C. V.

Raman
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (/ˈrɑːmən/;[1]
Sir
7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970), known
simply as C. V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist C. V. Raman
FRS
known for his work in the field of light scattering.[3]
Using a spectrograph that he developed, he and his
student K. S. Krishnan discovered that when light
traverses a transparent material, the deflected light
changes its wavelength. This phenomenon, a hitherto
unknown type of scattering of light, which they called
modified scattering was subsequently termed the
Raman effect or Raman scattering. In 1930, Raman
received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery
and was the first Asian and the first non-White to
receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science.[4]

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a

precocious child, completing his secondary and higher
secondary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian
High School at the age of 11 and 13, respectively. He
topped the bachelor's degree examination of the
Raman in 1930
University of Madras with honours in physics from
Presidency College at age 16. His first research paper, Born Chandrasekhara Venkata
on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while he Raman
was still a graduate student. The next year he obtained 7 November 1888
a master's degree. He joined the Indian Finance Service Tiruchirapalli, Madras
in Calcutta as Assistant Accountant General at age 19. Presidency, British Raj
There he became acquainted with the Indian Died 21 November 1970 (aged 82)
Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), the Bangalore, Mysore, India
first research institute in India, which allowed him to Alma mater University of Madras (BA, MA)
carry out independent research and where he made his Known for Raman scattering
major contributions in acoustics and optics. Raman spectroscopy

In 1917, he was appointed the first Palit Professor of Spouse Lokasundari Ammal ​(m. 1907)​
Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Children 2 including Venkatraman
Science College under the University of Calcutta. On Awards FRS (1924)
his first trip to Europe, seeing the Mediterranean Sea
Matteucci Medal (1928)
motivated him to identify the prevailing explanation
for the blue colour of the sea at the time, namely the Knighthood (1930)
reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from the sky, as Nobel Prize in Physics (1930)
being incorrect. He founded the Indian Journal of Hughes Medal (1930)
Physics in 1926. He moved to Bangalore in 1933 to Bharat Ratna (1954)
become the first Indian director of the Indian Institute Lenin Peace Prize (1957)
of Science. He founded the Indian Academy of Scientific career
Sciences the same year. He established the Raman
Fields Physics
Research Institute in 1948 where he worked to his last
days. Institutions Indian Finance Department
Rajabazar Science College
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February (University of Calcutta)
1928. The day is celebrated annually by the
Indian Association for the
Government of India as the National Science Day.
Cultivation of Science
Indian Institute of Science

Early life and education Raman Research Institute

Doctoral Calamur Mahadevan
C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras students S. Pancharatnam
Presidency of British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil
G. N. Ramachandran
Nadu, India) to Tamil Iyer Brahmin parents,[5][6]
Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi S. Ramaseshan
Ammal.[7] He was the second of eight siblings.[8] His Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai
father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned Other notable Kariamanickam Srinivasa
a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a students Krishnan
copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was K. R. Ramanathan
earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per
Signature
month!"[9] In 1892, his family moved to
Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra
Pradesh as his father was appointed to the faculty of
physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[10]

Raman was educated at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed
matriculation at age 11 and the First Examination in Arts examination (equivalent to today's intermediate
examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at age 13,[8][12] securing first position in both
under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education)
examination.[13]

In 1902, Raman joined Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai) where his father had been
transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained a B.A. degree from the University
of Madras, where he stood first and won the gold medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while still
a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a
rectangular aperture" in the British journal Philosophical Magazine in 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published in
the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.[18] It was alongside Lord Rayleigh's paper on
the sensitivity of ear to sound,[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman,
courteously addressing him as Professor.[13]

Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue research in
England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman
often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed that he would not
withstand the harsh weathers of England,[10] the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard]
examined me and certified that I was going to die of tuberculosis… if I were to go to England."[22]

Career
Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Indian government
service, Indian Finance Service (now Indian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and
qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February
1907.[24] He was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.[10]

