by Robin E Brenner, ‘Manga: An Anthology of

Global and Cultural Perspectives’ (2009) edited Many manga elements and stylistics differ
by Toni Johnson-Woods, and ‘Mangatopia: from those of Western comics or graphic
Essays on Manga and Anime in the Modern novels.
World’ (2011) edited by Martha Cornog and
Timothy Perper. These books focus on cultural
differences, the complexity and depth of the
manga tradition, and the effect of the medium on The main manga categories are:
the Western world. • Shônen – which involves action packed, often
Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.

humorous, tales and is targeted towards

Growing popularity of manga in the teenage boys. Examples include ‘Dragon Ball’
West by Akira Toriyama and ‘Naruto’ by Masashi
As with comics in the Western world, manga has Kishimoto.
contestable origins. Some theorists trace manga • Shôjo – with its focus on emotions and
back to Buddhist scrolls of the 12th century (Gravett, interpersonal relationships is targeted towards
2004). Narratives in the comics format have grown teenage girls, with series such as ‘Sailor Moon’ by
in popularity in Japan since the 1950s. At the end of Naoko Takeuchi and ‘Fruits Basket’ by Natsuki
World War II, during the allied occupation of Japan, Takaya.
there was a period of cross fertilisation with USA • Kodomomuke – which is intended for young
comics. The revered mangaka and author of ‘The children under 12 years old and often involves
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

Mighty Atom’ (‘Astro Boy’), Osama Tezuka, claims stories about families and friends or cute animals,

Guide to a better
to have been strongly influenced by American like ‘Pokémon Adventures’ by Hidenori Kusaka
comics and Walt Disney’s animated cartoons. and Satoshi Mato Yamamoto, ‘Hikaru no Go’ by
Interest in manga in the USA, Britain, Europe, and Yumi Hotta and Takeshi Obata, and ‘Cowa’ by

understanding and
other westernised nations followed on the heels Akira Toriyama.
of the introduction of ‘anime’ (Japanese animated
cartoons) such as ‘Astro Boy’ and ‘Kimba the White Other categories, such as those listed below, are

appreciation of manga
Lion’, created by Osama Tezuka and shown on intended for adults and are not appropriate for
Western television in the 1960s. Since the turn of general consumption in schools:

texts
the century, strong links to the gaming industry has • Seinen – is targeted at adult men and includes
propelled a significant growth of both anime and mature content
manga as examples of popular culture across the • Josei – is targeted at adult women and includes
world. mature content

What is Manga? Manga categories Careful consideration and selection is also

‘Manga’ is a Japanese word meaning whimsical While the manga style is used for the presentation recommended for:
Dr Cathy Sly
pictures and it refers especially to Japanese comics. of fiction and nonfiction, the focus of this article is • LGBTIQ+ Manga – Yaoi or Boys’ Love (for males)
Researcher and writer
They are created by ‘mangaka’, writers and/or on fictional tales. As with other narratives created and Yuri or Girls’ Love (for females)
illustrators of manga texts. In Japan, manga is in the comics format, manga covers a wide range
produced in many different genres, and can be either of genres including action, comedy, drama, fantasy, Medium specific codes and
fiction or nonfiction. Interest and age-appropriate supernatural, historical, horror, mystery, romance, conventions
Dr Cathy Sly provides an overview manga are read by people from all walks of life. and science fiction. Teachers and teacher librarians Many manga elements and stylistics differ from those
of the enchanting manga format, need to select manga with care. While manga of Western comics or graphic novels. The following
and suggests ideas for teaching its Background on the history and development of narratives frequently feature cute, childish characters, offers an introduction to particular codes and
specific codes and conventions.
manga and its cultural contribution can be found this does not mean they are necessarily appropriate conventions of manga. Readers can research these
in references such as ‘Manga! Manga!’ (1983) and for children. Manga are often categorised in terms of aspects in greater depth as required.
‘Dreamland Japan’ (1996) by Frederik L Schodt, their intended readership and a knowledge of these
‘Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics’ (2004) by Paul categories is particularly important when selecting Manga publications in the traditional Japanese
Gravett, ‘Understanding Manga and Anime’ (2007) manga for children and young adults. style need to be read from right to left, and the

