall.
Alternately arranged, ovate or rhombic ovate leaves are rusty-velvety. Male and female
flowers occur in different trees. Female flowers are borne in lax spike like racemes at the
end of branches or in leaf axils. Male flowers occur three together in the axils of small
bracts. Capsule is trigonous-globular, covered with a bright crimson layer of minute,
easily detachable reddish powder. Kamala is supposed to be a very useful tree. It is
source of Kamala dye which is used in colouring silk and wool. It is used as anti-oxidant
for ghee and vegetable oils. Oil is used as hair-fixer and added in ointment. Seed oil is
used in paints and varnishes. Seed cake is used as manure.
Distribution and Habitat: It occurs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, as well as
Afghanistan and Australia. Found distributed from 500-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17344.

48. Mangifera Indica L.

Family: Anacardiaceae
English Name: Mango
Hindi Name: Aam
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Jul
Description: It is a matter of astonishment to many that the delicious mango, one of the
most celebrated of Indian fruits, is a member of the family Anacardiaceae–notorious for
embracing a number of highly poisonous plants. The mango tree is erect, 30 to 100 ft
high, with a broad, rounded canopy which may, with age, attain 100 to 125 ft in width, or
a more upright, oval, relatively slender crown. In deep soil, the taproot descends to a
depth of 20 ft, the profuse, wide-spreading, feeder root system also sends down many
anchor roots which penetrate for several feet. The tree is long-lived, some specimens
being known to be 300 years old and still fruiting. Nearly evergreen, alternate leaves are
borne mainly in rosettes at the tips of the branches and numerous twigs from which they
droop like ribbons on slender petioles 1 to 4 in long. Hundreds and even as many as 3,000
to 4,000 small, yellowish or reddish flowers, 25% to 98% male, the rest hermaphroditic,

46
are borne in profuse, showy, erect, pyramidal, branched clusters 2 1/2 to 15 1/2 in high.
There is great variation in the form, size, color and quality of the fruits. They may be
nearly round, oval, ovoid-oblong, or somewhat kidney-shaped, often with a break at the
apex, and are usually more or less lop-sided.
Distribution and Habitat: It is native tropical Asia and has been cultivated in the Indian
subcontinent. Found distributed in wild from 100-600 masl.
IUCN Status: Data deficient.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17345.

49. Melia azedarach L.

Family: Meliaceae
Synonyms: Melia toosendan
English Name: Chinaberry tree, Pride of India.
Hindi Name: Bakain
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar- Jul
Description: The Persian lilac tree is frequently confused with Neem. However, the
structure of the leaves and the color of the flowers, white in Neem and lilac in Persian
lilac, are sufficient to distinguish between the two. In India, Muslims are credited with the
spread of the tree. The bark is reddish brown, becoming fissured on mature trees. The
deciduous leaves are bipinnate (twice feather-like) and 1-2 ft long. The individual
leaflets, each about 2 in long and less than half as wide, are pointed at the tips and have
toothed edges. In spring and early summer, Persian lilac produces masses of purplish,
fragrant, star shaped flowers, each about 3/4 inch in diameter, that arch or droop in 8 in
panicles. They are followed by clusters of spherical, yellow fruits about 3/4 inch in
diameter that persist on the trees even after the leaves have fallen. All parts of Persian
lilac tree are poisonous. Eating as few as 6 berries can result in death. Birds that eat too
many seeds have been known to become paralyzed.
Distribution and Habitat: Native to India, growing wild in the sub-Himalayan region.
Found distributed from 400-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17346.

47
50. Mimosa himalayana Gamble
Family: Mimosaceae
Synonyms: Mimosa rubicaulis
English Name: Himalayan mimosa
Hindi Name: Agla, aila,
Flowering and Fruiting: Jun-Aug
Description: Himalayan Mimosa is a large straggling deciduous shrub, branches ribbed,
densely hairy; prickles present on nodes or inter nodes, straight or hooked, 4 mm or less
long. Leaf double compound, axis 10-23 cm long, prickly, prickles mostly hooked, hairy,
ribbed; pinnae 5-12 pairs, 2.5-6.5 cm long. Leaflets 6-15 pairs, 3-8 mm long, about 2 mm
broad, oblong, blunt, with a short sharp point, hairless above, more or less hairy below,
nearly stalkless. Inflorescence spherical penduculate head forming at branch-ends
panicle; flower-cluster-stalk about 2.5-6.0 cm long, hairy, head about 1.2-1.5 cm across.
Flowers pink fading to white, flower-stalklate, flower-stalk minute; bracteate, bract small,
linear, fringed with hairs. Calyx about 1 mm, hairy. Flower about 3 mm long, tubular, 4
lobed, lobes about 1 mm long. Stamens 8, long, protruding. Ovary short stalked, hairless.
Fruit 6-10 cm long, 1.0-1.3 cm broad, occasionally with prickles on the sutures, strap-
shaped, hairless 4-10, 1 seeded joints, which get separated from the sutural frame.
Distribution and Habitat: Himalayan Mimosa is found in the Afghanistan, Himalayas,
from
Kashmir to Bhutan, at altitudes of 300-1900 m.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17347.

51. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser.

Family: Rubiaceae
Synonyms: Anthocephalus cadamba, Anthocephalus indicus
English Name: Kadam,
Hindi Name: Kadamb
Flowering and Fruiting: Jun-Sept

48
Description: In Hindu mythology, Kadam was the favourite tree of Krishna. Tree up to
45 m tall, without branches for more than 25 m. Diameter up to 100 (-160) cm but
normally less; sometimes with buttresses. The crown is umbrellashaped and the branches
are characteristically arranged in tiers. Leaves simple, 13-32 cm long. Flowers orange,
small, in dense, globose heads. They appear like solid, hairy orange balls. The fruits are
small capsules, packed closely together to form a fleshy, yellow or orange coloured
infructescence containing approx. 8,000 seeds. The small capsules split into four parts
releasing the seed at maturity. There are approximately 20,000 seeds per gram. It is
believed to have medicinal value in curing astringent, ulcer, digestive, diarrhoea,
expectorant, fever, vomiting. A postal stamp was issued by the Indian Postal Department
to commemorate this tree.
Distribution and Habitat: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam. Found distributed from 500-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17348.

52. Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) Momiy. H. Hara

Family: Lauraceae
Synonyms: Litsea consimilis, Malapoenna pallens, Tetranthera pallens
English Name: Pale Litsea
Flowering and Fruiting: March-May
Description: Pale Litsea is a small tree, 5-15 m tall, with young branchlets and leaf-
stalks yellowish brown velvet-hairy and becoming hairless. Leaves are alternate or 3-5
clustered toward tip of branchlet; leaf-stalk 6-15 mm; leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-
lanceshaped, 5-8 x 2-3 cm, hairless on both surfaces when old, triplinerved, lateral veins
4 or 5 pairs, base wedge-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped to round, margin often wavy in
a dried state, tip tapering to with a tail. Flowers are bborne in umbels in leaf-axils on an
up to 1 mm long, thick, bracteate flower-cluster-stalk. Bracts are ovate-elliptic, 4-5 mm,
minutely laxly silky. Male flowers have flower-stalks 2-2.5 mm, hairy; tepals oblong,
hairless, 2 mm; stamens 4 mm, strongly protruding; basal glands small, attached to the
basal half of the filament. Female flowers have tepals oblong, 2 mm; style 1.5 mm,
stigma minute, peltate. Fruits are spherical, about 8 mm in diameter, hairless, apiculate at

49
tip, seated on flat discoid perianth tube; fruiting flower-stalk slender, 1.0-1.2 cm,
yellowish brown velvet-hairy.
Distribution and Habitat: Pale Litsea is found in evergreen broad-leaved forests in the
Himalayas, at altitudes of 2000-2400 m, in Pakistan, Nepal, to NE India and China.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17349.

53. Olea paniculata R.Br.

Family: Oleaceae
Synonyms: Olea bournei, Olea glandulifera, Olea glandulosa.
English Name: Native olive
Hindi Name Gaild, Gair, Galdu,
Flowering and Fruiting: April- July
Description: Native Olive is a tree 5-15 m tall, bark 1 cm, greyish-brown, peeling in
brittle scales; blaze dull yellow. Leaves are simple, opposite; leaf-stalk 1.0-3.5 cm,
slender, hairless, grooved above; blade 7-13 x 2.5-5 cm, elliptic, elliptic-obovate or
elliptic lanceshaped, base narrowed, tip tapering, margin entire, hairless, papery; lateral
nerves 4-7 pairs, hairless, pinnate, prominent; intercostae netveined; domatia present.
Flowers are bisexual, creamy, 4 mm across, borne branch-end or lateral compound,
cymes. Flowers are deeply lobed; petals 4, spreading, 2 mm long, tube 1 mm long;
stamens 2, protruding; anther oblong Sepal-cup is 1 mm, hairless, sepals triangular,
gland-dotted. Fruit is a drupe, 1.5 x 0.8 cm, ovoid, brownish-black; seed one.
Distribution and Habitat: Native Olive is found in moist ravines, open valleys, at
altitudes of 1200-2400 m, in the Himalayas, Yunnan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal,
New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Australia.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17350.

54. Pinus roxburghii Sarg.

Family: Pinaceae
Synonyms: Pinus longifolia

50
English Name: Chir-pine, Himalayan longleaf pine,
Hindi Name: Chir
Sanskrit Name: Saral
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Jun
Description: Erect, round-headed evergreen tree with one or more trunks. Grows at
moderate rate to 30 ft., with spread of 20 ft at maturity. The bark is red-brown, thick and
deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves
are needle-like, in fascicles of three, very slender, 20-35 cm long, and distinctly yellowish
green. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both
sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by wind. The cones are ovoid
conic, 12-24 cm long and 5-8 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening
glossy chestnut-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next year or so.
Distribution and Habitat: Among the principal pines found in India, chir pine is the
most important. Native to the Himalayas, it is good as a street tree too. This is one of the
least exacting of the Himalayan trees growing sometimes on bare rocks where only a few
species are capable of existing. It is a resinous tree capable of yielding resin continuously
provided rill method of tapping is adopted. Found distributed from 400-2000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17351.

55. Pistacia chinensis Bunge

Family: Anacardiaceae.
Synonyms: Pistacia integerrima, Rhus integerrima.
English Name: Kakkar
Hindi Name: Kakra-singi,
Sanskrit Name: Chakra, Chakrangi, Ghosha, Karkata.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-May.
Description: The tree grows up to 17 m or more tall. Leaves are compound with or
without an end leaflet, 16-25 cm long. Leaflets are opposite or nearly opposite, almost
stalkless, 7-9 in number, 9-12 x 2.2-3.2 cm, lance-shaped, with tapering tips. They are
smooth, pale green on the under-surface. Male flower panicles are 0.8-1.2 cm long,
drooping at maturity. Female flower panicles are longer and erect. Flowers are unisexual,

51
and appear on separate trees. Sepals are 4, less than anthers in length, linear. Stamens are
5, anthers 1.8 mm long, oblong, reddish. Styles 3-parted to almost the base, stigmas
recurved. Fruit is a drupe 5-6 mm broad, smooth, dry, greyish-brown in colour.
Distribution and Habitat: Kakkar is glorious tree native to the lower Himalayan slopes,
from Afghanistan to Kumaon, cultivated for its attractive leaves, which are bright red
when young. Found distributed from 400-900 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17352.

56. Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham ex D.Don

Family: Rosaceae
Synonyms: Cerasus cerasoides, Prunus paddum, Cerasus paddum.
English Name: Wild Himalayan Cherry
Hindi Name: Padam
Sanskrit: Charu, Kaidara
Flowering and Fruiting: Oct-Nov
Description: It is a medium sized tree which grows up to 30 metres in height. The bark is
smooth, and peels off in thin horizontal strips. The leaves are elliptic, long pointed, with
toothed margin. They are short-stalked, 5-8 cm long. It flowers in autumn and winter,
with the flowers generally appearing on bare branches, or with young leaves. Flowers are
pink, long-stalked, often paired or in few-flowered clusters at the end of branches. They
have 5 pink, obovate petals, spreading outwards. Fruit is yellow, maturing to red, ovoid,
1.3-1.6 cm long.
Distribution and Habitat: Wild Himalayan Cherry is a deciduous tree found in the
forests of the Himalayas, from Himachal Pradesh in India to SW China and Burma. It
grows at altitudes of 1200-2400 m above sea level.
IUCN Status: Least Concern.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17353.

57. Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus

Family: Fagaceae

52
Synonyms: Q. deabata, Q. incana
English Name: Banj Oak
Hindi Name: Banjh, Banj, Ban.
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-May
Description: Banjh Oak is an evergreen tree bearing stalked, ovate to lancolate, tapering,
saw-toothed, leathery, and dark green leaves which are hairless above and densely white
or gray velvet-hairy beneath. Young leaves are pink purple in colour and the upper
surface turns deep green as it matures, while the lower side is silvery grey due to the
presence of white hairs (hence the name leucotrichophora, meaning "which has white
hairs"). The male inflorescences (catkins) are slender and drooping spikes, borne on the
tips of the branches, while the tiny round female flowers are borne at the base of the
leaves. The fruits are orange-tan, marble-sized acorns.
Distribution and Habitat: Banjh Oak is native to N. Pakistan to N. Indo-China. Found
distributed from 1000-2200 masl.
IUCN Status: Near threatened.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17354.

58. Reinwardtia indica Dumort.

Family: Linaceae
Synonyms: Reinwardtia trigyna, Linum trigynum, Linum repens.
English Name: Yellow Flax, Golden girl
Hindi: Basanti
Flowering and Fruiting: Nov-May
Description: Yellow Flax is an erect to spreading shrub, up to 1 m tall, but is grazed by
animals, and is commonly found only in a prostrate state. Leaves are elliptic to inverted
lance-shaped. Each golden-yellow flower is up to 4 cm long, with 5 obovate petals which
are 2-3 times as long as sepals. Sepals 0.9-1.2 cm long, about 3 mm broad, distinct. The
name commemorates Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773-1854), a Prussian-born Dutch
botanist. The flowers are composed of five petals fused to form the 2-cm tube. The
flowers have fine reddish veins in the throat, such lines are termed nectar guides or nectar
lines, because they typically communicate to pollinating insects where to go to find a
nectar reward.

