Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya, Latur (Autonomous)
Course Type: Generic IKS
Course Title: Indian Knowledge System
Course Code: 101IKS2601
Credits: 02 Max. Marks: 50 Lectures: 30 Hrs.
Dr. Prakash R. Rodiya
Chapter IV: Indian Administration and Culture
1. Administration and Governance – Concept, Introduction, Indian Administration,
Administrative structure in Ancient India, Niti Shashtra (Law & Orders).
2. Town Planning and Temple Architecture – Indigenous tools & technologies for
town planning and temple architecture, Science and Architecture, Lothal, Mohan jo
Daro, Dholavira, Angkorvat, Lepakshi temple, Puri Temple, Thanjavar Temple,
Modhera and Konark Sun Temple, Hampi Temple, etc.
3. Fine Art and Performing Art - Types, Famous Literature, Famous Arts and Artists,
4. Science behind Indian traditions and rituals.
Chapter IV
Indian Administration and Culture
Dr. Prakash R. Rodiya
1. Administration and Governance:
Introduction:
In ancient India, the concept of governance, administration, and law was deeply
intertwined with the social, cultural, and philosophical fabric of the civilization. Here's an
introduction to the administrative structure and the concept of Niti Shastra (Law and
Orders) in ancient India:
Introduction to Ancient Indian Administration:
Ancient Indian administration was characterized by a decentralized system with a
focus on local governance and community participation. The administration was primarily
guided by principles laid down in ancient Indian texts such as the Arthashastra,
Manusmriti, and Dharmashastra. Administration was carried out at various levels,
including the village, town, city, and kingdom.
Administrative Structure:
Village Level: At the grassroots level, the village was the basic unit of
administration. The village council, known as the Gram Sabha or Panchayat, played a
significant role in local governance. It consisted of respected elders and leaders who
deliberated on matters related to agriculture, irrigation, justice, and community welfare.
Town and City Administration: Urban centers had their own administrative structures,
which included municipal councils or committees responsible for maintaining public
facilities, infrastructure, and law and order.
Kingdom Level:
The administration at the kingdom level was headed by the king or monarch, who
was advised by a council of ministers and officials. The king's duties included ensuring
justice, protecting the realm, collecting taxes, and promoting the welfare of his subjects.
Niti Shastra (Law and Orders):
Niti Shastra refers to the ancient Indian treatises on statecraft, governance, ethics,
and administration. The most well-known text on this subject is the Arthashastra, attributed
to Chanakya (Kautilya), a prominent scholar and advisor to the Mauryan emperor
Chandragupta Maurya.
Arthashastra:
The Arthashastra provides comprehensive guidelines for statecraft, diplomacy,
military strategy, administration, and law enforcement. It covers various aspects of
governance, including taxation, justice, espionage, economic policy, and social welfare.
Manusmriti and Dharmashastra:
Manusmriti and Dharmashastra are ancient Indian texts that lay down principles of
dharma (righteousness) and societal norms. While Manusmriti primarily deals with legal
and social issues, Dharmashastra encompasses broader ethical and religious principles that
guide personal conduct and social relationships.
Key Principles of Niti Shastra:
Dharma (Righteousness):
Niti Shastra emphasizes the importance of upholding dharma in governance and
administration. It advocates for fairness, justice, and ethical conduct in all aspects of
governance.
Rajdharma (Duty of the King):
The king's primary duty, according to Niti Shastra, is to protect and promote the
welfare of his subjects. He is expected to rule with wisdom, compassion, and integrity,
ensuring peace, prosperity, and security for his people.
Law and Order:
Niti Shastra prescribes a system of laws and regulations to maintain law and order,
resolve disputes, and punish wrongdoing. It emphasizes the need for impartiality,
transparency, and accountability in the administration of justice.
In summary, the concept of Niti Shastra and ancient Indian administration reflects
a sophisticated understanding of governance, ethics, and law that guided the administration
of ancient Indian kingdoms and societies. These principles continue to influence modern
governance systems and ethical frameworks in India and beyond.
2. Town Planning and Temple Architecture :
Ancient Indian town planning and temple architecture reflect the rich cultural
heritage and advanced technological prowess of the civilization. Here are some notes on
indigenous tools and technologies used in ancient Indian town planning and temple
architecture:
Town Planning:
Grid System:
Many ancient Indian cities were planned according to a grid system, with streets
intersecting at right angles. Examples include the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa of
the Indus Valley Civilization.