12 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 13

 by Robin E Brenner, ‘Manga: An Anthology of
Global and Cultural Perspectives’ (2009) edited Many manga elements and stylistics differ
by Toni Johnson-Woods, and ‘Mangatopia: from those of Western comics or graphic
Essays on Manga and Anime in the Modern novels.
World’ (2011) edited by Martha Cornog and
Timothy Perper. These books focus on cultural
differences, the complexity and depth of the
manga tradition, and the effect of the medium on The main manga categories are:
the Western world. • Shônen – which involves action packed, often

Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.
humorous, tales and is targeted towards
Growing popularity of manga in the teenage boys. Examples include ‘Dragon Ball’
West by Akira Toriyama and ‘Naruto’ by Masashi
As with comics in the Western world, manga has Kishimoto.
contestable origins. Some theorists trace manga • Shôjo – with its focus on emotions and
back to Buddhist scrolls of the 12th century (Gravett, interpersonal relationships is targeted towards
2004). Narratives in the comics format have grown teenage girls, with series such as ‘Sailor Moon’ by
in popularity in Japan since the 1950s. At the end of Naoko Takeuchi and ‘Fruits Basket’ by Natsuki
World War II, during the allied occupation of Japan, Takaya.
there was a period of cross fertilisation with USA • Kodomomuke – which is intended for young
comics. The revered mangaka and author of ‘The children under 12 years old and often involves

Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

Mighty Atom’ (‘Astro Boy’), Osama Tezuka, claims stories about families and friends or cute animals,

Guide to a better
to have been strongly influenced by American like ‘Pokémon Adventures’ by Hidenori Kusaka
comics and Walt Disney’s animated cartoons. and Satoshi Mato Yamamoto, ‘Hikaru no Go’ by
Interest in manga in the USA, Britain, Europe, and Yumi Hotta and Takeshi Obata, and ‘Cowa’ by

understanding and
other westernised nations followed on the heels Akira Toriyama.
of the introduction of ‘anime’ (Japanese animated
cartoons) such as ‘Astro Boy’ and ‘Kimba the White Other categories, such as those listed below, are

appreciation of manga
Lion’, created by Osama Tezuka and shown on intended for adults and are not appropriate for
Western television in the 1960s. Since the turn of general consumption in schools:

texts
the century, strong links to the gaming industry has • Seinen – is targeted at adult men and includes
propelled a significant growth of both anime and mature content
manga as examples of popular culture across the • Josei – is targeted at adult women and includes
world. mature content

What is Manga? Manga categories Careful consideration and selection is also

‘Manga’ is a Japanese word meaning whimsical While the manga style is used for the presentation recommended for:
Dr Cathy Sly
pictures and it refers especially to Japanese comics. of fiction and nonfiction, the focus of this article is • LGBTIQ+ Manga – Yaoi or Boys’ Love (for males)
Researcher and writer
They are created by ‘mangaka’, writers and/or on fictional tales. As with other narratives created and Yuri or Girls’ Love (for females)
illustrators of manga texts. In Japan, manga is in the comics format, manga covers a wide range
produced in many different genres, and can be either of genres including action, comedy, drama, fantasy, Medium specific codes and
fiction or nonfiction. Interest and age-appropriate supernatural, historical, horror, mystery, romance, conventions
Dr Cathy Sly provides an overview manga are read by people from all walks of life. and science fiction. Teachers and teacher librarians Many manga elements and stylistics differ from those
of the enchanting manga format, need to select manga with care. While manga of Western comics or graphic novels. The following
and suggests ideas for teaching its Background on the history and development of narratives frequently feature cute, childish characters, offers an introduction to particular codes and
specific codes and conventions.
manga and its cultural contribution can be found this does not mean they are necessarily appropriate conventions of manga. Readers can research these
in references such as ‘Manga! Manga!’ (1983) and for children. Manga are often categorised in terms of aspects in greater depth as required.
‘Dreamland Japan’ (1996) by Frederik L Schodt, their intended readership and a knowledge of these
‘Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics’ (2004) by Paul categories is particularly important when selecting Manga publications in the traditional Japanese
Gravett, ‘Understanding Manga and Anime’ (2007) manga for children and young adults. style need to be read from right to left, and the