53
Distribution and Habitat: Yellow Flax is found in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to SW
China, at altitudes of 500-2300 m. It is a common wildflower of north-Indian hill-
stations. It is also found in Western Ghats.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17355.

59. Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Brandis.

Family: Rhamnaceae
Synonyms: Ceanothus triquetrus
English Name: Three-lobed-buchthorn
Hindi Name: Galodan, Gaunt,
Flowering and Fruiting: Jul-Aug
Description: Three-Lobed Buckthorn is a medium sized unarmed tree, with young
branches woolly, greyish, older branches ash grey. Leaves are alternate, 7-15 cm x 2-8
cm, ovate, oblong or elliptic, rounded toothed-sawtoothed with falling-off tips, pointed-
tapering, mostly rounded at the base, nearly-leathery to leathery, grey velvety woolly
beneath, hairless above, penninerved, 7-8 pairs of lateral nerves, leaf-stalk 8-20 mm long
velvety woolly, grooved in the middle, stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers are borne in
racemes in leaf-axils, generally bearing few small leaves, 2-8 cm long. Flowers are 2-3
mm in diameter, nearly stalkless. flower-stalk about 1-3 mm long, calyx 5 lobed, velvet-
hairy, about 2 mm long, triangular pointed, hypanthium as long as the lobes. Petals are
broadly obovate, notched, clawed, about 1.5 mm long. Fruit is 4-5 mm long, obovoid, 3
lobed, 3 seeded. Seed with a broad groove.
Distribution and Habitat: Three-Lobed Buckthorn is found in Pakistan, Western
Himalayas from Jhelum to Kumaon, Kashmir. Found distributed from 100-700 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17356.

60. Ricinus communis L.

Family: Euphorbiaceae
English Name: Castor bean, Wonder tree

54
Hindi Name: Arandi
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Jul
Description: The castor bean plant, an erect, tropical shrub or small tree, grows up to 30
feet tall. As an annual in the cooler zones, it grows up to 15' tall. It is a very fast growing
plant. The joints of the hollow stem, stalks and leaves are reddish to purple. The 6 - 11
lobed, palmate leaves with uneven serrated edge, are also red or colored and often have a
blue-gray bloom. There is also a green variety. The flat seeds are in a seedpod that
explodes when ripen. All the top of the stem and stalks are the inflorescence with the
male - and female flowers. The female flowers are the fuzzy red structures at the top of
the flower spike with the male flowers positioned on the lower half, and have
conspicuous yellow anthers The oblong fruit turns brown when ripe. In each seed pod (a
capsule) there are three seeds. The seeds of castor bean or castor oil plant, are very
poisonous to people, animals and insects; just one milligram of ricin (one of the main
toxic proteins in the plant) can kill an adult. The castor oil is extracted from the beans,
which is used for medicinal purposes. Commercially prepared castor oil contains none of
the toxin.
Distribution and Habitat: Indigenous to the south-eastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern
Africa, and India, today it is widespread throughout tropical regions. Found distributed
from 100- 1200 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17357.

61. Rubus ellipticus Smith

Family: Rosaceae
Synonyms: Rubus rotundifolius
English Name: Yellow Himalayan Raspberry
Hindi Name: Hinsalu
Flowering and Fruiting: Feb-Apr
Description: Yellow Himalayan Raspberry is a shrub, growing up to 2 m tall. It is
clothed with prickles and reddish hairs. The alternate leaves are compound with three
round to blunt leaflets 5-10 cm long. The undersides of the leaves are lighter than the
upper surface and covered with downy hairs. The flowers are small, white with five

55
petals. The fruit is a round yellow cluster of druplets easily detaching from the receptacle.
The prickly shrub invades native forests principally in pig-disturbed habitats. The plant
has underground shoots that contribute to its spread and allow it to rapidly regenerate
following a fire. The fruits are edible and frugivorous birds spread the seeds.
Distribution and Habitat: Himalayan raspberry can invade disturbed habitats and
displace other plant species. Yellow Himalayan Raspberry is native to India and south
Asia. Found distributed from 400-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17358.

62. Rubus niveus Wall.

Family: Rosaceae
Synonyms: Rubus mysorensis, Rubus albescens, Rubus micranthus
English Name: Mysore Raspberry, Hill raspberry, Snowpeaks Raspberry.
Hindi Name: Kala Hinsalu
Flowering and Fruiting: Feb-Apr
Description: Mysore Raspberry is a shrub growing to 1-2.5 m tall. The stems are whitish
velvety at first, becoming smooth green to purple later. Lleaves are compound with 5-11
leaflets (mostly 7 or 9). The leaflets are 2.5-8 cm long and 1-4 cm broad, dark green
above, densely pale grey to white velvety beneath. The flowers are about 1 cm across,
with five dark pink to red petals. The fruit is 8-12 mm in diameter, densely grey velvety,
dark red at first, ripening to black.
Distribution and Habitat: Mysore Raspberry is found in Afghanistan, Himalayas,
Bhutan, South India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,
Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, at altitudes of 500-2800 m.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17359.

63. Rubus paniculatus Sm.

Family: Rosaceae
English Name: Heart-leaf raspberry

56
Flowering and Fruiting: Jun-Aug
Description: Heart-Leaf Raspberry is a rambling climber, distinguished by its large
ovate-heart-shaped, finely toothed leaves. Also prominent are branched clusters of white
flowers at the end of branches. Flowers are 1-1.5 cm across. They have narrow petals
which are much shorter than the pale silky- haired sepals. Leaves are 8-15 cm long,
including the 2-3 cm long leaf-stalk. All parts of the plant, except the upper surface of the
leaves are covered with white or buff hairs. Thorns are absent or few. Fruit is about 1 cm,
edible, with many glossy black carpels.
Distribution and Habitat: Heart-Leaf Raspberry is found in the Himalayas, from
Pakistan to Bhutan, at altitudes of 1500-2900 m.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17360.

64. Rubus rosifolius Sm. Ex Baker

Family: Rosaceae
Synonyms: Rubus chinensis, Rubus sikkimensis,
English Name: Thimbleberry, Roseleaf Bramble
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar–May
Description: Roseleaf Bramble is a prickly herb, scrambler or sub shrub. Leaves are once
compound and the leaflets are ovate-elliptic, narrowed to a point. Leaves have prickles as
well as toothed margins, with glandular-hairs on both sides of leaflets. The stems are
hairy with a few prickles. Roseleaf Bramble bears white flowers solitary or in a panicle,
with 5 petals and sepals 7-10 mm long and shorter than the flower petals. Flowers are
hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects, in particular honey bees. Roseleaf Bramble
fruits profusely. The fruit is a scarlet-red drupe, about 1-2 cm long and rather juicy and it
easily separates from the receptacle. Plants in habitats which are moist all year round
produce fruit all year.
Distribution and Habitat: Roseleaf Bramble is found in the Himalayas, East Asia, and
eastern Australia. Found distributed from 400-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17361.

57
65. Senegalia catechu (L.f.) Walld.
Synonyms: Acacia catechu, Mimosa catechu, Acacia wallichiana
Family: Mimosaceae
English Name: Balck cutch tree, Black catechu.
Hindi Name: Dant-dhavan, Gayatrin, Khair, Priya-sakh.
Sanskrit Name: Gayatrin, Khadira, Pathi-drum.
Flowering and Fruiting: March-June
Description: Black Cutch tree is a small tree, growing 3-15 m high. The stem is dark
brown to black, with rough bark which peels off in long strips in mature trees; young
trees have corky bark. The fern-like leaves are 100-200 mm long and contain between 8
and 30 pairs of small leaves made up of numerous, oblong pairs of secondary leaflets 2-6
mm long. Glands occur on the stem below the first pair of leaves, and between the
uppermost six pairs of leaves. Pairs of stout thorns up to 10 mm long are found at the
base of each leaf. The flowers are white or pale yellow, about 3 mm long and bunched
tightly together to form a cylindrical flower spike, 35-75 mm long, resembling a lamb's
tail. The brown, beaked seed pods are 50-125 mm long on a short stalk and contain
between four and seven seeds, which are dark brown, flat and 5-8 mm in diameter. The
taproot branches to 2 m depth.
Distribution and Habitat: South Asia and Southeast Asia, including the Indian
subcontinent, Myanmar, Cambodia and China (Yunnan). Found distributed from 0-800
masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17362.

66. Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H. Hurter

Family: Mimosaceae
Synonyms: Acacia modesta, Mimosa obovata, Mimosa dumosa.
English Name: Amritsar Gum.
Hindi Name: Phulai
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-May

58
Description: Amritsar Gum is a small or medium sized deciduous tree, young shoot
hairless or nearly so. bark brownish or greenish grey, rough. Thorns are in pairs, below
the leaf-stalk, compressed, recurved, dark brown, shining, 4-5 mm long, sometimes
thorns absent. Rachis is 1.2-5 cm long, with a small gland near the base and sometimes
one between the uppermost pair of pinnae. Sidestalks are generally 2-3 pairs rarely 1, 1.2-
2.5 cm long, leaflets 3-5 pairs, stalked, stalks 1 mm long, lamina about 4-10 mm long,
about 3-7 mm broad, broadly ovate or obovate, oblique, obtuse, glaucous, veins
prominent. Flowers are borne in a stalked spike, about 3.7-7.5 cm long, stalk about 1.3-
2.5 cm long. Flowr-stalks are about 1 mm long. Calyx 1-1.5 mm long, broadly
bellshaped, hairless. Flowers are about 2-2.5 mm long. Stamens are indefinite, filaments
about 5 mm long. Pods are stipitate, stipe about 5-6 mm long, pod proper about 5-7 cm
long, 8-10 mm broad, thin, flat, straight, glabrous, apex deltoid, mucronate, late splitting.
Seeds are 3-5.
Distribution and Habitat: Amritsar Gum is found in Afghanistan, Punjab, Uttarakhand,
at altitudes of 1000-1200 m.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17363.

67. Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.

Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonyms: Triadica sebidera, Sapium chinensis, Croton sebiferum
English Name: Chicken tree, Florida aspen
Flowering and Fruiting: Jan-Feb
Description: Chicken Tree is a tree in the spurge family that typically reaches a
maximum height of 15 m. The simple, deciduous leaves are alternate, broad rhombic to
ovate in shape and have smooth edges, heart shaped and sometimes with an extended tail
often resembling the Peepal tree. The leaves are bright green in color and slightly paler
underneath. The tree is monoecious, producing male and female flowers on the same
plant. At bloom it produces clusters of greenish-yellow and white flowers. The flowers
occur in spike-like inflorescences up to 20 cm long, at abranch ends. Light green in color,
these flowers are very conspicuous in the spring. Each female flower is solitary and has a
three-lobed ovary, three styles, and no petals. They are located on short branches at the

59
base of the spike. The male flowers occur in clusters at the upper nodes of the
inflorescence. Fruits are three-lobed, three-valved capsules. As the capsules mature, their
color changes from green to a brown-black. The capsule walls fall away and release three
globose seeds with a white, tallow-containing covering. Seeds usually hang on the plants
for several weeks.
Distribution and Habitat: The tree is found throughout the southern United States. It is
cultivated in parts of India. Found distributed from 500-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17364.

68. Sida rhombifolia L.

Family: Malvaceae
English Name: Cuban jute, jelly leaf
Hindi Name: Sahadeva
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Jun
Description: A summer annual with yellow flowers and very small spines at the base of
each leaf and branch. This plant most often occurs as a weed of peanuts, cotton, and
soybeans. Leaves: Arranged alternately along the stem, approximately 3/4 to inches long,
with petioles that are less than 1/3 the length of the leaves. Leaves are widest at or above
the middle and taper toward the leaf bases (rhombic) The upper 1/2 of the leaves have
toothed or serrated margins while the remainder of the leaves are untoothed. Flowers:
Occur singly on flower stalks (peduncles) that arise from the area between the stems and
leaf petioles. Flowers consist of 5 yellow petals that are 4 to 8 mm long. The seedlings
with 2 heart-shaped cotyledons, the small spines that occur at the base of each leaf
petiole, and the 'rhombic' leaves are all characteristics that help in the identification of
jelly leaf.
Distribution and Habitat: This is a weed very common in India and Sri Lanka in the dry
country. Found distributed from 100-1200 masl.
IUCN Status: NA
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17365.

60
69. Solanum hazenii Britton.
Family: Solanceae
Flowering and Fruiting: May-June
Description: Shrubs or small trees 1-6 m high, unarmed. Trunks to 12 cm in diameter;
bark of older stems gray to pale brown, the young branches longitudinally angled and
grooved, granular whitish to yellowish tomentose. Leaves simple, the blades usually 10-
34 x 3-14 cm, ca. 1.75-2 times as long as wide, ovate or ovate-elliptic. petioles 1-6 cm,
ca. 1/10-3/10 the length of the blades, finely granular-tomentose. nflorescences 7-19 cm,
pseudo-terminal, becoming lateral due to continued growth of stem, several times
dichotomously branched, with ca. 20-100 flowers. Flower buds orbicular, with distinct
swollen bases. Fruit a fleshy berry, 0.8-1.1 cm in diameter, subglobose. Seeds 1.5-2.3 x
1.3-1.8 mm.
Distribution and Habitat: Known from the Pacific coastal lowlands of Mexico and the
lowlands of Central and South America, reaching the West Indies in Trinidad and
Grenada. Found distributed from 800-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17366.

70. Solanum torvum Sw.

Family: Solanaceae
English Name: Turkey Berry,
Hindi Name: Bhurat, Bhankatiya.
Sanskrit Name: Brihati.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Apr
Description: Turkey berry is a broadleaved, evergreen, shrub 1.2-1.7 m or more tall.
Stem and branches are sparsely prickly, star-shaped woolly. Leaves are 9-13 x 5-10.5 cm,
ovate-wavy, star-shapedly velvet-hairy woolly, may have prickles along the midvein.
Flowers are pale white, in compact panicle-like cymes. Flower-cluster-stalks are stout,
1.0-4.0 cm long. The stems are armed with stout, straight or lightly curved prickles. The
alternate leaves are elliptical in shape, and range from unlobed to strongly lobed. Fruit are
small yellow berries 1-1.5 cm in diameter. Once established, it can sprout from its roots,
creating large thickets that could displace other vegetation.