He was highly impressed by the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the
first research institute founded in India in 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey, who would
eventually become his lifelong collaborator, Amrita Lal Sircar, founder and secretary of IACS, and
Ashutosh Mukherjee, executive member of the institute and Vice-Chancellor of the University of
Calcutta. With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at
very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited
regular researchers,[25] or produced any research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised
light" published in Nature in 1907 became the first from the institute.[26] The work inspired IACS to
publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, in 1909 in which Raman
was the major contributor.[13]

In 1909, Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the position of
currency officer. After only a few months, he had to return to Madras as his father died from an illness.
The subsequent death of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain there for the rest of the
year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at Nagpur,
Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant
General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]

From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of India Meteorological
Department), a PhD scholar under Ganesh Prasad, was his first student.[29] From the next year, other
universities followed suit including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College
Indore, Institute of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath College, and University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had
guided more than a dozen students.[30] Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary
positions at IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.[25] He referred to this period as the
"golden era" of his life.[31]

Raman was chosen by the University of Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a position
established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913. The university senate made the appointment
on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:

The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting of the Senate
on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The appointment of each Professor
shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon completion of sixtieth year of his
age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take up the position, but Bose
declined.[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for
taking up the position as World War I broke out. It was only in 1917 when he joined Rajabazar Science
College, a campus created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged
professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as a civil servant after a decade of service, which was described as
"supreme sacrifice"[25] since his salary as a professor would be roughly half of his salary at the time. But
to his advantage, the terms and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report of his
joining the university, which stated:

Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on condition that he will not be
required to go out of India... Reported that Mr C. V. Raman joined his appointment as Palit
Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will not be required to take any
teaching work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment of his own research or assisting
advanced students in their researches.[29]

Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of
the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no PhD and had never studied abroad.
As a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta
conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of
Universities of the British Empire.[33] He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel
laureates J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon his election as Fellow of the Royal Society in
1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25]
In 1926, he established the Indian Journal of Physics and acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume
of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the Raman
effect.[36][37]

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his
appointment as Director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, he left Calcutta in 1933.[38]
Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali
Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed the lands and funds for the Indian Institute of Science in
Bangalore. The Viceroy of India, Lord Minto approved the establishment in 1909, and the British
government appointed its first director, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became the fourth director and the first
Indian director. During his tenure at IISc, he recruited G. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become
a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and started
publishing the academy's journal Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into
Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, and Journal of Earth System
Science).[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had
initiated early in 1917.[13]

With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore
Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.[40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was
one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.[41] In 1947, Raman was appointed
the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore a year later.
He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.[42]

Scientific contributions

Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific basis of
musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von
Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, the book he came
across when he joined IACS.[24] He published his
findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He
worked out the theory of transverse vibration of
bowed string instruments based on superposition of
velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the wolf
tone in violins and cellos.[43][44] He studied the
acoustics of various violin and related instruments, Energy level diagram showing the states involved
in Raman signal
including Indian stringed instruments,[45][46] and
water splashes.[47] He even performed what he called
"Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]

Raman also studied the uniqueness of Indian

drums.[49] His analyses of the harmonic nature of the
sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first
scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote
a critical research on vibrations of the pianoforte
string that was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51]
During his brief visit of England in 1921, he managed Raman at the 1930 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony
to study how sound travels in the Whispring Gallery with other winners, from left C. V. Raman
(physics), Hans Fischer (chemistry), Karl
of the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that
Landsteiner (medicine) and Sinclair Lewis
produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His work on (literature)
acoustics was an important prelude, both
experimentally and conceptually, to his later works on
optics and quantum mechanics.[54]