12 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 13

 Transitions Symbolism
In manga, movement from panel to panel frequently Apart from visual images and verbal content, most
follows rapid subject-to-subject, action-to-action or comics include a vast array of symbols, flourishes,
scene-to-scene transitions. However, the rapid pace runes, or indices which become part of the vernacular
is punctuated at times by the slow movement of for experienced readers of comics. These visual
aspect-to-aspect transitions, which focus on different symbols include variously shaped caption boxes and
elements of the same scene at the same point in time. balloons which may contain a narrative voice, direct
Details of various panel transitions can be found in speech, inner thoughts, or onomatopoeic words.
‘Understanding Comics’ by Scott McCloud. A YouTube Lettering style or typology can be quite pictorial,
Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.

video, Comic panel transitions details the various especially for diegetic sounds (those occurring within
McCloud transitions with a variety of visual samples. the story) conveyed through onomatopoeic words. In
addition, there are devices such as speed or motion
lines; radiating lines or bursts which represent motion
or explosion; and flourishes referred to as ‘emanata’
which provide information about characters’
emotions or the state of a subject. Examples of
emanata include wavy lines wafting from something
hot, clouds of steam emanating from an angry
character, or droplets of sweat or tears conveying
exhaustion or distress. Manga makes abundant use
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

of these icons, some of which are pointed out in the

YouTube video: ‘Comic panel transitions’ by M.G. Comics ‘Analysis model’ later in this article. A useful reference
[9:16 minutes]
to some of the quirky ideograms found in comics is
The webpage, Making Comics with Salgood Sam: ‘The Lexicon of Comicana’ by Mort Walker (1980).
Transitions also explains McCloud’s ideas on panels.
In addition, this website outlines the notion of ‘rolling Manga has also developed a range of medium
transitions’, another technique which is used in specific symbols to express a character’s emotional
manga publications. state. Understanding the meaning of such symbols
can enhance a reader’s appreciation of a narrative.
Unflipped manga reading path superimposed on an extract from ‘Hollow Fields’ by Madelaine Rosca
Angles These symbols may be included in the background, in
Shots and angles in manga are often facial expressions, or in bodily gestures. For instance,
back to the front of the book. Pages of manga in and overlaid panels are more typical of manga. cinematographic and include a juxtaposition of apart from showing movement, a predominance
the traditional layout can initially be a little tricky for Images within the panels are often highly active, overhead shots, close-ups, longshots, low angle shots, of motion lines within a panel background
Western readers since pages, panels, and the verbal fast moving, ‘noisy’ and overtly emotional. Various over the shoulder shots, and so on, offering a range may also suggest a character’s physical ability,
track must be read ‘backwards’. The diagram above layouts for pages and panels are demonstrated in of perspectives on the action. Making comics: POV/ strength, courage or determination. A background
indicates the reading path for unflipped manga. the video Top 10 panel/page layout methods. camera angles is a useful YouTube video for showing incorporating flowers, spirals, stars or hearts usually
angles and aspects. implies a character’s joy, light heartedness or
However, many manga translations are published romantic feelings. Manga backgrounds may be
in a ‘flipped’ format, reading from left to right and impressionistic or highly detailed, but all aim to create
front to back, as would be the case for a Western atmosphere and evoke an emotional response in the
graphic novel. In manga created by Original English reader.
language (OEL) authors, the flipped format is
frequently used. Eyes and mouths of manga characters are often
overtly exaggerated to convey characters’ attitudes,
Panels feelings or emotions. Frequently childlike faces are
In contrast to the generally static layout of panels in used to key into what ethologist, Konrad Lorenz (1943)
Western comics/graphic novels, the layout of manga labelled the ‘baby schema’, whereby ‘certain infant
panels is usually far more dynamic. The use of panels YouTube video: ‘Top 10 panel/page layout methods’ by Mark characteristics evoke a positive affective response in
Crilley [12:52 minutes] YouTube video: ‘Making comics: POV/camera angles’ by
varying in size and shape, diagonal panels, Mark Crilley [15:45 minutes] the human … and elicit caretaking behavior…’ (Glocker