61
Distribution and Habitat: Turkey berry is found throughout the world’s tropical
regions, although it is native to Central America. Found distributed from 800-1700 masl.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17367.

71. Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb.

Family: Rubiaceae
Synonyms: S. azureum
English Name: Blue Forest Champa
Hindi Name: Padera, Padwa.
Flowering and Fruiting: Oct-Mar
Description: Blue Forest Champa is a branched shrub, growing up to 1-2 m tall. The
species name suaveolens means sweet-scented, and refers to the fragrant flowers. The
variety name azureum means blue, referring to the bluish flowers of this close cousin of
the white-flowered Forest Champa. Oppositely arranged elliptic-lancelike leaves, 10-20
cm, are finely velvety. Leaf stalks are 1-2 cm long. Flowers occur in many-flowered
spherical heads, arrange in panicles at the end of branches. The spherical heads are 5-10
cm across. Flowers are fragrant, in bunches of 5 or more. Sepals are small, very narrow,
and tapering. Flowers pale bluish or pinkish, with a relatively long tube and short, oblong
petals. The tube is slender, funnel-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, with 4-5 short petals,
spreading up to 8 mm. Stamens remain inside the flower throat. Style with 5-lobed stigma
protrudes out of the flower. Fruit is capsule-like, crowned by the leftover sepals.
Distribution and Habitat: In China it is grown for its showy, fragrant flowers. Only
seen in wild in India. This flower is seen in Western Ghats and Himalayas, from Pakistan
to SE Tibet, at altitudes of 700-2300 m.
IUCN Status: NA.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17368.

72. Toona ciliata M. Roem.

Family: Meliaceae
Synonyms: Cedrela toona, Cedrela serrulata, Cedrela kingii.

62
English Name: Indian mahogany, Red Cedar.
Hindi Name: Toon
Sanskrit: Tunna, Tunnak
Flowering and Fruiting: Feb-Apr
Description: Toon is a large deciduous tree generally with a wide spreading and
handsome crown attaining a height of 45 m and a stem diameter of 2 m. In cities may be
of a much smaller stature. Also known as Red Cedar, Toon is famous for it's fragrant red
wood that is much sought after for use in furniture making, building and ornamental
woodwork. The soft wood is easily worked and polishes to a rich red that is enhanced
with age. Flowers are white, fragrant, in a large pyramidal panicle at the ends of the
branchlets. Individual flowers about 5 mm long. Flowering period is in spring. Leaves are
alternate, pinnate, consisting of five to seventeen leaflets. Leaflets opposite or irregularly
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 4-13 cm long, often drawn out to a long point at the tip,
unequal at the base. Green both surfaces, paler beneath, red and downy when young.
Distribution and Habitat: South Asia from Afghanistan to Papua New Guinea and
Australia. Found distributed from 500-2000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17369.

73. Trema politoria (Planch.) Blume

Family: Cannabaceae
Synonyms: Celtis politoria, Sponia politoria
English Name: Rough-leaf-charcoal tree.
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-Jun
Description: Rough-Leaf Charcoal Tree is a small tree upto 5 m tall. Leaves are 7-10 x
2-4 cm, obolong-lanceshaped, tapering, minutely toothed, base rounded or subheart-
shaped, 3 or obscurely 5-nerved, rough on both surfaces with rough hairs. Stipules lateral,
linear, longer than leaf-stalk, falling off. Inflorescence in in leaf-axils clusters; male
cymes shorter than leaf-stalk. Female flowers longer than leaf-stalk. Drupe small, ovoid
with persistent sepal-cup.
Distribution and Habitat: Rough-Leaf Charcoal Tree is found in the Himalayas, from
Kumaun to Bhutan, India, SW China, at altitudes of 400-1000 m.

63
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17370.

74. Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter &Mobb.

Family: Mimosaceae
Synonyms: Acacia nilotica, A. arabica,
English Name: Gum arabic.
Hindi Name: Babool, Kikar.
Sanskrit Name: Babbula, Barburah.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar- May
Description: Babool is a medium to large tree that can reach a height of 10 m, with an
average of 4-7 m in height. The crown is somewhat flattened or rounded, with a moderate
density. The branches have a tendency to droop downwards if the crown is roundish. The
bark is blackish grey or dark brown in mature trees and deeply grooved, with longitudinal
fissures. The young branches are smooth and grey to brown in colour. The young twigs
are covered in short hairs. Paired, slender, straight spines grow from a single base and
sometimes curve backwards, are up to 80 mm long and whitish but often reddish brown
in colour. The leaves are twice compound, i.e. they consist of 5-11 feather-like pairs of
pinnae; each pinna is further divided into 7-25 pairs of small, elliptic leaflets that can be
bottle to bright green in colour. Flowers are bright yellow, numerous, in fluffy globular
heads 1.2 cm diameter, usually in clusters of 2 to 6, on individual pubescent axillary
stalks 1.5 to 2 cm long. Babool is native to S.
Distribution and Habitat: Iran to Indian Subcontinent. Found distributed from 100-
1000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern.
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17371.

75. Viburnum nervosum D.Don

Family: Coprifoliaceae
Synonyms: Solenotinus nervosus
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-June

64
Description: Veined-Leaf Viburnum is a shrub up to 6 m tall, taller than Smoke-tree
leaved Viburnum. Flowers are fragrant, white tinged with pink, in compact or lax
compound umbels 2.5-10 cm across, appearing with or before the leaves. Flowers are 1-
1.5 cm across; petals large ovate up to 6 mm long, much longer than the very short tube.
Leaves are 5-13 cm, ovate to obovate or elliptic, long-pointed, margin sharply toothed,
impressed with veins above and with prominent veins and sparsely hairy beneath. Fruit is
ellipsoid, red, up to 1.3 cm.
Distribution and Habitat: Veined-Leaf Viburnum is found in the Himalayas, from
Uttarakhand to NE India, SW China, Burma, at altitudes of 1500-3300 m. It is common
in the wetter patts.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17372.

76. Wendlandlia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant

Family: Rubiaceae
Synonyms: Rondeletia heynei, Rondeletia exserta, Wendlandia exserta
English Name: Long-stamen Wendlandia
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-Apr
Description: Long-Stamen Wendlandia is a small evergreen tree, bark reddish brown,
branches and branchlets grey tomentose. Leaves opposite, 6-20 x 2-10 cm, ovate-broadly
lanceshaped or lanceshaped, leathery, entire, pointed, grey velvety beneath. Leaf stalk is
1.25-2.5 cm long. Stipules are semicircular or ovate. Flowers are borne in pyramidal, 15-
25 cm long and broad cluster at the end of branches. Flowers are white, fragrant,
stalkless, bracteolate, 5 mm long, and broad. Sepal cup is 2.5 mm long, densely velvety,
round. Sepals are 5, 5 mm long, blunt, more or less triangular. Flowers are bell-shaped,
with a short tube, 1.5 mm long. Petals are 5, oblong, rounded or obtuse. Stamen filaments
are as long as the anthers. Style is deeply divided into two. Capsule is 2.5 mm long, grey
velvety.
Distribution and Habitat: Long-Stamen Wendlandia grows in sub-Himalayan tracts,
ascending upto 1200 m. It is also found in Central India and north of the Deccan. The
wood is very durable and resistant against white ants.
IUCN Status: NA.

65
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17373.

77. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.

Family: Lythraceae
Synonyms: Woodfordia floribunda
English Name: Fire flame bush, Red bell bush.
Hindi Name: Dhawai
Sanskrit Name: Parvati, Sindooree
Flowering and Fruiting: Feb-May
Description: Fire Flame Bush is a spreading, deciduous shrub, small in size but very
conspicuous on dry, rocky hillsides. It is up to 3 m tall with spreading stems. Leaves
nearly stalkless, 4-11 x 2-4 cm, ovate-lanceshaped or lanceshaped, subleathery, whitish
velvety woolly and finely orangish- or black-dotted beneath. Flowers are crimson,
slightly zygomorphic, in 2-16-flowered in leaf-axils cymes; flower-stalks to 1 cm long.
Calyx tube 1-1.5 cm long, tubular; sepals 6, short, more or less triangular, alternating
with small callous appendages. Petals are 6, red, 3-4 mm long, lanceshaped-tapering.
Stamens are 12, inserted near the bottom of the calyx tube, 0.5-1.5 cm long, prominently
protruding out. Ovary is 4-6 mm long, oblong, 2-celled; ovules many; style 0.7-1.5 cm
long. Capsules are 0.6-1 x 0.25-0.4 cm, ellipsoid, included in the calyx. Seeds numerous,
trigonous-ovoid.
Distribution and Habitat: Fire Flame Bush is found in Sri Lanka, South Konkan and on
the Ghats and ascends the Himalayas up to 200-1800 m, but is rarer in South India.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17374.

78. Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Family: Rutaceae (Lemon family)
Synonyms: Zanthoxylum alatum
English Name: Winged prickly ash, Prickly ash, Tumbru, Toothache-tree, Yellow-wood.
Hindi Name: Tejphal, Darmar, Timroo.
Flowering and Fruiting: Mar-June

66
Description: Winged Prickly Ash is a small tree or large spiny shrub. Leaves are
distinctively trifoliolate, with the leaf-stalk winged. Leaflets are stalkless, 2-7.5 x 1-1.7
cm, elliptic to ovate-lancelike, entire to slightly toothed, sharp-tipped, base sometimes
oblique. Minute yellow flowers arise in leaf axils. Flowers have 6-8 acute sepals. Petals
are absent. Male flowers have 6-8 stamens, and large anthers because of which the
flowers look yellow. Female flowers have 1-3 celled ovary, 3 mm in diameter, pale red,
splitting into two when ripe. Seed are rounded, 3 mm in diameter, shining black.
Distribution and Habitat: Endemic from India across to Southeast Asia and up to Korea
and Japan. Found distributed from 500-1500 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 08-04-22,
HBJU-17375.

79. Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

Family: Rhamnaceae
Synonyms: Rhamnus zizyphus, Ziziphus chinensis, Ziziphus vulgaris, Ziziphus sativa
English Hindi: Jujube, Red date, Chinese date
Hindi Name: Bada ber
Sanskrit Name: Badara
Flowering and Fruiting: Apr-July
Description: Jujube is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5-12 m,
usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-pointed, 2-7 cm long and
1-3 cm wide, with three prominent veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The
flowers are small, 5 mm wide, with five inprominent yellowish-green petals. The fruit is
an edible oval drupe 1.5-3 cm deep; when immature it is smooth-green, with the
consistency and taste of an apple with lower acidity, maturing brown to purplish-black,
and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small date. There is a single hard kernel, similar
to an olive pit, containing two seeds.
Distribution and Habitat: Jujube is native to China, Mongolia and Korea, widely
cultivated in India. Found distributed from 100-1000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17376.

67
80. Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Miller
Family: Rhamnaceae
Synonyms: Ziziphus oenoplia, Rhamnus oenopolia, Rhamnus oenoplia
English Name: Jackel jujube, Small fruited jujube.
Hindi Name: Makai
Flowering and Fruiting: Jul-Mar
Description: Jackal Jujube is a very thorny straggling shrub with rusty-velvety young
branches with paired thorns. Thorns are one straight and the other recurved. Alternately
arranged simple leaves are ovate to ovate-lancelike, often oblique, with three prominent
nerves and numerous transverse nervules. Tiny green flowers are borne in nearly stalkless
velvety cymes in leaf axils. Fruits are spherical or obovoid drupes, black, shining, seeds
woody.
Distribution and Habitat: It ranges from the Indian subcontinent through southern
China and Southeast Asia to northern Australia. It grows along roadside forests and
thickets. Found distributed from 500-1000 masl.
IUCN Status: Least Concern
Specimen examined: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Reasi, Jhajjar watershed, 15-06-21,
HBJU-17377.

4.2. Structure, composition, Occurrence and distribution pattern: For solving this
problem we have divided the study area into five altitudinal zones or site such as S1 (700-
900m asl ), S2 (900-1100 m asl), S3 (1100-1300 m asl), S4 (1300-1500 m asl), S5 (1500-
1700 m asl).
4.2.1 Tree layer structure and composition:
S1 (700-900 m asl):
The absolute tree density was recorded as 570 trees ha -1 (Table 4.2.1.1). The
highest density was recorded for Pinus roxburghii (100 trees ha-1) followed by Holoptelia
integriifolia (50 trees ha-1) while lowest density was recorded for Melia azadirach and
Sapium subiferum (10 trees ha-1 each). The value of total basal cover (TBC) in this forest
site was recorded as 18.73 m2 ha-1, out of which highest value (4.66 m2 ha-1) was recorded
for Pinus roxburghii followed by Neolitsea umbrosa (2.54 m2 ha-1) and lowest value for
Sapium subiferum (0.11 m2 ha-1). The importance value index (IVI) value was highest for

68
Pinus roxburghii (54.84), followed by Holoptelia integriifolia (25.11) and minimum for
Melia azadirach (5.01). Abundance/frequency ratio indicate that majority of tree species
in this site showed random distribution (76%) and remaining species showed contiguous
and regular distribution (12 % each).
Table 4.2.1.1. Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S1.
Species Den ha-1 TBC m2 ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Acacia modesta 40 0.484 17.29 0.025 R
Acacia catechu 40 0.555 17.67 0.025 R
Aeagle marmelos 30 0.84 15.52 0.033 R
Bombax ceiba 20 1.754 18.65 0.022 RE
Cassia fistula 40 0.63 16.15 0.044 R
Ficus arnottiana 30 1.379 18.39 0.033 R
Glochidion velutinum 20 0.179 8.308 0.05 R
Holoptelea integrifolia 50 1.619 25.11 0.031 R
Lannea coromandelica 40 0.368 14.75 0.044 R
Mallotus philippensis 30 0.947 16.09 0.033 R
Mangifera indica 40 1.034 20.23 0.025 R
Melia azadirach 10 0.249 5.01 0.1 C
Neolamarkiana cadamba 20 0.836 11.82 0.05 R
Neolitsea umbrosa 30 2.548 24.64 0.033 R
Pinus roxburghii 100 4.463 54.84 0.02 RE
Sapium subiferum 10 0.115 4.291 0.1 C
Toona ciliata 20 0.725 11.23 0.05 R
Total 570 18.73 300