Water Management:
Ancient Indians were adept at water management techniques, including the
construction of elaborate drainage systems, reservoirs, and tanks to store and distribute
water for irrigation, sanitation, and domestic use.
Natural Ventilation and Cooling:
Indigenous architectural techniques such as courtyards, verandas, and water bodies
were incorporated into buildings to promote natural ventilation, cooling, and energy
efficiency, especially in hot and arid climates.
Sacred Geometry:
Indian town planning often incorporated principles of sacred geometry, with city
layouts and building designs based on cosmic symbolism, religious beliefs, and
astronomical alignments. This is evident in temple towns such as Varanasi and Madurai.
Temple Architecture:
Vastu Shastra: astu Shastra, an ancient Indian architectural treatise, provided
guidelines for temple construction, layout, orientation, and design. It emphasized principles
of harmony, proportion, and balance between human dwellings and the natural
environment.
Shilpa Shastras:
Shilpa Shastras were ancient Indian texts that detailed the science and art of
sculpture, architecture, and iconography. They provided instructions on carving stone,
casting metal, sculpting figures, and decorating temples with intricate motifs and
sculptures.
Stonemasonry and Sculpture:
Ancient Indian temples were built using traditional stonemasonry techniques,
where skilled artisans carved intricate sculptures, reliefs, and architectural elements from
stone blocks. The process involved chiseling, polishing, and assembling stones with
precision.
Temple Complexes:
Indian temples often formed part of larger architectural complexes that included
multiple shrines, halls, pavilions, and tanks arranged around a central sanctuary or sanctum
sanctorum. These complexes served as spiritual and cultural centers for religious rituals,
festivals, and community gatherings.
Symbolism and Iconography:
Temple architecture in India is characterized by rich symbolism and iconography,
with every aspect of the temple design imbued with religious significance and spiritual
symbolism. Sculptures and reliefs depicted mythological stories, gods, goddesses, and
celestial beings, serving as visual aids for religious worship and meditation.
Indigenous Tools and Technologies:
Hand Tools:
Ancient Indian craftsmen used a variety of hand tools such as chisels, hammers,
mallets, and files for carving stone, wood, and metal. These tools were often made of iron,
bronze, or other durable materials.
Rope and Pulley Systems:
Indigenous rope and pulley systems were employed to lift heavy stone blocks and
sculptures during temple construction. This technique allowed artisans to transport and
position large stones with precision and efficiency.
Traditional Kilns:
Traditional kilns were used to fire clay bricks, tiles, and pottery for temple
construction. These kilns relied on locally available materials such as clay, sand, and wood
for fuel.
Metal Casting Techniques:
Metal casting techniques such as lost-wax casting were utilized to create intricate
metal sculptures, bells, lamps, and other decorative elements for temple architecture.
In summary, ancient Indian town planning and temple architecture showcase the
ingenuity, craftsmanship, and spiritual fervor of the civilization. Indigenous tools and
technologies, coupled with profound architectural and religious principles, have left an
indelible mark on India's cultural landscape and architectural heritage.
Science and architecture:
Ancient Indian science and architecture represent a remarkable fusion of technical
expertise, artistic brilliance, and spiritual symbolism. Here are some notes on key
architectural marvels and archaeological sites in India and Southeast Asia:
Lothal:
Located in Gujarat, Lothal was an ancient city of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Known for its sophisticated urban planning, advanced drainage system, and dockyard. The
city was a major center for maritime trade and manufacturing of beads, pottery, and
metalwork.
Mohenjo-Daro:
Mohenjo-Daro, located in present-day Pakistan, was one of the largest cities of the
Indus Valley Civilization. The city featured well-planned streets, brick houses, public
baths, and a complex drainage system. Mohenjo-Daro's archaeological remains provide
insights into the urban life, architecture, and social organization of ancient Indus cities.
Dholavira:
Dholavira is an archaeological site in Gujarat belonging to the Harappan
Civilization. It features a fortified city with a sophisticated water management system,
reservoirs, and large-scale urban planning. The site reveals evidence of advanced town
planning, trade networks, and hydraulic engineering.
Angkor Wat:
Angkor Wat is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument
in the world. Built in the 12th century by the Khmer Empire, it combines Hindu and
Buddhist architectural elements. Angkor Wat is renowned for its intricate bas-reliefs,
towering spires, and expansive layout.