14 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 15

 Transitions Symbolism
In manga, movement from panel to panel frequently Apart from visual images and verbal content, most
follows rapid subject-to-subject, action-to-action or comics include a vast array of symbols, flourishes,
scene-to-scene transitions. However, the rapid pace runes, or indices which become part of the vernacular
is punctuated at times by the slow movement of for experienced readers of comics. These visual
aspect-to-aspect transitions, which focus on different symbols include variously shaped caption boxes and
elements of the same scene at the same point in time. balloons which may contain a narrative voice, direct
Details of various panel transitions can be found in speech, inner thoughts, or onomatopoeic words.
‘Understanding Comics’ by Scott McCloud. A YouTube Lettering style or typology can be quite pictorial,

Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.
video, Comic panel transitions details the various especially for diegetic sounds (those occurring within
McCloud transitions with a variety of visual samples. the story) conveyed through onomatopoeic words. In
addition, there are devices such as speed or motion
lines; radiating lines or bursts which represent motion
or explosion; and flourishes referred to as ‘emanata’
which provide information about characters’
emotions or the state of a subject. Examples of
emanata include wavy lines wafting from something
hot, clouds of steam emanating from an angry
character, or droplets of sweat or tears conveying
exhaustion or distress. Manga makes abundant use

Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

of these icons, some of which are pointed out in the
YouTube video: ‘Comic panel transitions’ by M.G. Comics ‘Analysis model’ later in this article. A useful reference
[9:16 minutes]
to some of the quirky ideograms found in comics is
The webpage, Making Comics with Salgood Sam: ‘The Lexicon of Comicana’ by Mort Walker (1980).
Transitions also explains McCloud’s ideas on panels.
In addition, this website outlines the notion of ‘rolling Manga has also developed a range of medium
transitions’, another technique which is used in specific symbols to express a character’s emotional
manga publications. state. Understanding the meaning of such symbols
can enhance a reader’s appreciation of a narrative.
Unflipped manga reading path superimposed on an extract from ‘Hollow Fields’ by Madelaine Rosca
Angles These symbols may be included in the background, in
Shots and angles in manga are often facial expressions, or in bodily gestures. For instance,
back to the front of the book. Pages of manga in and overlaid panels are more typical of manga. cinematographic and include a juxtaposition of apart from showing movement, a predominance
the traditional layout can initially be a little tricky for Images within the panels are often highly active, overhead shots, close-ups, longshots, low angle shots, of motion lines within a panel background
Western readers since pages, panels, and the verbal fast moving, ‘noisy’ and overtly emotional. Various over the shoulder shots, and so on, offering a range may also suggest a character’s physical ability,
track must be read ‘backwards’. The diagram above layouts for pages and panels are demonstrated in of perspectives on the action. Making comics: POV/ strength, courage or determination. A background
indicates the reading path for unflipped manga. the video Top 10 panel/page layout methods. camera angles is a useful YouTube video for showing incorporating flowers, spirals, stars or hearts usually
angles and aspects. implies a character’s joy, light heartedness or
However, many manga translations are published romantic feelings. Manga backgrounds may be
in a ‘flipped’ format, reading from left to right and impressionistic or highly detailed, but all aim to create
front to back, as would be the case for a Western atmosphere and evoke an emotional response in the
graphic novel. In manga created by Original English reader.
language (OEL) authors, the flipped format is
frequently used. Eyes and mouths of manga characters are often
overtly exaggerated to convey characters’ attitudes,
Panels feelings or emotions. Frequently childlike faces are
In contrast to the generally static layout of panels in used to key into what ethologist, Konrad Lorenz (1943)
Western comics/graphic novels, the layout of manga labelled the ‘baby schema’, whereby ‘certain infant
panels is usually far more dynamic. The use of panels YouTube video: ‘Top 10 panel/page layout methods’ by Mark characteristics evoke a positive affective response in
Crilley [12:52 minutes] YouTube video: ‘Making comics: POV/camera angles’ by
varying in size and shape, diagonal panels, Mark Crilley [15:45 minutes] the human … and elicit caretaking behavior…’ (Glocker