S2 (900-1100 m asl):
The absolute tree density was recorded as 280 trees ha -1 (Table 4.2.1.2). The
highest density was recorded for Pinus roxburghii (90 trees ha-1) followed by
Engelhardtia spicata (60 trees ha-1) while lowest density was recorded for Bombax ceiba
and Ficus semicardata (10 trees ha-1 each). The value of total basal cover (TBC) in this
forest site was recorded as 15.56 m 2 ha-1, out of which highest value (6.64 m2 ha-1) was
recorded for Pinus roxburghii followed by Engelhardtia spicata (1.80 m2 ha-1) and lowest
value for Ficus semicardata (0.14 m2 ha-1). The importance value index (IVI) value was
maximum for Pinus roxburghii (95.06) followed by Engelhardtia spicata (48.17) and
minimum for Ficus semicardata (7.04). Abundance/frequency ratio indicate that
majority of tree species in this site showed random distribution (64%) and remaining
species showed contiguous distribution (36%).
Table 4.2.1.2 Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S2.
Species Den ha-1 TBC m2 ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Bombax ceiba 10 1.204 13.83 1 C
69
 Ehretia acuminata 20 0.662 16.44 0.5 R
Engelhardtia spicata 60 1.805 48.17 0.167 C
Ficus auriculata 20 0.414 14.85 0.5 R
Ficus palmate 30 0.766 23.21 0.333 R
Ficus religiosa 30 0.369 20.66 0.333 R
Ficus semicordata 10 0.147 7.041 1 C
Grewia asiatica 20 0.315 11.72 2 C
Grewia optiva 30 0.414 20.95 0.333 R
Mallotus philippensis 30 0.483 21.39 0.333 R
Pinus roxburghii 90 6.644 95.06 0.141 C
Prunus cerasoides 30 0.483 21.39 0.333 R
Pyrus pashia 20 0.592 16 0.5 R
Toona ciliata 20 1.26 20.29 0.5 R
Total 280 15.56 300

S3 (1100-1300 m asl):
The absolute tree density was recorded as 500 trees ha -1 (Table 4.2.1.3). The
highest density was recorded for Pinus roxburghii (140 trees ha-1) followed by
Quercus leucotrichophora (90 trees ha-1) while lowest density was recorded for
Mallotus philippensis, Bombax ceiba, Ficus hispida and Ficus pumila (10 trees ha-1
each). The value of total basal cover (TBC) in this forest site was recorded as 22.63 m 2
ha-1, out of which highest value (11.33 m 2 ha-1) was recorded for Pinus roxburghii
followed by Prunus cerasoides (1.57 m2 ha-1) and lowest value for Mallotus philippensis
(0.10 m2 ha-1). The importance value index (IVI) value was maximum for Pinus
roxburghii (96) followed by Quercus leucotrichophora (39.33) and minimum for
Mallotus philippensis (5.02). Abundance/frequency ratio indicate that majority of tree
species in this site showed random distribution (77%) and remaining species showed
contiguous distribution (23%).
Table 4.2.1.3. Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S3.
Species Den ha-1 TBC m2 ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Bauhinia variegata 20 0.632 11.92 0.05 R
Bombax ceiba 10 2.521 18.27 0.025 R
Ficus bengalensis 20 2.068 18.27 0.05 R
Ficus hispida 10 0.249 5.666 0.1 C
Ficus pumila 10 0.121 5.099 0.1 C
Mallotus philippensis 10 0.103 5.02 0.1 C
Olea paniculata 30 0.512 15.96 0.033 R
Pinus roxburghii 140 11.33 96.01 0.029 R
Pistacia chinensis 40 1.089 23.07 0.025 R
Prunus cerasoides 70 1.573 33.77 0.028 R
Quercus leucotrichophora 90 1.344 39.33 0.025 R
Trema politaria 30 0.376 15.35 0.033 R
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 Wendlandia heynei 20 0.714 12.28 0.05 R
Total 500 22.63 300

S4 (1300-1500 m asl):
The absolute tree density was recorded as 410 trees ha -1 (Table 4.2.1.4). The
highest density was recorded for Pinus roxburghii (160 trees ha-1) followed by
Quercus leucotrichophora (90 trees ha-1) while lowest density was recorded for
Bombax ceiba, Prunus cerasoides and Olea paniculata (10 trees ha-1 each). The value of
total basal cover (TBC) in this forest site was recorded as 22.31 m 2 ha-1, out of which
highest value (15.72 m2 ha-1) was recorded for Pinus roxburghii followed by Quercus
leucotrichophora (2.84 m2 ha-1) and lowest value for Olea paniculata (0.17 m2 ha-1). The
importance value index (IVI) value was maximum for Pinus roxburghii (134.47)
followed by Quercus leucotrichophora (55.52) and minimum for Olea paniculata (7.39).
Abundance/frequency ratio indicate that majority of tree species in this site showed
contiguous distribution (56%) and remaining species showed random distribution (44%).
Table 4.2.1.4. Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S4.
Name Den ha-1 TBC m2 ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Bauhinia variegata 20 0.602 11.742 0.2 C
Bombax ceiba 10 0.496 8.831 0.1 C
Olea paniculata 10 0.176 7.3933 0.1 C
Pinus roxburghii 160 15.72 134.47 0.044 R
Pistacia chinensis 40 0.963 26.571 0.044 R
Prunus cerasoides 10 0.232 7.6454 0.1 C
Quercus leucotrichophora 90 2.842 55.521 0.036 R
Viburnum nervosum 30 0.645 18.543 0.075 C
Wendlandia heynei 40 0.637 29.279 0.025 R
Total 410 22.31 300

S5 (1500-1700 m asl):
The absolute tree density was recorded as 470 trees ha -1 (Table 4.2.1.5). The
highest density was recorded for Quercus leucotrichophora (190 trees ha-1) followed by
Pinus roxburghii (150 trees ha-1) while lowest density was recorded for Pistacia chinensis
(20 trees ha-1 each). The value of total basal cover (TBC) in this site was recorded as
44.05 m2 ha-1, out of which highest value (23.92 m2 ha-1) was recorded for Quercus
leucotrichophora followed by Pinus roxburghii (14.93 m2 ha-1) and lowest value for
Prunus cerasoides (0.71 m2 ha-1). The importance value index (IVI) value was maximum
for Quercus leucotrichophora (119.72) followed by Pinus roxburghii (94.99) and

71
minimum for Pyrus pashia (20.06). Abundance/frequency ratio indicate that majority of
tree species in this site showed random distribution (83%) and remaining species showed
random distribution (17%).
Table 4.2.1.5 Phytosociological attributes of tree layer in S5.
Species Den ha-1 TBC m2 ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Pinus roxburghii 150 14.93335 94.99 0.031 R
Pistacia chinensis 20 1.005609 14.87 0.05 R
Prunus cerosoides 40 0.710442 22.62 0.044 R
Pyrus pashia 30 0.757385 20.6 0.033 R
Quercus oblongata 190 23.91701 119.7 0.053 C
Viburnum nervosum 40 2.722753 27.19 0.044 R
Total 470 44.04655 300

4.2.2. Shrub layer structure and composition:

S1 (700-900 m asl):
The total shrub density was recorded as 3480 shrubs ha -1 (Table 4.2.2.1). The
maximum shrub density (480 shrubs ha-1) was recorded for Justicia adhatoda, followed
by Dodonea viscosa (280 shrubs ha-1) and minimum (40 shrubs ha-1each) for Kigelia
africana and Vachellia nilotica. The IVI was recorded maximum (28.64) for Justicia
adhatoda, followed by Kigelia africana (28.50) and minimum (9.21) for Coleebrokia
oppositifolia. 58 % species showed contiguous distribution, followed by random
distribution (37% species) and regular distribution (5% species).
Table 4.2.2.1. Phytosociological attributes of shrub layer in S1.
Species Den ha -1 IVI A/F Dis
Bergera koenigii 240 13.42 0.067 C
Catunaregam spinosa 200 12.48 0.056 C
Colebrookea oppositifolia 120 9.213 0.075 C
Cotinus coggygria 240 16.56 0.038 R
Debregeasia longifolia 200 16.31 0.056 C
Debregeasia saeneb 160 11.65 0.044 R
Dendrocalamus strictus 160 14.62 0.10 C
Dodonaea viscosa 280 16.23 0.044 R
Euphorbia royleana 160 16.44 0.044 R
Flacourtia indica 200 12.48 0.056 C
Holarrhena pubescens 240 15.23 0.038 R
Indigofera cassioides 120 11.03 0.033 R
Justicia adhatoda 480 28.65 0.024 RE
Kigelia africana 40 28.50 0.10 C

72
 Lantana camara 160 14.62 0.10 C
Leptopus cordifolius 160 18.21 0.10 C
Ligustrum nepalense 200 16.31 0.056 C
Mimosa himalayana 80 18.70 0.05 R
Vachellia nilotica 40 9.352 0.1 C
Total 3480 300

S2 (900-1100 m asl):
The total shrub density was recorded as 5850 shrubs ha -1 (Table 4.2.2.2). The
maximum shrub density (640 shrubs ha-1) was recorded for Sida rhombifolia, followed by
Solanum torvum (520 shrubs ha-1) and minimum (200 shrubs ha-1each) for Spermadictyon
suaveolense and Flacourtia indica. The IVI was recorded maximum (34.99) for
Flacourtia indica followed by Ziziphus oenopolia (28.50) and minimum (11.30) for
Ziziphus jujuba. 60 % species showed random distribution, followed by regular
distribution (40 % species).
Table 4.2.2.2. Phytosociological attributes of S2.
Species Den ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Dodonaea viscosa 360 17.13 0.036 R
Flacourtia indica 200 34.99 0.02 RE
Indigofera cassioides 400 19.85 0.0204 RE
Reinwardtia indica 320 19.50 0.032 R
Rhamnus triquetra 240 16.85 0.024 RE
Ricinus communis 240 20.53 0.0375 R
Rubus ellipticus 400 24.80 0.0156 RE
Sida rhombifolia 640 26.70 0.0327 R
Solanum hazenii 320 12.18 0.05 R
Solanum torvum 520 19.45 0.0265 R
Spermadictyon suaveolens 200 21.96 0.0313 R
Woodfordia fruticosa 320 13.77 0.032 R
Zanthoxylum armatum 240 12.48 0.0167 RE
Ziziphus jujube 240 11.30 0.024 R
Ziziphus oenopolia 440 28.50 0.0172 RE
Total 5080 300

S3 (1100-1300 m asl):
The total shrub density was recorded as 4320 shrubs ha -1 (Table 4.2.2.3). The
maximum shrub density (800 shrubs ha-1) was recorded for Justicia adhatoda followed
by Rubus ellipticus (560 shrubs ha-1) and minimum (120 shrubs ha-1) for Rhamnus

73
triquetra. The IVI was recorded maximum (38.24) for Justicia adhatoda, followed by
Coleebrokea oppositifolia (35.07) and minimum (10.04) for Ricinus communis. 54 %
species showed random distribution, followed by regular distribution (46% species).
Table 4.2.2.3. Phytosociological attributes of S3.
Species Den ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Colebrookea oppositifolia 320 17.95 0.0222 RE
Debregeasia longifolia 160 22.27 0.025 R
Debregeasia saeneb 240 18.41 0.024 RE
Dodonaea viscosa 240 35.07 0.0375 R
Indigofera cassioides 360 19.97 0.025 R
Justicia adhatoda 800 38.24 0.0247 RE
Lantana camara 440 25.63 0.0136 RE
Reinwardtia indica 480 21.49 0.0245 RE
Rhamnus triquetra 120 13.53 0.0333 R
Ricinus communis 160 10.04 0.025 R
Rubus ellipticus 560 30.15 0.0286 R
Woodfordia fruticosa 240 20.91 0.0375 R
Zanthoxylum armatum 200 26.34 0.02 RE
Total 4320 300

S4 (1300-1500 m asl):
The total shrub density was recorded as 2240 shrubs ha -1 (Table 4.2.2.4). The
maximum shrub density (520 shrubs ha-1) was recorded for Indigofera cassioides
followed by Reinwardtia indica (400 shrubs ha-1) and minimum (80 shrubs ha-1) for
Zanthoxylum armatum. The IVI was recorded maximum (71.51) for Rubus ellipticus
followed by Indigofera cassioides (41.02) and minimum (16.05) for Rubus rosifolius.
70% species showed random distribution, followed by regular distribution (30% species).
Table 4.2.2.4. Phytosociological attributes of S4.
Species Den ha-1 IVI A/F Dis
Dendrocalamus strictus 120 20.7 0.0333 R
Elsholtzia fruticosa 200 22.79 0.02 RE
Indigofera cassioides 520 41.02 0.0265 R
Reinwardtia indica 400 35.25 0.0204 RE
Rubus ellipticus 280 71.51 0.0438 R
Rubus niveus 160 20.8 0.025 R
Rubus paniculatus 200 31.86 0.02 RE
Rubus rosifolius 120 16.05 0.0333 R
Woodfordia fruticosa 160 21.87 0.0444 R
Zanthoxylum armatum 80 18.14 0.05 R

74
 Total 2240 300

S5 (1500-1700 m asl):
The total shrub density was recorded as 1640 shrubs ha -1 (Table 4.2.2.5). The
maximum shrub density (320 shrubs ha-1 each) was recorded for Indigofera cassioides
and Elsholtzia fruticosa followed by Rubus paniculatus (240 shrubs ha-1) and minimum
(80 shrubs ha-1) for Debregeasia saeneb. The IVI was recorded maximum (62.6) for
Indigofera cassioides followed by Elsholtzia fruticosa (45.85) and minimum (19.79) for
Debregeasia saeneb. 75% species showed random distribution, followed by contiguous
and regular distribution (12.5 % species each).
Table 4.2.2.5. Phytosociological attributes of S5.
Species Den/ha IVI A/F Dis
Debregeasia saeneb 80 19.79 0.0222 RE
Elsholtzia fruticosa 320 45.85 0.032 R
Indigofera cassioides 320 62.66 0.032 R
Reinwardtia indica 160 29.52 0.0444 R
Rubus ellipticus 160 34.30 0.0444 R
Rubus paniculatus 240 35.74 0.0667 C
Rubus rosifolius 160 36.23 0.0444 R
Zanthoxylum armatum 200 35.90 0.0313 R
Total 1640 300

4.2.3. Occurrence: Occurrence analyses of woody plants showed that highest 54%
species showed “common” occurrence followed by “uncommon”(34% species) while
remaining 12% species showed “rare” occurrence (Figire.5.1.)