Lepakshi Temple:
Located in Andhra Pradesh, Lepakshi Temple is a masterpiece of Vijayanagara
architecture. Known for its monolithic rock-cut structures, ornate carvings, and intricate
sculptures. The temple complex includes the Veerabhadra Temple, dedicated to the deity
Veerabhadra.
Puri Temple:
Puri Jagannath Temple, located in Odisha, is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites
in India. Known for its towering spires, intricate carvings, and annual Rath Yatra festival.
The temple is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
Thanjavur Temple:
The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. Built by the Chola dynasty in the 11th century, it features a massive stone
lingam and a towering vimana (tower). The temple is renowned for its architectural
grandeur, exquisite sculptures, and Dravidian-style architecture.
Modhera Sun Temple:
Located in Gujarat, the Modhera Sun Temple is dedicated to the Hindu sun god,
Surya. Built in the 11th century by the Solanki dynasty, it features intricate carvings, a
large stepped tank, and a sanctum with a pyramidal roof. The temple is an exemplary
specimen of Solanki architecture.
Konark Sun Temple:
Konark Sun Temple in Odisha is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a masterpiece
of Odisha architecture. Built in the 13th century, it is dedicated to the sun god Surya and
designed in the shape of a colossal chariot. Known for its intricately carved stone wheels,
sculptures, and architectural grandeur.
Hampi:
Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Karnataka, India. It was the
capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and features numerous temples, monuments, and ruins
spread across a vast area. Hampi is renowned for its Dravidian-style architecture,
monumental structures, and rock-cut temples.
These architectural wonders and archaeological sites stand as testaments to the
ingenuity, craftsmanship, and cultural richness of ancient Indian civilizations and their
enduring legacy in the architectural landscape of India and Southeast Asia.
3. Fine Art and Performing Art :
Ancient Indian fine art and performing arts encompass a rich tapestry of cultural
expressions, ranging from classical music and dance to literature and visual arts. Here are
some notes on the types, famous literature, arts, and artists of ancient India:
Classical Music:
Types:
Ancient Indian classical music is classified into two major traditions: Hindustani music
(North Indian) and Carnatic music (South Indian). Both traditions share common elements
such as raga (melody), tala (rhythm), and improvisation.
Famous Literature:
The Natya Shastra, attributed to Bharata Muni, is an ancient Sanskrit text that lays down
principles of music, dance, and drama. It serves as a foundational treatise for Indian
classical music.
Famous Artists:
Ancient Indian classical music has been enriched by legendary artists such as Tansen, Baiju
Bawra, Muthuswami Dikshitar, Tyagaraja, and Purandara Dasa.
Classical Dance:
Types:
Classical Indian dance forms include Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (North India),
Kathakali (Kerala), Odissi (Odisha), Manipuri (Manipur), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh),
and Mohiniyattam (Kerala).
Famous Literature:
The Natya Shastra also provides detailed descriptions of various classical dance forms,
their movements, gestures, and aesthetics.
Famous Artists:
Renowned classical dancers of ancient India include Bharata Muni (credited with codifying
Bharatanatyam), Balasaraswati (Bharatanatyam), Rukmini Devi Arundale
(Bharatanatyam), Birju Maharaj (Kathak), and Kelucharan Mohapatra (Odissi).
Literature:
Types:
Ancient Indian literature encompasses a vast body of texts in Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit,
Tamil, and other regional languages. It includes religious scriptures, epics, poetry, drama,
prose, and philosophical treatises.
Famous Literature:
The Mahabharata and Ramayana are two epic poems that form the cornerstone of
ancient Indian literature. Other notable works include the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas,
Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra, Manusmriti, and works of Kalidasa, Bhavabhuti, and Bhasa.
Famous Authors:
Ancient Indian literature boasts illustrious authors and poets such as Valmiki,
Vyasa, Kalidasa, Tulsidas, Surdas, Kabir, Mirabai, and Jayadeva.
Visual Arts:
Types:
Ancient Indian visual arts encompass a wide range of forms including sculpture,
painting, architecture, and pottery. They often depict religious themes, mythological
narratives, and scenes from everyday life.
Famous Arts:
The Ajanta and Ellora Caves in Maharashtra are renowned for their exquisite
Buddhist cave paintings and sculptures. The Khajuraho Temples in Madhya Pradesh are
famous for their intricate carvings and erotic sculptures. The sculptures of Sanchi Stupa,
Konark Sun Temple, and Brihadeeswarar Temple are also noteworthy.