14 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 15

 and other types of deformed physicality with variety of Shakespeare’s plays in manga

Manga has also developed a range of medium embedded meaning. Chibi are the characters format while using the traditional
specific symbols to express a character’s of the manga world with oversized heads and Shakespearean language. The North
emotional state. small bodies. They may be used to convey a American publisher, Manga Classics,
childlike cuteness or humorous caricature. publishes adaptations of many of
When experiencing heightened emotions, such the classics including Shakespeare’s
as anger, regular characters may be depicted in plays. This type of manga, along with
et al., 2009). Thus, larger eyes often indicate beauty, chibi style to indicate their loss of control. Characters contemporary OEL manga narratives,
innocence, or purity, while smaller eyes suggest cool losing control can also be depicted without hands or provides a valuable introduction to both
Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.

calculation or evil. Osama Tezuka, and mangaka who feet. In more extreme cases, characters experiencing the manga style and to a range of Western
followed his style, perceive wide eyes as a way of heightened emotions may transform into beast-like literary classics.
capturing child-like innocence as well as being able images.
to reflect the external world or to project the internal In terms of contemporary manga fiction, two
hopes and dreams of their characters. Symbols within Onomatopoeia Australian comics artists producing compelling ‘Hollow Fields’ volumes 1-3 by Madeleine Rosca (2007-2009)
the eyes also provide information. For example, hearts A study of onomatopoeia in manga is intriguing. manga for children and young adults are
suggest infatuation or love, flames mean anger, and When translated from Japanese, or even created by Madelaine Rosca and Queenie Chan. Their narratives
spirals indicate confusion, bewilderment or madness. OEL authors, manga style onomatopoeia is often are presented in the traditional form of black line Hollow Fields
Darkened or blank eyes suggest possession or death. different to the words readers are familiar with as prints on coarse newsprint-style paper. Panel images Although ‘Hollow Fields’ is an OEL manga creation,
onomatopoeia in English texts. Manga translated incorporate detailed backgrounds which convey Rosca’s trilogy uses the Japanese unflipped
Mouths are frequently small but become into English and even manga created in English a sense of time, place, and atmosphere. Teachers convention of right to left reading orientation. This
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