Figure. 4.2.1. Pia chart representing percentage of species showing various type
occurrences.

75
4.2.4. Distribution pattern : On the bases in abundance/frequency the distribution
pattern of particular species is given below site wise.
In tree strata at S1 maximum 76% species showed ‘random’ distribution pattern,
followed by ‘contiguous’ and ‘regular’ distribution pattern 12 % species each
respectively. At S2 ‘random’ distribution pattern was showed by 64 % species while
remaining 36% species showed ‘contiguous’ distribution pattern. At S3 77 percent
species showed ‘random’ distribution pattern followed by ‘contiguous’ distribution
pattern (23% species). At S4 maximum 56% species showed ‘contiguous’ distribution
pattern while remaining 44 % species showed ‘random’ distribution pattern. While at S5
83% species showed ‘random’ distribution pattern followed by “contiguous’ distribution
pattern (17% species).

Figure 4.2.2. Pie charts showing percentage of species represented distribution pattern in
tree layer of various sites.
Distribution pattern of shrub layer is presented in Figure 4.2.3. At S1 ‘contiguous’
distribution pattern was showed by maximum number of specie (58% species), followed
by ‘random’ distribution pattern (37% species), while ‘regular’ distribution pattern was
showed by 5 % species. At S2 ‘random’ distribution pattern was showed by maximum

76
number of specie (76% species), followed by ‘contiguous’ and ‘regular’ distribution
pattern respectively (12% species each). AT S3 ‘random’ distribution pattern was
showed by 54 % species followed by ‘regular’ distribution pattern respectively (44 %
species). At S4 ‘random’ distribution pattern was showed by 70 % species followed by
‘regular’ distribution pattern respectively (30 % species). At S5 ‘random’ distribution
pattern was showed by maximum number of specie (75% species), followed by
‘contiguous’ distribution pattern (13% species), while ‘regular’ distribution pattern was
showed by 12 % species.

Figure 4.2.3. Pie charts showing percentage of species represented distribution pattern in
shrub layer of various sites.

77
4.3. Economic importance of woody plants:
4.3.1. Ethnobotanical uses: Total of 25 categorie’s were reported from the study area
(Figure 4.3.1). Out of reported 80 woody species 39 was used only for medicinal purpose
only, 8 species used as a medicine and edible, 5 species used only as a edible, 5 species
used for medical and timber yielding whereas remain categories was represented by a
single species.

Figure 4.3.1. Number of plant species representing various ethno-botanical categories.

4.3.2. Mode of use: Total 36 mode of utilization was reported out of which 8 species
consumed as a paste and powder, 5 species consumed as a decoction, 5 species used as
decoction and raw, 4 species used as paste, powder and raw, 4 species consumed as a
extract, 3 species used as decoction and powder, 3 species as a powder, 2 species as a
decoction, extract, juice, paste and raw, 2 species as a extract, paste and raw, 2 species as
a extract and raw, 2 species as a powder and raw, while remaining modes were
represented by a single species (Figure 4.3.2.).

78
Figure 4.3.2. Number of species showing their mode of use.
4.3.3. Part used: Bark, leaves and roots were reported predominantly used parts. Total
44 categories were reported on the bases of various types of uses. 8 species were recorded
representing the category bark and leaves, followed by 7 species (Leaves), 6 species
(Fruits), 6 species (Whole plant), 3 species (Bark), 3 species (Fruits and leaves), 3 species
(Leaves and wood), 2 species (Bark, fruits, latex, leaves and roots), 2 species (Fruits and
stem), 2 species (fruits and wood), remaining categories were represented by only a
single species (Figure 4.3.3).

79
Figure 4.3.3. Number of species representing their various parts used.

80
 Table 4.3.1. Ethnobotanical uses of woody species.
Species Family Voucher Economi Mode of Part used Way of Use
no. c use use
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae HBJU- Med, Juice, Fruits, Raw or cooked, the pulp of ripe fruits is
17298 Wor, Edi, Extract, Leaves typically used to make juices. In addition to its
Raw laxative properties, the pulp is regarded as a
therapeutic remedy for constipation and
indigestion. Hindus hold this plant in very high
regard. They use the leaves for worshipping
Lord Shiva. Sherbet can be made by combining
the laxative core of the ripe fruit with milk and
sugar, and then freezing the mixture. It is a
remedy for digestive issues, specifically
indigestion and constipation. To make a
remedy for diarrhea and dysentery, the raw fruit
is typically boiled or roasted before
consumption. A type of beverage known as
"Bel tea" is prepared by sun-drying slices of
immature fruit, which is then used to make a
beverage that is said to be therapeutic for heart
weakness.

81
Bauhinia variegata L. Caesealpiniac HBJU- Edi, Med, Raw Flower Kachnar is a regional term used in India and
eae 17299 buds other countries on the subcontinent to refer to
the edible buds that are harvested from the tree.
These buds are a common component in many
of the culinary traditions of the subcontinent.
The traditional ingredients for preparing
kachnar curry include kachnar buds, yoghurt,
onions, and native spices. In numerous regions
across the Indian subcontinent, kachnar buds
are consumed both as fried vegetable recipe
and as an ingredient in the production of
achaar, a type of pickle. It demonstrates a high
anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activity.

Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae HBJU- Med, Edi Extract, Roots, Rasaunt, a brown extract made from the plant's
17300 Raw Stem, roots and lower stem, is combined with water
Fruits and used as a tonic or cooling agent. Also used
as an eye lotion. Fruits are edible.

Bergera koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae HBJU- Med, Edi, Raw Leaves The leaves are an essential component of both
17301 the cuisine of India and the traditional medicine
practiced there. They are used in cooking most
frequently in the southern and western regions
of India, and the initial step in the preparation
process typically involves frying them together
with mustard seeds, vegetable oil, and chopped
onions.

Boehmeria virgata Urticaceae HBJU- Med Extract Whole Used as a tonic, for treating boils and for
17302 plant dermatitis.

82
Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae HBJU- Med, Edi, Decoction, Whole Used to treat fractures, cholera, toothaches,
17303 Fib Raw, Oil plant coughs, urinary issues, snake bites and
influenza, are treated using parts of plant like
young roots, flowers, leaves, shoots, gum and
bark because they contain therapeutic
characteristics. When cooked, the blooms are
delectable and are prized as a vegetable. Young
leaves can be cooked and eaten like vegetables
and are also edible. Additionally, young roots
and ripe seeds are roasted. The seed contains
edible oil, the inner bark contains fiber, and the
sapling root and bark both contain gum that
contains tannins. Making soap also involves the
use of seed oil.

Buddleja crispa Benth. Scrophulariac HBJU- Med Paste, Leaves, Buddleja have been used in the management of
eae 17304 Powder Bark various health conditions including pain and
inflammation.

83
Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae HBJU- Med, Edi Decoction, Stem, In traditional medicine Carissa spinarum is
17305 Extract, Fruits, used as a diuretic, purgative, antiviral,
Raw, Juice Bark, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, febrifuge,
paste Roots hypotensive, antioxidant and cardiotonic. The
branches and leaves decoction are used for
headache, chest pains, rheumatism, syphilis,
dysentery and fever. The boiled root extract is
drunk for chest pain, indigestion, diarrhea,
typhoid fever, nose bleeding, lower abdominal
pains in pregnant mothers, headache and fever
in children. The juice of the fresh plant is used
for infected wounds that refuse to heal. The
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicated
the stem bark in obstinate skin diseases and the
root in urinary disorders. Fruits are edible.

Cassia fistula L. Caesealpiniac HBJU- Tim, Med Raw Stem, The heartwood of the C. fistula tree, also
eae 17306 Fruits known as ahala, was utilised in the construction
of "Ehela Kanuwa," a site located near Adam's
Peak in Sri Lanka. This heartwood was
employed because of the tree's exceptionally
hard and long-lasting wood.
The Cassia fistula tree is referred to as
aragvadha in Ayurvedic medicine, which
literally translates as "disease destroyer." It is
strictly discouraged in Ayurvedic scriptures for
patients to attempt self-medication or any other
form of use without the guidance of a physician
because the fruit pulp is regarded a purgative.

84
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Rutaceae HBJU- Med Paste. Fruit, The ripe fruit with seeds are said to be
Tirveng. 17307 Powder Bark, poisonous. The fruit have useful emetic,
Roots diaphoretic and antispasmodic properties. It is
useful in cases of acute bronchitis and asthma
and it is applied externally in fever. The bark is
abortifacient, astringent, sedative and analgesic.
It is given internally and externally in the
treatment of fevers. The bark root infusion is
used as an emetic. The bark is also used to treat
diarrhoea and dysentery
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Lamiaceae HBJU- Med Decoction Roots, The plant is used traditionally as such as
17308 and Leaves dermatitis, dysentery, fever, headache, peptic
powder ulcer, haemostatic, wounds, as anti-fertility
agent, fungicide, and the roots of the plant has
been most widely used for the treatment of
epilepsy.

Cotinus coggygria Scop. Anacardiaceae HBJU- Orn, Dye Flowers Stem, It is a common practice to cultivate this plant
17309 Fruits for its attractive qualities, and there are various
varieties available. Several are chosen
specifically for their purple flowers and foliage.
Young fustic, also known as fisetin, is a yellow
dye that was formerly made from this wood but
has since been supplanted by synthetic dyes

Cotoneaster bacillaris Rosaceae HBJU- Orn - Whole Cotoneaster nummularius is frequently used as
17310 plant a ground cover plant, to curb erosion, and as a
decorative plant in gardens and parks. The plant
can survive in full sun to light shade and is
tolerant of a variety of soil types
Debregeasia longifolia Urticaceae HBJU- Med Juice Leaves The juice of the leaves is applied to areas of the
(Burm.f.) Wedd. 17311 skin affected by scabies.

85
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Urticaceae HBJU- Tim. Med Powder, Wood, Its stems are used for fibre and fuel wood. The
Hepper & J.R.I.Wood 17312 Raw Leaves powder form of leaves mixed with mustard oil
is used for antifungal activity to curing skin
rashes, dermatitis (inflammation of the skin)
and eczema

Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae HBJU- Tim, Raw, Wood, IT is extensively used as raw material in paper
(Roxb.) Nees 17313 Med, Edi Decoction Young mills and also for a variety of purposes such as
shoots, light construction, furniture, musical
Leaves instruments, bamboo board, mats, sticks,
agricultural implements, rafts, baskets, woven
wares and household utensils. Young shoots are
edible and used as food. Leaves are used as
forage, and decoction of leaves and nodes and
silicious matter is used in traditional medicine

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae HBJU- Tim, Raw, Wood, The leaves are astringent, insecticidal,
17314 Med, Dye Decoction Leaves, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial
Bark and hypotensive. The leaf decoction is used for
killing intestinal worms. The leaves and twigs
decoction is used for colds, asthma, influenza,
fevers, stomach troubles, swellings, burns,
wounds and arthritis.
The dried and burned leaves are taken in throat
irritation. The bark is astringent and used in
dysentery.The twigs of Dodonaea viscosa can
be used to make dyes (pale green, yellow green
or bright gold). The wood of Dodonaea viscosa
is hard and light and takes a good polish

86
Ehretia acuminata R.Br. Boraginaceae HBJU- Med Decoction, Leaves, The leaves decoction are applied on muscular
17315 Paste Bark pains. They are given in cough and asthma. The
tender leaves paste is applied to treat eczema. A
decoction of bark is used internally and as
gargle in throat infections
Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Lamiaceae HBJU- Med, Edi The powdered seeds are used as a condiment
Rehder 17316 for flavouring foodstuffs. An edible oil is
obtained from the seed. The juice of the roots is
used to relieve headaches.

Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex Juglandaceae HBJU- Med Decoction, Bark The bark is used against diarrhea and piscidal.
Blume 17317 Powder

Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Ephorbiaceae HBJU- Med, Powder, Latex, It is used for breathing disorders including
17318 Raw Leaves asthma, bronchitis, and chest congestion. It is
also used for mucus in the nose and throat,
throat spasms, hay fever, and tumors. Some
people use it to cause vomiting. It is also used
for treating worms, severe diarrhea (dysentery),
gonorrhea, and digestive problems.

Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. Moraceae HBJU- Med, Past, Bark, IT used against the wound
17319 Powder leaves healing, Aphrodisiac, Burning
sensation, Diabetes.

Ficus auriculata Lour. Moraceae HBJU- Edi, Med, Raw, Bark, Used to cure dysentery, diarrhoea, diabetes,
17320 Paste, Root, stomach ache, piles and as carminative,
Powder Leaves, astringent and also as antioxidant and
Fruits anticancer agent. Latex is widely used for
Latex curing warts, skin ulcers and sores, and taken as
a purgative and vermifuge. Fruits are edible.

87
Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae HBJU- Tim, Raw Wood, The latex is externally applied for pains and
17321 Med, Fib Latex, bruises and in rheumatism and lumbago
Bark, inflammations. It is applied to the soles of the
Aerial feet when cracked or inflamed.The gum is used
Root as a remedy for tooth-ache. The prop-roots are
(or were) used to make tent and poles, cheap
furniture, cart yokes and boxes... (the wood of
accessory trunks is stronger than that of the
main stem). The wood of Ficus benghalensis is
moderately hard but it is durable under water,
so it is used for well curbs. A paper pulp can be
prepared from the wood. The bark and aerial
roots yields fibres used for making ropes.

Ficus hispida L.f. Moraceae HBJU- Med Paste, Leave, It used for the treatment of ulcers, psoriasis,
17322 Powder Bark, anemia, piles jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage,
Fruits diabetes.
Ficus palmata Forssk. Moraceae HBJU- Med, Edi Raw, Leaves, Used for the treatment of various diseases such
17323 Decoction, Bark, as tumor, diabetes, ulcer, gastrointestinal and
Powder Latex, fungal diseases. Fruits are edible.
Fruits

Ficus pumila L. Moraceae HBJU- Med Decoction Leaves, F. pumila as herbal medicine or beverage to
17324 Bark treat diabetes and high blood pressure.