Blue color of the sea

Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of light starting in 1919.[55]
His first phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the blue color of seawater. During a voyage
home from England on board the S.S. Narkunda in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color of the
Mediterranean Sea. Using simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized spectroscope and a Nicol prism in
hand, he studied the sea water.[56] Of several hypotheses on the colour of the sea propounded at the
time,[57][58] the best explanation had been that of Lord Rayleigh's in 1910, according to which, "The
much admired dark blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the color of water, but is simply the blue
of the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described the nature of the blue sky by a
phenomenon now known as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the scattering of light and refraction by particles in
the atmosphere.[61] His explanation of the blue colour of water was instinctively accepted as correct.
Raman could view the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the influence of sunlight reflected by the
surface. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]

As soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished an
article "The colour of the sea" that was published in the November 1921 issue of Nature. He noted that
Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he
thought:

Looking down into the water with a Nicol in front of the eye to cut off surface reflections, the
track of the sun's rays could be seen entering the water and appearing by virtue of perspective
to converge to a point at a considerable depth inside it. The question is: What is it that diffracts
the light and makes its passage visible? An interesting possibility that should be considered in
this connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least in part, be the molecules of the
water themselves.[13]

When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was

from the University of Rangoon, to conduct further research at IACS.[63] By
early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, as he reported in the Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London:

It is proposed in this paper to urge an entirely different view, that in

this phenomenon, as in the parallel case of the colour of the sky,
molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity and in
great measure also its colour. As a necessary preliminary to the
discussion, a theoretical calculation and experimental observations of
the intensity of molecular scattering in water will be presented.[64]
Title page to Raman's
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental finding in Molecular Diffraction
of Light (1922)
1923.[65] His subsequent study of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the full
evidence.[66] It is now known that the intrinsic color of water is mainly
attributed to the selective absorption of longer wavelengths of light in the red and orange regions of the
spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching
modes of water molecules.[67]

Raman effect

Background
Raman's second important discovery on the scattering of light was a new type of radiation, an eponymous
phenomenon called the Raman effect.[68] After discovering the nature of light scattering that caused blue
colour of water, he focused on the principle behind the phenomenon. His experiments in 1923 showed the
possibility of other light rays formed in addition to the incident ray when sunlight was filtered through a
violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed that this was a case of a "trace of
fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, noted the theoretical background
for the existence of an additional scattering line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light
scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But the theoretical
attempts to justify the phenomenon were quite futile for the next two years.[71]

The major impetus was the discovery of Compton effect. Arthur Compton at Washington University in St.
Louis had found evidence in 1923 that electromagnetic waves can also be described as particles.[72] By
1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the news of
Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan,
saying:

"Excellent news... very nice indeed. But look here Krishnan. If this is true of X-Rays, it must be
true of Light too. I have always thought so. There must be an Optical analogue to Compton
Effect. We must pursue it and we are on the right lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel
Prize must be won."[74]

But the origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the
Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."[24] The Toronto debate was
about the discussion on the existence of light quantum at the British Association for the Advancement of
Science meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental findings, which
William Duane of Harvard University argued with his own with evidence that light was a wave.[75]
Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, but the truth isn't in you."[24]

The scattering experiments

Krishnan started the experiment in the beginning of January
1928.[63] On 7 January, he discovered that no matter what kind
of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised
fluorescence within the visible spectrum of light. As Raman
saw the result, he was astonished why he never observed such
phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan
named the new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with
An early Raman spectrum of benzene
reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified scattering.
published by Raman and Krishnan.[76]
On 16 February, they sent a manuscript to Nature titled "A new
type of secondary radiation", which was published on 31
March.[77]

On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering separate from the incident light.
Due to difficulty in measuring the wavelengths of light, they had been relying on visual observation of
the colour produced from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type of spectrograph for
detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked,
"When I got my Nobel Prize, I had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although it was
obvious that his total expenditure for the entire experiment was much more than that.[80] From that
moment they could employ the instrument using monochromatic light from a mercury arc lamp which
penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines
of scattering could now be measured and photographed.[81][82]

Announcement
The same day, Raman made the announcement before the press. The Associated Press of India reported it
the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story
as:

Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a discovery which promises to
be of fundamental significance to physics... The new phenomenon exhibits features even more
startling than those discovered by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed is
that when matter is excited by light of one colour, the atoms contained in it emit light of two
colours, one of which is different from the exciting colour and is lower down the spectrum. The
astonishing thing is that the altered colour is quite independent of the nature of the substance
used.[68]

The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by
Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph
report of the discovery on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent
to the same journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and
detailed description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of the South Indian Science Association in
Bangalore on 16 March. His lecture was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.[36] A
thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day.[37]

Reception and outcome

Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity of
the discovery. Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at the
University of Munich, "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is
reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to
reproduce the experiment, but failed.[87] On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Berlin
was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was the first to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and
Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published the following months.[88][89] Use of the English
versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]

In addition to being a new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the
quantum nature of light. Robert W. Wood at the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to
confirm the Raman effect in the early 1929.[92] He made a series of experimental verification, after which
he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's
long and patient study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of the
quantum theory".[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and
Ernest Rutherford, President of the Royal Society, referred to it in his presentation of the Hughes Medal
to Raman in 1930 as "among the best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in the last
decade".[74]
Raman was confident that he would win the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when
the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in 1928 and to Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident
of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced
in November. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it
did not carry the news.[95] He did eventually win that year.[96]

Later work
Raman had association with the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. He attended the foundation
ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the
lecture series organised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] He also held the position of
permanent visiting professor.[99]

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the
quantum nature of light.[100][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct theoretical
explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles resulting
in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have
enabled optical communication components based on laser systems.[102]

Other investigations he carried out included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of
light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those on the effects
produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published
between 1935 and 1942.[105][106]

In 1948, through studying the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental
problems of crystal dynamics in a new manner.[107][108] He dealt with the structure and properties of
diamond from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] the structure and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent
substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112] agate,[113] quartz,[114] opal,[115] and pearl in the
early 1950s.[116] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical and magnetic
anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such as the colours of
flowers and the physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]

Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of
Sea Customs at Madras, in 1907.[23] The wedding day is popularly recorded as on 6 May,[122][123][124]
but Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual date of 2 June
1907.[126] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.[127][42][128] (Sources are
contradicting on her age as her birth year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her about
15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] corroborated by her obituary in Current
Science that mentioned her age as 86 on her death on 22 May 1980.[130]) His wife later jokingly
recounted that their marriage was not so much about her musical prowess (she was playing veena when
they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."[42]
The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 for married officers at the time.[23] Soon after they
moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. It was because they
frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music and
Raman with the acoustics.[42]

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a radio astronomer. Raman's
elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983
Nobel Prize in Physics.[131]

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal collection of stones, minerals, and materials
with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his world travels and as gifts.[132] He
often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph,
are on display at IISc.[134][135]

Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's most pivotal moments in life. He nominated
Raman for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him the Hughes Medal as President of the Royal
Society in 1930, and recommended him for the position of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]

Raman had a sense of obsession with the Nobel Prize. In a speech at the University of Calcutta, he said,
"I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is a small
achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five
years."[136] He knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Prize, he could not wait for the announcement of
the Nobel Committee normally made towards the end of the year considering the time required to reach
Sweden by sea route.[137] With confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, for a steamship to
Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon after he received the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview the
possible consequences if he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should
have shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have liked that; I would rather receive the
whole of it."[139]

Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an agnostic,[140] but objected to being
labelled atheist.[21] His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of his father who adhered to the
philosophies of Herbert Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Robert G. Ingersoll.[141] He resented Hindu
traditional rituals[142] but did not give them up in family circles.[143][144] He was also influenced by the
philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath and a
upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans
in South Indian culture, he explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not wear one, my head will swell. You all
praise me so much and I need a turban to contain my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the
recognition he received on his first visit to England, particular from J. J. Thomson and Lord
Rutherford.[42] In a public speech, he once said,

There is no Heaven, no Swarga, no Hell, no rebirth, no reincarnation and no immortality. The

only thing that is true is that a man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his
life properly.[146]