exaggeratedly large when shouting or screaming in frequently use replications of the Japanese sounds, looking for engaging manga stories for Stage 3 or may prove tricky at first for uninitiated Western
anger or pain. Large mouths may contain strands of such as nyanya (a cat’s meow) or wanwan (a dog’s Stage 4 students could consider titles by Rosca or readers, but it is a way of encouraging students
saliva or may emit saliva droplets to convey extreme woof). As with Western comics, manga includes Chan. to become acquainted with the difference of
anger, agony or hysteria. Noses are also usually small onomatopoeia to represent vocal utterances like the Japanese style. As Adam Schwartz and
but may emit symbols such as a mucus drop which kayaa (ahhh!), iyaa (no!) and ototo (oops); and Eliane Rubinstein-Ãvila note, ‘the multimodal
indicates sleep, or a nosebleed that suggests sexual environmental sounds, such as zaazaa (the sound of and iconographic features of manga attract
A study of onomatopoeia in manga is
arousal. Another visual convention around the face heavy rain), sawasawa (a rustling sound) or chichichi consumers across age groups, cultures,
intriguing ... manga takes onomatopoeia
and head area is the cruciform ‘popping vein’ on the (a bird’s chirp). However, manga takes onomatopoeia further by using it to represent a feeling. languages, and genders [and] the skills
head or forehead, which conveys anger – as do puffs further by using it to represent a feeling. Examples manga readers use may transfer well to other
of smoke emanating from ears or head. Prominent of this gitaigo category of onomatopoeia include: media, and vice versa’ (2006). Apart from its
tears indicate grief or sweat, and hatched blushing on niyaniaya (smiling ironically), sororisorori (tip toeing), general popularity with children and young
cheeks suggests embarrassment. or zuuuuun (depression). More information on Reading manga and meaning adults, manga reading can foster ‘critical and
Japanese onomatopoeia can be found at Manga making multidimensional thinking’ (Schwartz & Rubinstein-
Symbolic conventions in manga extend to physical sound effects guide. Some of the idiosyncrasies of the manga style can Ãvila, 2006).
gestures and/or pictorial elements emanating from a be discovered by taking a closer look at ‘Hollow
character, some of which are noted below: Adaptation of the manga style Fields’ by Madeleine Rosca. Both ‘Hollow Fields’ ‘Hollow Fields’ is a highly creative manga narrative
• lightning bolts or sparks may be seen emanating While many countries and ‘The Dreaming’ by Queenie Chan are set in that delivers an engrossing tale while raising
from the eyes of angry characters or combatants have developed their boarding schools. This is a trope often associated questions about interpersonal relationships, adult
• swellings from injuries are often greatly exaggerated own unique comics with stories in the shōjo genre. It provides young authority, ethical science, and what should be taught
• multiple limbs (usually arms), drawn as if moving conventions, the readers with the familiarity of a school setting while and learnt in a school. The story combines adventure,
rapidly, indicate panic popularity of the situating the protagonists in an environment in steampunk and science fiction genres and is
• speech bubbles containing a vertical ellipsis manga style has led which they are freed from immediate parental appropriate for upper primary or lower secondary
indicate something unsaid to its being adopted control, and where they find opportunities to students.
• tightly tied hair may represent repression, while by comics creators explore their frequently old, rambling, mysterious
flowing, unrestrained hair suggests freedom and publishers surroundings undeterred. In order to explain At the beginning of ‘Hollow Fields’, Lucy Snow is off to
• an exhaled, mushroom-shaped breath represents beyond Japan. For some of the idiosyncrasies of the manga form, her new boarding school. However, after being lost in
relief instance, the British the following section focuses on a segment from a storm she finds herself mistakenly admitted to and
• super deformed (SD) is a unique element of ‘Romeo and Juliet’, illustrated publisher, Self Made ‘Hollow Fields’ by Madeleine Rosca. enrolled in the wrong school. Apart from its appeal
by Sonia Leong (2007, Manga
manga iconography. SD includes chibi characters Hero, produces a of having no fees and large individual bedrooms
Shakespeare)

16 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 17

 and other types of deformed physicality with variety of Shakespeare’s plays in manga

Manga has also developed a range of medium embedded meaning. Chibi are the characters format while using the traditional
specific symbols to express a character’s of the manga world with oversized heads and Shakespearean language. The North
emotional state. small bodies. They may be used to convey a American publisher, Manga Classics,
childlike cuteness or humorous caricature. publishes adaptations of many of
When experiencing heightened emotions, such the classics including Shakespeare’s
as anger, regular characters may be depicted in plays. This type of manga, along with
et al., 2009). Thus, larger eyes often indicate beauty, chibi style to indicate their loss of control. Characters contemporary OEL manga narratives,
innocence, or purity, while smaller eyes suggest cool losing control can also be depicted without hands or provides a valuable introduction to both

Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.
calculation or evil. Osama Tezuka, and mangaka who feet. In more extreme cases, characters experiencing the manga style and to a range of Western
followed his style, perceive wide eyes as a way of heightened emotions may transform into beast-like literary classics.
capturing child-like innocence as well as being able images.
to reflect the external world or to project the internal In terms of contemporary manga fiction, two
hopes and dreams of their characters. Symbols within Onomatopoeia Australian comics artists producing compelling ‘Hollow Fields’ volumes 1-3 by Madeleine Rosca (2007-2009)
the eyes also provide information. For example, hearts A study of onomatopoeia in manga is intriguing. manga for children and young adults are
suggest infatuation or love, flames mean anger, and When translated from Japanese, or even created by Madelaine Rosca and Queenie Chan. Their narratives
spirals indicate confusion, bewilderment or madness. OEL authors, manga style onomatopoeia is often are presented in the traditional form of black line Hollow Fields
Darkened or blank eyes suggest possession or death. different to the words readers are familiar with as prints on coarse newsprint-style paper. Panel images Although ‘Hollow Fields’ is an OEL manga creation,
onomatopoeia in English texts. Manga translated incorporate detailed backgrounds which convey Rosca’s trilogy uses the Japanese unflipped
Mouths are frequently small but become into English and even manga created in English a sense of time, place, and atmosphere. Teachers convention of right to left reading orientation. This

Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

exaggeratedly large when shouting or screaming in frequently use replications of the Japanese sounds, looking for engaging manga stories for Stage 3 or may prove tricky at first for uninitiated Western
anger or pain. Large mouths may contain strands of such as nyanya (a cat’s meow) or wanwan (a dog’s Stage 4 students could consider titles by Rosca or readers, but it is a way of encouraging students
saliva or may emit saliva droplets to convey extreme woof). As with Western comics, manga includes Chan. to become acquainted with the difference of
anger, agony or hysteria. Noses are also usually small onomatopoeia to represent vocal utterances like the Japanese style. As Adam Schwartz and
but may emit symbols such as a mucus drop which kayaa (ahhh!), iyaa (no!) and ototo (oops); and Eliane Rubinstein-Ãvila note, ‘the multimodal
indicates sleep, or a nosebleed that suggests sexual environmental sounds, such as zaazaa (the sound of and iconographic features of manga attract
A study of onomatopoeia in manga is
arousal. Another visual convention around the face heavy rain), sawasawa (a rustling sound) or chichichi consumers across age groups, cultures,
intriguing ... manga takes onomatopoeia
and head area is the cruciform ‘popping vein’ on the (a bird’s chirp). However, manga takes onomatopoeia further by using it to represent a feeling. languages, and genders [and] the skills
head or forehead, which conveys anger – as do puffs further by using it to represent a feeling. Examples manga readers use may transfer well to other
of smoke emanating from ears or head. Prominent of this gitaigo category of onomatopoeia include: media, and vice versa’ (2006). Apart from its
tears indicate grief or sweat, and hatched blushing on niyaniaya (smiling ironically), sororisorori (tip toeing), general popularity with children and young
cheeks suggests embarrassment. or zuuuuun (depression). More information on Reading manga and meaning adults, manga reading can foster ‘critical and
Japanese onomatopoeia can be found at Manga making multidimensional thinking’ (Schwartz & Rubinstein-
Symbolic conventions in manga extend to physical sound effects guide. Some of the idiosyncrasies of the manga style can Ãvila, 2006).
gestures and/or pictorial elements emanating from a be discovered by taking a closer look at ‘Hollow
character, some of which are noted below: Adaptation of the manga style Fields’ by Madeleine Rosca. Both ‘Hollow Fields’ ‘Hollow Fields’ is a highly creative manga narrative
• lightning bolts or sparks may be seen emanating While many countries and ‘The Dreaming’ by Queenie Chan are set in that delivers an engrossing tale while raising
from the eyes of angry characters or combatants have developed their boarding schools. This is a trope often associated questions about interpersonal relationships, adult
• swellings from injuries are often greatly exaggerated own unique comics with stories in the shōjo genre. It provides young authority, ethical science, and what should be taught
• multiple limbs (usually arms), drawn as if moving conventions, the readers with the familiarity of a school setting while and learnt in a school. The story combines adventure,
rapidly, indicate panic popularity of the situating the protagonists in an environment in steampunk and science fiction genres and is
• speech bubbles containing a vertical ellipsis manga style has led which they are freed from immediate parental appropriate for upper primary or lower secondary
indicate something unsaid to its being adopted control, and where they find opportunities to students.
• tightly tied hair may represent repression, while by comics creators explore their frequently old, rambling, mysterious
flowing, unrestrained hair suggests freedom and publishers surroundings undeterred. In order to explain At the beginning of ‘Hollow Fields’, Lucy Snow is off to
• an exhaled, mushroom-shaped breath represents beyond Japan. For some of the idiosyncrasies of the manga form, her new boarding school. However, after being lost in
relief instance, the British the following section focuses on a segment from a storm she finds herself mistakenly admitted to and
• super deformed (SD) is a unique element of ‘Romeo and Juliet’, illustrated publisher, Self Made ‘Hollow Fields’ by Madeleine Rosca. enrolled in the wrong school. Apart from its appeal
by Sonia Leong (2007, Manga
manga iconography. SD includes chibi characters Hero, produces a of having no fees and large individual bedrooms
Shakespeare)