88
Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae HBJU- Fruits are used as a remedy for visceral
17325 obstruction,
diarrhea and constipation. An infusion of bark
is employed
as mouth wash in spongy gum condition,
dysentery,
menorrhea, hemoptysis, and diabetes.
Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae HBJU- The bark of Ficus religiosa is astringent,
17326 antiseptic, alterative, laxative, haemostatic,
vaginal disinfectant. It is used in diabetes,
diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, nervous
disorders and in skin diseases. The bark
infusion is used to treat scabies. The paste of
the powdered bark is used to treat inflammatory
swellings and burns. The juice of the bark is
used as a mouthwash to cure toothache and to
strengthen gums.
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. Moraceae HBJU- Med Paste, Leaves, Used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, piles,
ex Sm. 17327 Powder Bark ,Frui jaundice, haemorrhage, diabetes, asthma,
ts diarrhoea.

Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Moraceae HBJU- Fod, Edi, Paste, Bark, Used against the leprosy, diarrhea, headache,
ex Sm. 17328 Medi Powder, Root, fever, earache, ulcer and gastric problems,
Raw Leaves, boils.
Fruits
Latex

89
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Salicaceae HBJU- Edi, Tim, Paste, Bark, The leaves and young shoots of Flacourtia
Merr. 17329 Med Extract, Fruits, indica are stringent and stomachic and they are
Juice Leaves, prescribed in diarrhoea and weakness. The
Wood, leaves infusion is used to cure fever, coughs,
Young dysentery, cholera. They are also used to treat
shoots asthma and as a tonic for anaemia. The leaf
juice is given orally for liver ailments. The bark
paste is taken for cholera, for chest pain and it
is applied to eczema.Wood is used for making
small agricultural implements, walking sticks,
combs and small turnery articles.

Glochidion heyneanum (Wight Phyllanthacea HBJU- Med Decoction Leaves, The beverage made from leaves and bark is
& Arn.) Wight e 17330 Bark used as a diuretic.

Grewia asiatica L. Tiliaceae HBJU- Edi, Raw, Fruits, It is widely grown for its acidic, sour, and
17331 Med,Fod, Squash Leaves, sweet fruits, which are marketed as "Falsa" in
Fib, Tim, Bark, the marketplace of Indian subcontinent during
Wood the summer. The fruit pulp is transformed into
the tasty sharbat, or squash, which is also
stomachic, an astringent, and cooling agent. To
treat pustular outbreaks, the leaves are used.
According to legend, the stem bark can be used
to make ropes, refine sugar, and as a demulcent
when brewed. Bark can be used to make a fiber
that is used to make paper and rope but is not
particularly durable. The fibers are between 1
and 1.6 mm long. Wood is a strong and elastic
material, but when initially cut, it has a very
terrible odour. Its wood is used in
manufacturing oar shafts, tool handles, and
other things from it.

90
Grewia optiva (Buch.-Ham. ex Tiliaceae HBJU- Fod, Fib, Raw Leaves, Cattle, sheep, and goats are fed leaves and new
Roxb.) J.R.Drumm. ex Burret 17332 Tim Wood, shoots to increase milk production. Women use
Bark, the green bark to clean their hair. The rough
Branches bast fibers are employed to make cot strings
and subpar ropes for tying down livestock.
Older branches are utilized to make oar shafts,
cot frames, axe handles, bows (ghalel), spears,
and shoulder sticks because they are sturdy and
elastic (banghey poles).

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex Apocynaceae HBJU- Med, Powder, Bark Holarrhena pubescens is antiplasmodial,
G.Don 17333 Raw, antibacterial and the plant is used to treat fever,
decoction, tuberculosis, malaria and amoebic dysentery.
juice The bark is tonic, expectorant, astringent,
anthelmintic, febrifuge, antidysentery. The
dried bark powder is given in amoebic
dysentery, diarrhea, headache, vitiligo and
dog's bite. The crushed bark is chewed by a
person bitten by a snake. The bark juice is
given orally as hepatoprotective, for liver
ailments. The bark decoction is given to expel
threadworms.
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Ulmaceae HBJU- Med Raw, Bark, The bark is antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound-
Planch. 17334 Extract, Leaves healing. It is used to cure rheumatism,
Decoction, rheumatic swellings, joint pains, piles,
Paste, jaundice, fevers, laryngitis, ringworm and
Juice scabies. The crushed stem bark is applied on
forehead in meningitis and headache. The stem
bark extract is used for ringworm. The leaves
decoction is given to regulate fat metabolism.
The leaves along with garlic are used externally
to treat ringworm, eczema and cutaneous
diseases. The leaf juice is used for scorpion
bite.
91
Indigofera cassioides DC. Fabaceae HBJU- SB, Edi, Raw, Leaves, It fixes nitrogen in soil. Craftspeople in the area
17335 Med, Decoction Flowering make a blue dye from the plant's leaves. On
buds, occasion, the blooms are consumed in the same
Roots manner as a vegetable. Coughs can be
alleviated with the help of a decoction that is
made from the roots.

Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Fabaceae HBJU- Med Decoction, Roots, Decoction of roots used for a variety of
Brandis 17336 Poweder Flowering conditions, including stomach pain,
buds gastrointestinal issues, as a diuretic, headaches,
and pain in chest. Powder of flowering buds
utilized for the treatment of skin allergies,
warts, leprosy, as an anti-cancer agent, asthma,
toothaches, cough, abdominal pain, as well as
muscular pain.

Jasminum grandiflorum L. Oleaceae HBJU- Med Paste, Roots, The roots of Jasminum angustifolium are used
17337 Juice Leaves for external applications in ringworm and
herpes. The juice of the leaves is given as an
emetic in cases of poisoning

Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae HBJU- Med Decoction, Whole The plant is used to treat fever, hemorrhage,
17338 Juice, plant cough, asthma, obesity, edema, skin diseases,
Paste difficult labor, vomiting, piles, retention of
urine, diseases of mouth. It is also used for
setting broken bones and relieving pain. The
leaves decoction is taken against fever. The
leaves and roots are used in chronic bronchitis.
The leaves juice is given for respiratory
diseases. The leaves juice along with ginger
juice is given in cough, diabetes and respiratory
diseases

92
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bigoniaceae HBJU- Med, Orn Decoction Leaves Leaves decoction is used for the treatment of
17339 dysentery, venereal diseases.

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Anacardiaceae HBJU- Med, Decoction, Gum, Lannea coromandelica has properties that make
Merr. 17340 Extract, Bark, it effective as an anti-inflammatory, an anti-
Oil, Raw Leaves microbial, a hypotensive, a wound healer, and
an aphrodisiac. Jingini Gum is the name given
to the gum that can be extracted from the bark
of the jingini plant. Shoulder and neck pain can
be alleviated with the use of gum for nasal
instillation. Nirayasa, also known as gum, can
be obtained by making small cuts in the bark of
the tree. When taken orally, a decoction of bark
can alleviate both excessive thirst and
diarrhoea. The toothache, cough, and sore
throat can all be alleviated by gargling the bark
decoction. The chronic wounds are treated
topically with the oil that is extracted from the
bark decoction. The leaves are then tied over
swellings after being boiled in the solution.

Lantana camara L. Lamiaceae HBJU- Med, Paste, Wood, Leaves is mostly used in herbal medicine for
17341 Tim, Powder, Leaves wound healing, fever treatment, cough
Raw treatment, influenza. Wood is used to make
small hadicrafts like cheers etc.

Leptopus cordifolius Decne Phyllanthacea HBJU- Med Powder Leaves Leptopus cordifolius is used to control diabetes
e 17342 in folkloric medicine. Bit it is poisionous for
cattles.

93
Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae HBJU- Med Paste, Roots, Used for promoting growth and darkening of
17343 Powder, Leaves, hair, reducing facial dark spots, rapid heartbeat
Decoction Bark (palpitations), achy joints (rheumatism),
swelling, tumors, dizziness (vertigo), common
cold, congestion, constipation, deafness, fever,
headache, liver disease (hepatitis), trouble
sleeping (insomnia), chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS), promoting youthfulness, and extending
lifespan. It is also used to induce sweating, as a
tonic, for improving immune function.

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Ephorbiaceae HBJU- Med Paste Fruits, The plant is useful in treatment of respiratory,
Müll. Arg. 17344 Powder Leaves, digestive, psychological, excretory,
Bark reproductive, skeletal and skin disorders.

Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae HBJU- Edi, Tim, Raw Fruits, Because of the plant's delicious and pulpy fruit,
17345 Wor, Orn Wood farms across the globe are planted with Mango
trees. When the tree is no longer able to
produce fruit, the lumbar from it can be
harvested to be utilized in the production of
musical instruments. The leaves in India are
presented as gifts to God and employed as
decorative elements in a variety of religious
ceremonies and occasions. They play a
significant role in a variety of key religious
practices as well. The fruit of the tree is what
brings more attention to it than the tree itself as
a source of lumber. On the other hand, mango
trees that have reached the end of their fruit-
bearing lifespans can be harvested for their
lumber. Plywood, and inexpensive pieces of
furniture are some of the products that benefit
from the use of this wood.

94
Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae HBJU- Medi, Paste, Bark, Melia azedarach is used for wide biological
17346 Powder leaves activities such as analgesic, antibacterial, and
antifungal effects and is used to treat a wide
range of diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, and
various skin diseases.
Mimosa himalayana Gamble Mimosaceae HBJU- Med, Paste, Raw Fruits, In traditional medicine, it is employed in the
17347 Tim, Leaves, treatment of peptic ulcers, bone dislocations,
Wood sprains, backaches, haemorrhoids, wounds, and
fever. Hedgerows are thought to benefit from
its application. Both tent pegs and the charcoal
used in gunpowder production can be made
from this wood. The therapeutic value of the
root, the leaves, and the fruits is on the low end.

Neolamarckia cadamba Rubiaceae HBJU- Med Juice, Raw, Gum, Neolamarckia cadamba is hepatoprotective,
(Roxb.) Bosser 17348 Extract, Bark, nematicidal, tonic, febrifuge and astringent.
Decoction Leaves, The leaves extract is used as a mouth gargle.
Fruit The leaves decoction is used as a gargle to treat
aphthae and stomatitis. The dried bark is used
to relieve fever, burning sensation and as a
tonic. The bark juice is used in eyes
inflammation. The stem is used as a tooth brush
in gum infection and dental caries. The fresh
juice of the fruit is used to kill worms in sores.

Neolitsea pallens Lauraceae HBJU- Med, Edi Raw, Leaves, Its leaves and bark are used as spices, and the
17349 Decoction Bark plant is valued in preparing a hair tonic and as
well as leaves used and anti-bacterial and anti-
fungal.

95
Olea paniculata R.Br. HBJU- Med Extract Leaves Leaf extracts are often used in traditional
17350 medicine for their reputed immune-boosting
and cardiovascular health-promoting properties.
Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Oleaceae HBJU- Med, Raw, Leave,Wo Use for the treatment of cough, ulceration and
17351 Tim, Edi Extract, od, Resin genito-urinary disorders, inflammations,
Paste asthma, chronic bronchitis, piles, diseases of
the liver and spleen, urinary discharges,
toothache, tuberculosis, scabies and epilepsy.
Resin is used to treat the cracked heels. Wood
is used house and house implements

Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae HBJU- Edi, Oil, Raw, Leaves, Cooked leaves and young shoots of the plant
17352 Med, Extract, Seeds, are consumed in the form of a vegetable. The
Power, Gum seeds are roasted. Either it is consumed after
Paste being roasted, or it is utilised in the production
of sweets. Oil that can be consumed can be
extracted from the seed. Each and every
component of the plant has the potential to be
utilised therapeutically to treat a wide variety of
illnesses, such as psoriasis, rheumatism,
inflammatory swelling, and dysentery.
Analgesic, antitussive, expectorant, and
sedative properties can be found in the resin of
the related Pistacia lentiscus species.

Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. Rosaceae HBJU- SB, Edi, Raw Fruits, The tree is able to withstand harsh winds and
ex D.Don 17353 Tim Wood avoid soil erosion thanks to its enormous root
system, which is both deep and wide. The
tough and long-lasting wood of the Prunus
cerasoides tree is put to use in the manufacture
of a variety of things, including flooring,
furniture, and other building supplies.

96
Quercus leucotrichophora Fagaceae HBJU- Tim, Fod, Raw Wood, Leaves and twigs are used as a fodder. Wood is
D.Don 17354 Fu Leaves used in house making, bads, cardboards,
handicrafts etc.

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Linaceae HBJU- Med, Extract Branches, This plant is commonly cultivated for its
17355 Orn, Dye Leaves, attractive qualities. Both the branches as well as
Infloresce the leaves have medicinal properties. The
nce blooms can be used to extract a yellow dye,
which can then be utilised for dying fabrics and
producing paints.

Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Rhamnaceae HBJU- Med Extract Bark, Due to their potent antibacterial, deobstruent,
Brandis 17356 Leaves, anti-inflammatory, astringent, and antioxidant
Fruits characteristics, R. triquetra's bark, leaves, and
fruits are used to treat intestinal worms,
malaria, and hemorrhagic septicemia in
livestock.

Ricinus communis L. Ephorbiaceae HBJU- Med Oil Leave, Its leaf, root, and seed oil are used in
17357 Roots, inflammation treatment, liver disorders,
Seed hypoglycemic, and as a laxative.
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rosaceae HBJU- Edi Raw Fruits Fruits are edible.
17358
Rubus niveus Thunb. Rosaceae HBJU- Edi Raw Fruits Fruits are edible.
17359
Rubus paniculatus Sm. Rosaceae HBJU- Edi Raw Fruits Fruits are edible.
17360
Rubus rosifolius Sm. Rosaceae HBJU- Edi Raw Fruits Fruits are edible.
17361
Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. Ephorbiaceae HBJU- Med Paste, Leaves It has been used in to treat eczema, shingles,
17364 Powder edema, swelling, ascites, scabs, and snakebites.

97
Senegalia modesta Wall. Mimosaceae HBJU- Tim, Med Raw, Wood, The wood is extremely dense and long-lasting.
17362 Extract, Gum, It is utilised in the production of cane crushers.
Paste Twigs In addition to that, it is a fuel source. Both the
gum and the sensitive twigs of the plant have
medicinal and tooth-cleaning use.