In a friendly meeting with Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation
turned to religion. Raman spoke,
 I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is a God we must look for him in the Universe.
If he is not there, he is not worth looking for... The growing discoveries in the science of
astronomy and physics seem to be further and further revelations of God.[21]

On his deathbed, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit of Man," and asked for his funeral, "Just
a clean and simple cremation for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]

Death
At the end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest and collapsed in his laboratory. He was moved to
the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and declared that he would not survive for another
four hours.[147] He however survived a few days and requested to stay in the gardens of his institute
surrounded by his followers and fans.[148]

Two days before Raman died, he told one of his former students, "Do not allow the journals of the
Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators of the quality of science being done in the country
and whether science is taking root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met with the Board of
Management of his institute in his bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's
management.[148] He also willed his wife to perform a simple cremation without any rituals upon his
death. He died from natural causes early the next morning on 21 November 1970 at the age of 82.[147]

With the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly announced, saying,

The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will mourn the death of Dr. C. V.
Raman. He was the greatest scientist of modern India and one of the greatest intellects our
country has produced in its long history. His mind was like the diamond, which he studied and
explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of lights, and the world
honoured him in many ways for the new knowledge which he won for science.[149]

Controversies

The Nobel Prize

Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow State University independently
discovered the Raman effect. They published their findings in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and
presented their findings at the Sixth Congress of the Russian Association of Physicists held at Saratov
between 5 and 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Nobel Prize alongside Raman.
According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not come to an independent
interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only in
crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the
universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in the
spectra had been explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method had been applied with great
success in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped to check
the symmetry properties of molecules, and thus the problems concerning nuclear spin in atomic
physics.[152]

The Nobel Committee proposed only Raman's name to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the
Nobel Prize.[152] Evidence later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon earlier, a
week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson),
the Russian had observed the spectral line on 21 February 1928.[154]

Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in the discovery
of Raman effect.[87] It was he alone who first noted the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the
scientific papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote all the follow-up
studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy of the prize.[158] But Raman
admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] He however remained openly antagonistic towards
Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."[158] After Krishnan's death,
Raman said to a correspondent from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have
known, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another man's discovery."[159]

The Raman–Born controversy

During October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed by IISc as Reader in Theoretical Physics
following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.[160] Born at the time was a refugee from Nazi Germany
and temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the beginning of the 20th century
Born had developed a theory on lattice dynamics based on thermal properties.[162] He presented his
theory in one of his lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different theory and claimed that
Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]

In this dispute, Born received support from most physicists,[165] as his view was proven to be a better
explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having a partial relevance.[166] Beyond the
intellectual debate, their rivalry extended to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman
probably thought of him as an "enemy."[160] In spite of the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman
refused to concede. As the editor of Current Science he rejected articles which supported Born's
theory.[167] Born was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize specifically for his contributions to
lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954. The account
was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]

Indian authorities
Raman had an aversion to the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies on
science. In one instance he smashed the bust of Nehru on the floor. In another he shattered his Bharat
Ratna medallion to pieces with a hammer, as it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] He
publicly ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. There they
displayed a piece of gold and copper against an ultraviolet light. Nehru was tricked into believing that
copper which glowed more brilliantly than any other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr
Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."[171]

On the same occasion Nehru, offered Raman financial assistance to his institute which Raman flatly
refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this to become another government laboratory."[147] Raman
was particularly against the control of research programmes by the government such as in the
establishment of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Defense Research and Development
Organization (DRDO), and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He
remained hostile to people associated with these establishments including Homi J. Bhabha, S.S.
Bhatnagar, and his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–
Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another research institute in
Madras. The Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds from the central government. But
Raman clearly foresaw, as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then the Minister for Finance Education in
Madras, that his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." So ended the plan.[172]

Raman described AICC authorities as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just kept on discussing
issues without action. As to problems of food resources in India, his advice to the government was, "We
must stop breeding like pigs and the matter will solve itself."[136]