Famous Artists: Ancient Indian sculptors and artists remain anonymous, but their works
have left an indelible mark on Indian art history. Ancient Indian fine art and performing
arts are deeply rooted in spirituality, mythology, and cultural traditions. They continue to
inspire and influence contemporary artists, performers, and audiences, serving as a
testament to the enduring legacy of India's artistic heritage.
4. Science behind Indian traditions and rituals:
Ancient Indian traditions and rituals are deeply intertwined with scientific
principles, philosophical insights, and cultural practices that have evolved over thousands
of years. Here are some notes on the scientific rationale behind Indian traditions and rituals:
Ayurveda:
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes holistic well-being
and balance between mind, body, and spirit. Ayurvedic practices, including dietary
guidelines, herbal remedies, yoga, and meditation, are based on principles of natural
healing, preventive healthcare, and personalized medicine. Rituals such as yoga asanas,
pranayama (breathing exercises), and meditation are believed to promote physical health,
mental clarity, and emotional balance.
Yoga and Meditation:
Yoga is a holistic practice that integrates physical postures (asanas), breath control
(pranayama), and meditation techniques to promote physical, mental, and spiritual well-
being. Scientific studies have demonstrated the benefits of yoga and meditation in reducing
stress, improving flexibility, enhancing cognitive function, and boosting overall health.
Rituals such as daily yoga practice and mindfulness meditation are believed to cultivate
inner peace, emotional resilience, and spiritual awareness.
Vastu Shastra:
Vastu Shastra is an ancient Indian architectural science that guides the design and
layout of homes, temples, and buildings to promote harmony with nature and positive
energy flow. Vastu principles emphasize factors such as orientation, spatial arrangement,
ventilation, and natural lighting to create conducive living and working environments.
Rituals such as Vastu puja and Griha Pravesh are performed to invoke blessings and
positive vibrations in new homes and buildings, following Vastu guidelines.
Jyotish Shastra:
Jyotish Shastra, or Vedic astrology, is the study of celestial bodies and their
influence on human affairs and destiny. Ancient Indian astronomers developed
sophisticated methods of astronomical observation and calculation to chart planetary
movements, eclipses, and cosmic alignments. Rituals such as horoscope readings, muhurta
(auspicious timings), and planetary remedies are based on astrological principles to
mitigate negative influences and enhance auspicious outcomes.
Festivals and Rituals:
Indian festivals and rituals are often linked to agricultural cycles, celestial events,
historical events, and religious mythology. Rituals such as lighting lamps (diyas) during
Diwali, fasting during Navratri, and offering prayers during festivals are believed to foster
spiritual devotion, community bonding, and cultural continuity. Many rituals involve
practices such as chanting mantras, performing yagnas (fire ceremonies), and offering
prasad (sacred food) as a means of invoking divine blessings and expressing gratitude.
Environmental Conservation:
Ancient Indian traditions emphasize reverence for nature, eco-friendly practices,
and sustainable living. Rituals such as tree worship (vriksha puja), water conservation (jal
abhishek), and biodiversity conservation (vana mahotsava) highlight the
interconnectedness of humans with the environment and promote ecological stewardship.
In summary, ancient Indian traditions and rituals embody a holistic approach to life that
integrates scientific knowledge, spiritual wisdom, and cultural heritage. They offer
practical insights and timeless principles for personal growth, social harmony, and
environmental sustainability in the modern world.
Learning Resources:
1. Indian Knowledge System (Study Material), Indian council of Historical Research,
New Delhi.
2. Introduction to Indian Knowledge System: Concepts and Applications,
Mahadevan, B., Bhat, Vinayak Rajat, Nagendra Pavana R.N., PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Dr B Mahadevan, Indian Knowledge Systems: Significance For Today’s
Education, you tube video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcV0LIp570A)
4. ABSS 2023 - Panel discussion on Indian Knowledge System, Ministry of
Education, Govt. of India, YouTube video,
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEsZon9e1JE)
5. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1F16tU9LOVVZJHXleOnvVV1CDvNZZ8AO_/vi
ew
6. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tmB9EJltbWhqY5w1x3c1W1MDnM9i3EyC/vie
w
7. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YA0BDcFCXZPTia5-
TOpLCi_SCyIRLTLV/view
8. https://drive.google.com/file/d/16MmlwC8ZmcIDxUh95Lx_sJUwzni2ce5N/view
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moMMmh6WHkg
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kV6pP-KJzrE