Senegalia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Mimosaceae HBJU- Med, Edi, Extract, Wood, An Its heartwood extracts known as katha
17363 Fod, Tim Raw Twigs and (catechu), which is utilised as an ingredient,
Bark gives paan its signature flavour as well as its
distinctive red colour.Chewing areca nut, betel
(Piper betle) leaf along with paste of slaked
lime is a traditional practise in India as well as
other parts of Southeast Asia. This practise is
known as paan. The tree branches are
frequently cut down and used as fodder for
goats, and they are also occasionally fed to
cattle. Traditional medicine makes use of the
heartwood, as well as the bark and an extract of
the wood called catechu. The astringent
properties of the concentrated extract are
recognised by the names khayer gum or cutch.
The wood of the tree is highly prized for use in
the construction of furniture and tools, which is
one reason why it is commonly planted for
these purposes.

Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae HBJU- Med Extract, Whole The plant has moisturizing properties and is
17365 Powder, plant used to treat ulcers, high fevers, and diarrhea. It
Paste is effective against cardiac ailments such
ovarian illnesses and pulmonary catarrh. A
serum is made to fight the poison of black
widow spiders and rattlesnakes using its root as
an anticrotalic.
98
Solanum hazenii Britton Solanaceae HBJU Med Extract Whole The plant extracts have been widely used to
17366 plant treat fever, wounds, tooth decay, reproductive
problems, and arterial hypertension.
Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae HBJU- Med Raw, Fruits, The fruits, leaves are used as medicine for
17367 Paste, Leaves fever, cough, wounds, pain, liver problems,
Powder tooth decay.
Spermadictyon suaveolens Rubiaceae HBJU- Med Powder Stem The stem. powder of this plant is used by herbal
Roxb. 17368 medicinal practitioners for control of viral
infections like herpes as well as to diabetes
Toona ciliata M.Roem. Meliaceae HBJU- Tim Raw Wood The wood has a deep red colour, is simple to
17369 work with, and commands a very high price. It
is referred as "red gold" because of its
widespread application in the manufacture of
furniture, wood paneling, and construction,
including shipbuilding.
Trema politoria (Planch.) Cannabaceae HBJU- Med Paste Leaves Leaf paste applied locally for healing of
Blume 17370 wounds.
Vachellia nilotica (L.) Delile Mimosaceae HBJU- Med, Fod Raw Leaves, Animals are especially interested in pods that
17371 Fruits have been dried out. Branches used as fodder is
a popular practise. The pods and leaves are
believed to have anthelminthic qualities on
small ruminants.
Viburnum nervosum D.Don Coprifoliaceae HBJU- Med Paste, Leaves, Used primarily in traditional medicine for the
17372 Powder Fruits, diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cough,
Bark diarrhea, tumefaction, swelling.
Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Rubiaceae HBJU- Med Powder Bark Bark is used to treat colds and high fevers.
Santapau & Merchant 17373
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Lythraceae HBJU Med Paste, Flower, Flower and root used in the treatment of
17374 Powder root rheumatism, dysentery, foot and mouth disease,
lumbar and rib fracture.

99
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae HBJU- Med Paste, Fruits, Medicinal applications in cases of dyspepsia
17375 Powder, Twigs, and fever, an aromatic tonic made from Tejbal's
Raw, Bark fruits, seeds, and bark can be very helpful.
Extract, Because they can be helpful in treating tooth
Oil issues, seeds and fruits are often ground up and
used to make dental powder and paste. The
essential oil that is extracted from fruits is
called Wartara oil, and it contains antibacterial
and deodorant characteristics.
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae HBJU- Edi Raw Fruits Fresh and candied dried fruit are eaten as
17376 snacks or with coffee. Water-crushed pulp
makes a drink.
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae HBJU- Dye, Edi Raw, Fruits The bark of the tree is used for tanning, and the
17377 Decoction berries can be eaten.

100
4.4. Inventory of plant species:
Inventory of plant species is given in Table 4.4.1. We have reported 80 woody plant
species belonging to 63 genera and 36 families (Figure 4.4.2.). Among the plant
reported plant species 56% were shrubs and 44% trees.

Figure 4.4.1. Pia chart showing life for in percentage.

Top generas of the study area were Ficus (10 species), Rubus (4 species) followed by
Debregeasia, Grewia, Indigofera, Senegalia, Solanum, Ziziphus (2 species each)
whereas remaining 55 genera’s were represented by a single species (Figure 4.2.2.).
Top families were Moraceae (10 species), Rosaceae (6 species) followed by
Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Miomosaceae, Rutaceae (4 species each), Lamiaceae,
Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Urticaceae (3 species each), Apocynaceae,
caesealpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Solanaceae,
Tiliaceae (2 species each) while remaining 17 families were reperesented by a single
species (Figure 4.3.2..
Table 4.4.1. Inventory of woody plant species.
Species Family Habitat Occurrence
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae RS, F Un
Bauhinia variegata L. Caesealpiniaceae F,CF Un
Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae RS,CF,WP, UF Co
Bergera koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae WP,CF,RS Co
Boehmeria virgata Urticaceae CF,WP Un
Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae OF Un
Buddleja crispa Benth. Scrophulariaceae WP,RS Ra
Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Wo, OS Co
Cassia fistula L. Caesealpiniaceae OS Co

101
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Rutaceae OS,UF,F, RS Un
Tirveng.
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Lamiaceae CF,RS,F Co
Cotinus coggygria Scop. Anacardiaceae OS, UF,F Un
Cotoneaster bacillaris Rosaceae F,CF,RS,UF Co
Debregeasia longifolia Urticaceae WP, WS, OS Un
(Burm.f.) Wedd.
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Urticaceae WP, WS, OS Un
Hepper & J.R.I.Wood
Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae UF, F,CF Co
(Roxb.) Nees
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae RS,OS Co
Ehretia acuminata R.Br. Boraginaceae RS, FE Ra
Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Lamiaceae UF,RS,CF Un
Rehder
Engelhardtia spicata Lechen Juglandaceae RS,OF Un
ex Blume
Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Ephorbiaceae RS,OS Ra
Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. Moraceae OS, FE Ra
Ficus auriculata Lour. Moraceae CF Co
Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae RS,CF Co
Ficus hispida L.f. Moraceae RS,FE,OF Co
Ficus palmata Forssk. Moraceae CF,RS,WP Co
Ficus pumila L. Moraceae WP,CF Ra
Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae CF,RS, FE Ra
Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae CF,OF,FE Co
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. Moraceae CF,FE Un
ex Sm.
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Moraceae FE,WP,CF,RS Un
ex Sm.
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Salicaceae RS, OS Un
Merr.
Glochidion heyneanum (Wight Phyllanthaceae OS,FE Co

102
& Arn.) Wight
Grewia asiatica L. Tiliaceae CF,RS Ra
Grewia optiva (Buch.-Ham. ex Tiliaceae CF Co
Roxb.) J.R.Drumm. ex Burret
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. Apocynaceae RS Un
ex G.Don
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Ulmaceae RS, F Co
Planch.
Indigofera cassioides DC. Fabaceae UF,CF,RS,WP, Co
OS
Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Fabaceae OS,UF Un
Brandis
Jasminum grandiflorum L. Oleaceae FE,RS,UF Un
Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae OS,CF,RS,WP Co
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bigoniaceae RS,FE Co
Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae FE,RS,CF Un
(Houtt.) Merr.
Lantana camara L. Lamiaceae CF,FE,RS,WP Co
Leptopus cordifolius Decne Phyllanthaceae CF Un
Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae RS,WP Co
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Ephorbiaceae RS,FE,CF Co
Müll. Arg.
Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae CF, F Co
Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae CF Co
Mimosa himalayana Gamble Mimosaceae RS,WP Un
Neolamarckia cadamba Rubiaceae RS,FE Co
(Roxb.) Bosser
Neolitsea pallens Lauraceae F Co
Olea paniculata R.Br. Oleaceae F Un
Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinaceae F, RS Co
Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae F,CF Un
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. Rosaceae CF,F Co
ex D.Don

103
Quercus leucotrichophora Fagaceae F, CF Co
D.Don
Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Linaceae CF,RS,OF,WP Co
Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Rhamnaceae CF,FE Un
Brandis
Ricinus communis L. Ephorbiaceae CF,RS,WP Co
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rosaceae CF,RS,UF,WP Co
Rubus niveus Thunb. Rosaceae CF,RS,UF,WP Co
Rubus paniculatus Sm. Rosaceae WP,UF,RS Co
Rubus rosifolius Sm. Rosaceae F,RS Co
Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. Ephorbiaceae CF,F,RS Ra
Senegalia modesta Wall. Mimosaceae F Un
Senegalia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Mimosaceae F Co
Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae RS,WP,OS Co
Solanum hazenii Britton Solanaceae WP Ra
Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae WP,RS Ra
Spermadictyon suaveolens Rubiaceae RS,UF,FE,WP Un
Roxb.
Toona ciliata M.Roem. Meliaceae CF,F Co
Trema politoria (Planch.) Cannabaceae CF,RS Un
Blume
Vachellia nilotica (L.) Delile Mimosaceae RS,WP,UF Co
Viburnum nervosum D.Don Coprifoliaceae F,OS Co
Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Rubiaceae OS,RS Un
Santapau & Merchant
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Lythraceae CF,RS,WP,UF Co
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae CF,RS,OS Co
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae RS,WP Co
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae WP,RS,UF Un

104
Figure 4.4.2. Families with their representive species numbers.

105
Figure 4.4.3. Genera’s with their resprective species numbers.

106
Plate 4.1. Trees of the study area. (A) Ficus semecordata (B) Grweia optiva (C) Quercus
leucotrichophora (D) Toona ciliata (E) Pinus roxburghii (F) Bombax ceiba.

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Plate 4.2. Shrubs of the study area. (A) Bergera koenigii (B) Reinwardtia indica (C)
Rubus ellipticus (D) Berberis lycium (E) Rubus niveus (F) Mimosa himalayana.

108
Plate 4.3. Herbarium sheet of Deberegeasia saeneb.

109
Plate 4.4. Herbarium sheet of Mirabilis jalapa.

110
Plate 4.5. Herbarium sheet of Mallotus philippiensis.

111
Plate 4.6. Herbarium Sheet of Ricinus communis.

112
Plate 4.7. Herbarium sheet of Colebrookea oppositifolia.

113
Plate 4.8. Herbarium sheet of Justicia adhatoda.

114
Plate 4.9. Herbarium sheet of Lantana camara.

115
Plate 4.10. Herbarium sheet of Jasminum grandiflorum.

116
Plate 4.11. Herbarium sheet of Datura innoxia.

117
Plate 4.12. Herbarium sheet of Datura stramonium.

118
Plate 4.13. Herbarium sheet of Carissa spinarum.

119
Plate 4.14. Herbarium sheet of Woodfordia fruticosa.

120
Plate 4.15. Herbarium sheets of Spirea bella.

121
Plate 4.16. Herbarium sheet of Rubus niveus.

122
Plate 4.17. Herbarium sheet of Rubus ellipticus.

123
Plate 4.18. Herbarium sheet of Indigofera heterantha.

124
Plate 4.19. Harbarium sheet of Indigofera cassioides.

125
Plate 4.20. Harbarium sheet of Cotinus coggygria.

126
Plate 4.21. Herbarium sheet of Dodonea viscosa.

127
Plate 4.22. Harbarium sheet of Ziziphus oenopolia.

128
Plate 4.23. Herbarium sheet of Zanthoxylum armatum.

129
Plate 4.24. Herbarium sheet of Reinwardtia indica.

130
Plate 4.25. Herbarium sheet of Sida rhombifolia.

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Plate 4.26. Herbarium sheet of Berberis lycium.
 Chapter 5
DISCUSSION

In present study we have selected Jhajjar watershed for analyzing the woody flora of the
area. We have reported 80 woody plant species belonging to 63 genera and 36 families.
Joshi et al., 2019 also reported 34 woody species belonging to 25 families while assessing
ethno-botanical uses of the woody flora of a watershed in western Himalaya. Present study
was well supported by Bhat et al. 2020 who also reported a total of 81 woody species,
including 33 trees (28 genera and 22 families) and 48 shrub species (39 genera and 24
families) from along the altitudinal gradient in Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary. Tamiru et al.
2021 reported a total of 61 woody species belonging to 34 families; 8.2% of the species
were endemic to Ethiopia. Angessa et al., 2020 identified 104 woody plants belonging to
52 families, where 74.5% were indigenous and 16.7% were endemic to Ethiopia. Sop et al.
2012 also reported 90 woody species belonging from 64 genera and 32 from Burkina Faso.
In all three ethnic groups, more than 80 % of the reported species were used for energy,
60 % for medicine and 40–50 % for food. Woody plants are more prone to the
deforestation, over exploitation because of their higher use as a fodder, fuel and timber.
Fodder is one of the daily need of livestock holders in villages for which they mostly relies
on woody plants especially on trees such as Grewia spp., Bauhinia spp. and so on.
Total of 25 categories were reported from the study area. Out of reported 80 woody
species 39 was used only for medicinal purpose only, 8 species used as a medicine and
edible, 5 species used only as a edible, 5 species used for medical and timber yielding
whereas remain categories was represented by a single species. Amjad and Arshad, 2014
reported 22 woody plant species have medicinal value, among which 21 were used as fuel
wood species, 16 as fodder species, 4 as timber wood species, 12 as edible fruit species, 6
as fence or hedge plant, 7 as ornamental species, and 12 species had other uses. Most of the
researcher documented the woody plants for was dominantly used as a fuel, fodder, timber
but edibility of their fruits might be a possible reason for their declining population. Seeds
of certain plants are utilized for their oil containing properties as well as their sweetness and
nutritional properties. Consuming seeds extensively may decrease the populations of seed
bearing woody plants. Neelo et al., 2015 reported uses of woody plants and grouped into
eight categories, namely construction, fuelwood, furniture, medicine, human food, fodder,