Indian Academy of Sciences

The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of proposal for a
national scientific organisation in line with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Science Congress
Association (ISCA), at the time the largest scientific organisation, planned to establish a national science
body, which would be authorised to advise the government on scientific matters.[177] Sir Richard
Gregory, then editor of Nature, on his visit to India had suggested Raman, as editor of Current Science, to
establish an Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman was of the opinion that it should be an exclusively
Indian membership as opposed to the general consensus that British members should be included. He
resolved that "How can India Science prosper under the tutelage of an academy which has its own council
of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or three are fit enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April
1933, he convened a separate meeting of the south Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned
from ISCA.[178]

Raman registered the new organisation as Indian Academy of Sciences on 24 April to the Registrar of
Societies.[177] It was a provisional name to be changed to the Royal Society of India after approval from
the Royal Charter. The Government of India did not recognise it as an official national scientific body, as
such the ICSA created a separate organisation named the National Institute of Sciences of India on 7
January 1935 (but again changed to the Indian National Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been
led by the foremost rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[176]

Indian Institute of Science

Raman had a great fallout with the authorities at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of
biased development in physics, while ignoring other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic personality on other
colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman
went in there like a bull in a china shop."[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of
western institutes, but at the expense of other fields of science.[160] Max Born observed, "Raman found a
sleepy place where very little work was being done by a number of extremely well paid people."[142] At
the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Technology Department, harshly
criticised Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving full position of
professor to Born.[24] Aston even made personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was
rejected by his own country, a renegade and therefore a second-rate scientist unfit to be part of the faculty,
much less to be the head of the department of physics."[179]

The Council of IISc constituted a review committee to oversee Raman's conduct in January 1936. The
committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews,
reported in March that Raman had misused the funds and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards
research in physics, and also that the proposal of Born as Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was
already approved by the Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.[160] The Council
offered Raman two choices, either to resign from the institute with effect from 1 April or resign as the
Director and continue as Professor of physics; if he did not make the choice, he was to be fired. Raman
was inclined to take up the second choice.[180]

The Royal Society

Raman never seemed to have thought highly of the Fellowship of the Royal Society.[136] He tendered his
resignation as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Council of the Royal Society accepted on 4 April.
However, the exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the
designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly after the Independence
of India, the Royal Society had its own disputes on this matter.[182]

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times had once made a list of the Fellows, in
which Raman was omitted. Raman wrote to and demanded explanation from Patrick Blackett, the then
President of the society. He was dejected by Blackett's response that the society had no role in the
newspaper.[183] According to Krishnan, another cause was a disapproving review Raman received on a
manuscript he had submitted to the Proceedings of the Royal Society. It could have been these cumulative
factors as Raman wrote in his resignation letter, and said, "I have taken this decision after careful
consideration of all the circumstances of the case. I would request that my resignation be accepted and
my name removed from the list of the Fellows of the Society."[181]

Honours and awards

Raman was honoured with many honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. Within
India, apart from being the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc),[184] he was
a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (FASB),[185] and from 1943, a Foundation Fellow of the Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS).[186] In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of
the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the Indian National Science Academy.[185][n 1][n 2]
He was a member of the Deutsche Akademie of Munich, the Swiss Physical Society of Zürich, the Royal
Philosophical Society of Glasgow, the Royal Irish Academy, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Optical Society of America (Honorary Member), the
Mineralogical Society of America, the Romanian Academy of Sciences, the Catgut Acoustical Society of
America and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.[189]
In 1924, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[3]
However, he resigned from the fellowship in 1968 for unrecorded
reasons, the only Indian FRS ever to do so.[190]

He was the President of the 16th session of the Indian Science

Congress in 1929. He was the founder President of the Indian
Academy of Sciences from 1933 until his death.[95] He was
member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1961.[189]