136
farm implements, and shade and also reported that some of them were used for more than
one purpose.
Total 36 mode of utilization was reported out of which 8 species consumed as a
paste and powder, 5 species consumed as a decoction, 5 species used as decoction and raw,
4 species used as paste, powder and raw, 4 species consumed as a extract, 3 species used as
decoction and powder, 3 species as a powder, 2 species as a decoction, extract, juice, paste
and raw, 2 species as a extract, paste and raw, 2 species as a extract and raw, 2 species as a
powder and raw, Bark, leaves and roots were reported predominant modes of utilization.
Hussain et al., 2023 reported paste and powder as a dominant mode of utilization. In present
study the paste and powder were reported dominant most of woody species possesses
hardwood or wood that was not contain that secondary metabolites or if contain it is very
low so most of the woody plants parts used are bark, leaves, roots. However most of the
Himalayan local villagers were hardworking people who work in crop lands where natural
barriers like stones, rocks as well as weather or climatic condition like cold etc are
predominant so the major injuries are either cuts and wounds or fever cough and colds. So
they make these utilization strategies to cope with this all in paste and which were passing
from one generation to another in present world.
Total 44 categories were reported on the bases of various types of mixed uses. 8
species were recorded representing the category bark and leaves, followed by 7 species
(Leaves), 6 species (Fruits), 6 species (Whole plant), 3 species (Bark), 3 species (Fruits and
leaves), 3 species (Leaves and wood), 2 species (Bark, fruits, latex, leaves and roots), 2
species (Fruits and stem), 2 species (fruits and wood). Neelo et al., 2015 also reported that
the most commonly used plant parts were the roots, bark, leaves, and stems. In present
study we have reported bark which was dominantly used by locals this is may be because of
the chemical constituents possesses necessary metabolites which heal the injuries as
diseases. Leaves as a producers of food for plant contains higher amount of nutrient and
chemical compounds due to which they are consumed by animals as well human beings for
their needs so consuming variety of proposes make it dominantly used plant part.
Top genera’s of the study area were Ficus (10 species), Rubus (4 species) followed
by Debregeasia, Grewia, Indigofera, Senegalia, Solanum, Ziziphus (2 species each).
Parmanik, 2016 reported about 24 species and three infra‐specific taxa from Uttarakhand.
Ficus remains unexplored for its fodder value (Roder et al. 2003) since long. Ficus‐
based system is more bio-diverse as well as economically sustainable. The members of the

137
genus provide multiple products (fodder, shade, fuelwood) and ecosystem‐services
(enhance soil fertility, prevent soil erosion). In spite of ability of the species of
Ficus to survive under difficult natural conditions, cultural
acceptability, multiple benefits and vital ecological services declining trend in planting
Ficus has been noted in India. Rubus is well known for its edible fruits all over the world
several researchers have reported them from Himalayan region for their edibility as well as
medicinal values. Sharma and Chandel, 1996 reported 32 species and 4 varieties of Rubus
from Indian Himalaya. Top families were Moraceae, and Rosaceae. Sisodiya and Dutt
(2020) reported the bark, Euphorbiceae, Mimosaceae, Fabaceae, Anacardiaeae as the
dominant family while studying some tehsils of district Barwani Madhya Pradesh. Tamiru
et al., 2021 reported the highest number of species from families Euphorbiaceae,
Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Oleaceae while study woody flora. Angessa et al., 2020 also reported
Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae were the most species-rich families.
Bauhenia variegata, Flacourtia indica, Grewia optiva, Pinus roxburghii, Prunus
cerasoides, Pyrus pashia, Q. leucotricophora, Rhamnus triquetra, were found as fuel wood
yielding plant species. Mitra et al. 2017 reported ten species (five species each trees and
shrubs) from Bhotiya community of Niti valley these values are little bit lower than the
values reported in present study. While Hussain et al. 2017 reported twenty one fuel wood
yielding species which are well in the range of present study. Chandra et al. 2008 reported
Bauhenia sp., Flacourtia sp., Grewia optiva and Quercus leucotricophora as a fuel-wood
yielding species. Shaheen et al., 2016 reported Pinus roxburghii, Pyrus pashia and Quercus
sp. as major fuel wood producing species. In the past fuel wood is preferred by lot of
villagers is because of its easy availability from nearest forest or agricultural fields, low
values or zero cost related, low socio-economic status and unavailability of other energy
sources. Now day’s electricity, bio-gas (gas cylinders) and connectivity with cities is
getting better day by day due to which little pressure is decreased on fuel-wood yielding
plants in some extent in economically good families but affording modern energy sources is
not easy for economically poor families as well for those which are residing in far away
from roads or connectivity. In winters locals faced too extreme colder conditions and for
which almost every family restore fuel wood.
Bauhenia variegata, Ficus auriculata, Ficus palmata, Grewia optiva, Prunus
cerasoides, Pyrus pashia, Q. leucotricophora and Rhamnus triquetra were the fodder
yielding plant species. Nautiyal et al. (2018) also reported Bauhenia sp., Grewia optiva,

138
Ficus spp., Quercus spp. and Rhamnus triquetra as a major fodder yielding species. Paliwal
and Maurya, 2021 reported 34 fodder species and found Bauhenia variegata, Quercus
leucotricophora, Ficus palmata as a major fodder yielding tree species. The fodder trees are
important due to their usefulness as a fodder during drought and especially extreme colder
condition during snowfall period. It was observed that in this region paddy straw is not
preferred by locals individuals as a fodder indeed Echinochloa fruementacea and Eluesine
coracana straw was used as a fodder in winters. Due to unavailability of market based
fodder (especially Paddy straw) local of this region still using plants as a fodder
reproducing species. Sustainable utilization would be recommended for these species so
that their future population will remain un-threatened.
Bauhenia variegata, Flacourtia indica, Grewia optiva, Pinus roxburghii, Prunus
cerasoides, Pyrus pashia, Q. leucotricophora and Rhamnus triquetra were recorded as
timber yielding plants. Dobhal et al., 2010 reported 37 timber yielding species from various
regions of Himalaya and found Grewia optiva, Prunus cerasoides and Q. lecotricophora as
common timber yielding species. It was observed that Pinus roxburghii was highly used for
making houses and huts in this region. Whereas some species was used for making
agricultural implements as well as home-kitchen implements. In recent years after corona
period wooden utensils are in trend and it can cause pressure on plant species which are
utilized for making kitchen utensils or agricultural implements. It was also observed that in
recent years home-stays are in trend and this region is also a centre of tourism due to which
this community also following the trend and it cause pressure on local environment and
plants also. Sustainable consumption of timber wood for house making is recommended.
Gautam 2012 observed that it is used for ornamental, fuel, fodder, timber, food, gum and
resin, tannin and dye and medicinal purposes. Kumar et al. 2021 also found that it is used as
fodder, fiber and fuel as well as making of shampoo. Kaushik et al. 2010 quoted that it was
used for medicine, food and fuel proposes. Om prakash et al. 2021 also reported it for
various proposes such as food, fodder, fuel and medicine. Uniyal et al. 2002 reported that it
is used for medicine and food proposes.
Occurrence analyses of woody plants showed that highest 54% species showed
“common” occurrence followed by “uncommon” (34% species) while remaining 12%
species showed “rare” occurrence. Rawat et al., 2016 and Bagri et. al., 2023 also reported
similar pattern from Garhwal Himalaya. The occurrence of a species can be limited by
several factors such as habitat loss, climate change, pollution, over-exploitation, invasive

139
species, genetic factors, reproductive challenges and ecological interactions. Destruction or
alteration of natural habitats due to urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation can lead to
decreased in the plant populations. Changes in temperature and weather patterns can affect
the survival of certain species, especially those with specific habitat requirements.
Contaminants in the environment can harm species, leading to decreased reproductive
success or increased mortality. Unsustainable harvesting can reduce population sizes to
critical levels. Non-native species can compete with, prey on, or bring diseases to native
species, disrupting local ecosystems. Small populations can suffer from inbreeding, which
reduces genetic diversity and adaptability.
On the bases of abundance/frequency ration present findings showed dominance of
random distribution followed by contiguous distribution pattern. Ballabha et al., 2020 also
reported similar pattern on both the trees and shrub layers. The dispersal limitation is an
important ecological factor for controlling species distribution pattern and a connection
between biotic and abiotic ecological factors (Hubbell et al. 1999). Regular and random
distribution is indicative of uniform environment (Pande et al. 2001), while contagious
distribution is common in nature (Odum 1971). Connell (1978) suggested that the uniform
dispersion pattern of species in tropical forests largely enable the maintenance of high
levels of diversity. The changes in the distribution patterns may reflect the reactions of
species to disturbance as well as to changes in the habitat conditions (Sagar et al. 2003).

140
 CONCLUSION

In present study we have selected Jhajjar watershed for analyzing the woody flora of the
area. From this study we can conclude following points:

 In present study we have reported 80 woody species which suggest that this watershed is
rich is wood species diversity.
 All the reported species were described alphabetically which will help future researchers in
the form of ready reference.
 Forest structural data show the trend of vegetation along the altitudinal gradient in the study
area which will help forest managers and policy makers to assume the status of woody
vegetation in the study area.
 Occurrence of plant species reflects the availability status of plant species inside the
waterside rare occurrence of species should be noticed and conservation measures should
be applied for rarely occurred species.
 Distribution pattern showed dominance of ‘random’ distribution pattern which indicates the
distribution range along the watershed of plant species.
 Present studies showed that most of the plants used for medicinal purposes which indicates
that people of the watershed are still using plant species for their medical needs.
 People of the study area are still relies on plants for timber, fuel, fodder needs it is indicates
that occupation of people of the region is agriculture and also depends upon livestock’s.
Recommendations:
 It was recommended that more ethno-botanical studies should be done in nearby
regions.
 Sustainable utilization of reported plants is recommended.
 Population assessment of rarely occurred plants in nearby regions is recommended.

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 SUMMARY

The Indian Himalaya region (IHR), widely renowned for its products and services
that support millions of people both inside and outside of its geographical borders, is a
significant portion of the internationally recognized Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot
consisting of plant communities, mammals, birds, reptiles, other species habitats and
migration corridors. Woody vegetation acts as a food source for many other species and
provides many key ecosystem services supplying (food, fodder, wood, fibre, medicine),
supporting (soil management, nutrient cycling) and other regulatory and cultural services
for human well-being. The revised taxonomic data-sets on arboreal plants have proven to be
immediately beneficial for the preservation of biodiversity and its sustainable utilization in
the area. This is because a great deal of exotic arboreal species, have been introduced for
cultivation, many of which are now naturalizing. Additionally, woody vegetation defines
important patterns of environmental variety and structural complexity in a given ecosystem
by supporting the physical structure of habitats. In mountainous environments, woody
vegetation helps to absorb rainwater into groundwater reserves, which in turn helps to
regulate headwaters and microclimates, reduce soil erosion, and maintain balanced water
flows throughout the year.

Literature review uncovered that there were no investigations were directed on

Woody flora of Jhajjar watershed, Jammu and Kashmir by prior workers and examinations
on diversity distribution and ethnobotanical uses of woody species are scanty in the study
area. The point of the current study is to examinw the woody flora of Jhajjar Watershed of
of Jammu and Kashmir. The objectives of the study are: 1) To explore, collect, describe and
identify the woody plants of Jhajjar watershed in district Reasi and substantiate by visual
documentation, 2) To work out correct nomenclature of each plant with recent
nomenclature and vernacular name, 3) To map the occurrence and distribution of woody
species in study area, 4) To document the economic importance of woody species of the
study area, 5) To prepare an inventory of plants existing in the study area, 6) . The current
work has been accumulated in 5 main sections. General presentation portrayed in the
chapter 1; overview and targets in chapter 2; the study area and material and methods in
chapter 3. The results of the set targets are given in chapter 4, while the aftereffects of the
study are discussed and summed up in chapter 5.
142
 For solving this problems we have divided the study area into five altitudinal zones
or site such as S1 (700-900m asl ), S2 (900-1100 m asl), S3 (1100-1300 m asl), S4 (1300-
1500 m asl), S5 (1500-1700 m asl). In present study we have reported 80 woody plant
species belonging to 63 genera and 36 families. Among the plant reported plant species
56% were shrubs and 44% trees.
Top families were Moraceae, Rosaceae, Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Miomosaceae, Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae and Rubiaceae. In terms of
genera, top generas of the study area were Ficus (10 species) Rubus (4 species) followed by
Debregeasia, Grewia, Indigofera, Senegalia, Solanum, Ziziphus (2 species each) whereas
remaining 55 genera’s were represented by a single species.
Total of 25 categorie’s were reported from the study area. Out of reported 80 woody
species 39 was used only for medicinal purpose only, 8 species used as a medicine and
edible, 5 species used only as a edible, 5 species used for medical and timber yielding
whereas remain categories was represented by a single species.Total 36 mode of utilization
was reported out of which 8 species consumed as a paste and powder, 5 species consumed
as a decoction, 5 species used as decoction and raw, 4 species used as paste and powder and
raw. Bark, leaves and roots were reported predominantly used parts. Total 44 categories
were reported on the bases of various types of uses.

On the bases of abundance/frequency ration present findings showed dominance of

random distribution followed by contiguous distribution pattern. Occurrence analyses of
woody plants showed that highest 54% species showed “common” occurrence followed by
“uncommon” (34% species) while remaining 12% species showed “rare” occurrence.

From this study we can conclude following points: we have reported 80 woody
species which suggest that this watershed is rich is wood species diversity. All the reported
species were described alphabetically which will help future researchers in the form of
ready reference. Forest structural data show the trend of vegetation along the altitudinal
gradient in the study area which will help forest managers and policy makers to assume the
status of woody vegetation in the study area. Occurrence of plant species reflects the
availability status of plant species inside the waterside rare occurrence of species should be
noticed and conservation measures should be applied for rarely occurred species.
Distribution pattern showed dominance of ‘random’ distribution pattern which indicates the
distribution range along the watershed of plant species. Present studies showed that most of

143
the plants used for medicinal purposes which indicates that people of the watershed are still
using plant species for their medical needs. People of the study area are still relies on plants
for timber, fuel, fodder needs it is indicates that occupation of people of the region is
agriculture and also depends upon livestock’s. It was recommended that more ethno-
botanical studies should be done in nearby regions. Sustainable utilization of reported
plants is recommended Population assessment of rarely occurred plants in nearby regions is
recommended.

144
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