Awards
In 1912, Raman received the Curzon Research Award,
while still working in the Indian Finance Service.[191]
In 1913, he received the Woodburn Research Medal,
while still working in the Indian Finance Service.[191]
Bust of Chandrasekhara Venkata
In 1928, he received the Matteucci Medal from the Raman in the garden of Birla
Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze in Rome.[189] Industrial & Technological Museum.
In 1930, he was knighted. An approval for his inclusion in
the 1929 Birthday Honours was delayed, and Lord Irwin,
the Viceroy of India, conferred him a Knight Bachelor in a special ceremony at the Viceroy's
House (now Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi.[192][193]
In 1930, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the
discovery of the effect named after him."[96] He was the first Asian and first non-white to
receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him, Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had
received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
In 1930, he received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.[74]
In 1941, he was awarded the Franklin Medal by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.[189]
In 1954, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna (along with politician and former Governor-
General of India C. Rajagopalachari and philosopher Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan).[194][195]
In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.[189]

Posthumous recognition and contemporary references

India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of
every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman
effect in 1928.[196]
Postal stamps featuring Raman were issued in 1971 and
2009.[197]
A road in India's capital, New Delhi, is named C. V.
Raman Marg.[198]
An area in eastern Bangalore is called CV Raman Science walk participants to
Nagar.[199] commemorate National Science
The road running north of the national seminar complex Day 2024 at Rajabazar Science
in Bangalore is named C. V. Raman Road. [200] College
A building at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore
is named the Raman Building.[201]
A hospital in eastern Bangalore on 80 Ft. Rd. is named the Sir C. V. Raman Hospital.[202]
 There is also CV Raman Nagar in Trichy, his birthplace.
Raman, a lunar crater is named after C. V. Raman.
C. V. Raman Global University was established in 1997.
In 1998, the American Chemical Society and Indian Association for the Cultivation of
Science recognised Raman's discovery as an International Historic Chemical Landmark at
the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India. The
inscription on the commemoration plaque reads:

At this institute, Sir C. V. Raman discovered in 1928 that when a beam of coloured
light entered a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by that liquid was of a different
color. Raman showed that the nature of this scattered light was dependent on the
type of sample present. Other scientists quickly understood the significance of this
phenomenon as an analytical and research tool and called it the Raman Effect.
This method became even more valuable with the advent of modern computers
and lasers. Its current uses range from the non-destructive identification of
minerals to the early detection of life-threatening diseases. For his discovery
Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[34]

Dr. C.V. Raman University was established in Chhattisgarh in 2006.

On 7 November 2013, a Google Doodle honoured Raman on the 125th anniversary of his
birthday.[203][204][205]
Raman Science Centre in Nagpur is named after Sir C. V. Raman.[206]
Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar was established in 2018.
Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa was established in 2018.

In popular culture
C. V. Raman: The Scientist and His Legacy, a biopic about Raman directed by Nandan
Kudhyadi released in 1989. It won the National Film Award for Best Biographical Film.[207]
Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievement of Dr. C.V. Raman, a documentary film on the
physicist directed by Ananya Banerjee aired on Doordarshan, the Indian national public
broadcaster, in 2004.[208]
Rocket Boys[209], an Indian Hindi-language Biographical streaming television series on
SonyLIV. The character of C.V. Raman was played by T.M. Karthik.

See also
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
Inverse Raman effect
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
Raman amplification
Raman laser
Raman microscope
Raman optical activity
Resonance Raman spectroscopy
Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
 SHERLOC, a UV Raman spectrometer designed for Mars exploration
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Transmission Raman spectroscopy
X-ray Raman scattering
Chandrasekhar family

Notes
1. Prior to 1970, the Indian National Science Academy was named the "National Institute of
Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became
"FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.
2. Although elected a fellow in 1935, Raman failed to complete the formal steps required to be
considered an active fellow and his fellowship thereby lapsed.[187] The Academy, however,
continues to list him as a "deceased fellow."[188]

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Center. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041927/http://www.rscnagpur.gov.i
n/InternalPage.aspx?ContentID=3) from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved
21 February 2019.
207. Walia, Shelly (10 December 2014). "The most memorable lines from past Indian Nobel prize
winners" (https://qz.com/india/309045/the-most-memorable-lines-from-past-indian-nobel-priz
e-winners/). Quartz India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122624/https://qz.
com/india/309045/the-most-memorable-lines-from-past-indian-nobel-prize-winners/) from
the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
208. "Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievements of Dr. C.V. Raman – Documentary" (https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRpLSdofkko). Doordarshan National. 7 November 2016.
Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/PRpLSdofkko) from the
original on 12 December 2021.
209. " 'Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal
Touch" (https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review). The Wire. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review) from the original
on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.

Further reading
"CV Raman centennial issue" (https://archive.org/details/RamanCentennial). Journal of the
Indian Institute of Science. 68 (11–12). 1988.
Banerjee, Somaditya (2014). "C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the
Quantum". Physics in Perspective. 16 (2): 146–178. Bibcode:2014PhP....16..146B (https://u
i.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhP....16..146B). doi:10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8 (https://do
i.org/10.1007%2Fs00016-014-0134-8). S2CID 121952683 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:121952683).
 Holloway, Roger (2014). C. V. Raman: 51 Success Facts - Everything You Need to Know
About C. V. Raman (https://books.google.com/books?id=GKcCrgEACAAJ). Lightning
Source. ISBN 978-1-4888-7585-4
Koningstein, J.A. (2012). Introduction to the Theory of the Raman Effect (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=0JzuCAAAQBAJ). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-
2901-8
Long, Derek A. (2002). The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman
Scattering by Molecules (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1TVe5BdK_UC). Wiley.
ISBN 978-0-471-49028-9
Malti, Bansal (2012). C.V. Raman: The Making of the Nobel Laureates (https://books.google.
com/books?id=bI2XJA5FjzwC). Mind Melodies. ISBN 978-93-5018-200-0
Raman, C. V. (1988). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Volume I–V (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=9qDvAAAAMAAJ). Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman, C. V. (2010). Why the Sky is Blue: Dr. C.V. Raman Talks about Science (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=LOC3vbnTgHYC). Tulika Books. ISBN 978-81-8146-846-8
Salwi, D. M. (2002). C.V. Raman: The Scientist Extraordinary (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=bDUuPQAACAAJ). Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-7167-785-6
Singh R (2004). Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman's Work on Light Scattering – Historical
Contribution to a Scientific Biography (https://books.google.com/books?id=aGbTAQAACAA
J). Logos Publisher, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-8325-0567-7
Sri Kantha S. (1988). The discovery of the Raman effect and its impact in biological
sciences. European Spectroscopy News. 80, 20–26.
Sri Kantha, S (1989). "Raman's prize" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F340672b0). Nature. 340
(6236): 672. Bibcode:1989Natur.340..672T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.34
0..672T). doi:10.1038/340672b0 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F340672b0). PMID 2770873 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2770873). S2CID 33415561 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:33415561).

External links
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/193
0/) at the Nobel Foundation
C. V. Raman (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/37) on Nobelprize.org and his Nobel
Lecture, 11 December 1930
Path creator – C.V. Raman (http://path-creators.blogspot.com/)
Archive of all scientific papers of C.V. Raman (http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/1466)
Scientific Papers of C. V. Raman, Volume 1 (https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers00
01rama) Volume 2 (https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama) Volume 3 (http
s://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_x8l1) Volume 4 (https://archive.org/deta
ils/scientificpapers0000rama_r1r0) Volume 5 (https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0
5rama) Volume 6 (https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0006rama)
Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/colu
mnists/swaminathan-s-a-aiyar/Raman-Effect-fingerprinting-the-universe/articleshow/590890
7.cms)
The Quantum Indians: film on Raman, Bose and Saha (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7
z9NUV_YrOo) on YouTube by Raja Choudhury and produced by PSBT and Indian Public
Diplomacy.

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