16 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 17

 with ensuite bathrooms, Hollow Fields is a very Analysis model While each reader will have her/his unique
strange institution. Promoted as an ‘Academy for the As a means of indicating some of the elements that perception and understanding of these pages, ... explicit teaching of medium specific codes
Scientifically Gifted and Ethically Unfettered’, it is a may be considered in the analysis of manga works, the following outline offers a guide to aspects and conventions will assist readers with their
school which, as readers later learn, caters for the mad a two-page extract has been selected for close that can be considered. In panel 1, a cute, understanding.
scientists and evil geniuses of the future. From her attention. The following analysis indicates some of pensive Lucy Snow is presented as a close-up
first day, Lucy is made to feel unwelcome and soon the manga specific codes and conventions that assist clutching her much loved soft toy, Dino, which
discovers that there is something very sinister afoot in readers in their meaning making process. has been with her since the beginning of the
the school. narrative. Those familiar with the ‘kawaii’ or cute face by her diagonal image in panel 9 where she resolutely
The right to left orientation of this unflipped manga in manga will understand that ‘Japan’s cute face punches her right fist into her open left hand with
Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.

By placing children in a menacing steampunk extract is indicated by the insertion of numbers has nothing to do with projecting cuteness – but the strength and sound conveyed by emanating
setting, with its crumbling buildings, pipes, cogs, 1-10 within the panels to indicate the reading order. everything to do with framing all it conceals’ (Brophy, puffs. The final panel in this excerpt uses a low angle
and clockwork or steam driven utilities, Rosca raises Early in ‘Hollow Fields’ volume 3 the protagonist, 2010). Lucy’s time at Hollow Fields has been extremely perspective to focus the characters’ attention on the
concerns about ethics and scientific experimentation. Lucy Snow, and her classmate, Claude McGinty, challenging and while she appears cute and innocent, unexpected voice coming from the grate in the floor
The teachers, referred to as Engineers, are part find themselves imprisoned in a deep cell in the old she has been forced to come to terms with some of their cell.
human and part robot, and the curriculum includes windmill. While Lucy is contemplating a way out disturbing challenges. Given that her ‘closest friend’,
subjects such as the Fundamentals of grave robbing, of their predicament, Claude is looking to blame Dino, has shared these traumas with her, the stitches This close investigation of a brief excerpt from
Cross-species transplantation, Live taxidermy, and someone. Although these are only two pages of an and tape on Dino may be seen to tell part of the story. the ‘Hollow Fields’ trilogy indicates the detail and
Zombie construction. This satirical narrative is both extensive trilogy, they provide a useful model of the It is worth considering the significance of the cuddly depth that can be discovered in manga. Obviously,
humorous and chilling, and provides a springboard way images, words, and manga specific conventions toy throughout the narrative. For example, has Dino individual readers will have different interpretations
for deep thinking and critical engagement. offer evidence for a reader in the meaning making been neglected while Lucy has been ensuring her to share, but explicit teaching of medium specific
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

process. own survival at Hollow Fields, or does Dino represent codes and conventions will assist readers with their
the psychological trauma Lucy has endured there? understanding. In turn, such meaning making skills
enable readers to enrich their comprehension and
Panel 2 is not confined on its left and bleeds across enhance their enjoyment of the medium.
into panel 7. Readers might like to discuss reasons for
this design choice and its significance to the meaning Manga titles
of the excerpt. Panels 3 and 4 present close ups of the While there are many manga titles to choose from,
concerned faces of Claude and Lucy respectively as some popular titles are listed below. Most manga
they voice their growing concerns in linked speech narratives are written in a series of several episodes.
balloons. The emotions Claude experiences at the The publication dates below refer to the first volume
mention of Dr Bleak is visualised through his jagged in a series, and a guide to reading ages is indicated by
teeth in panel 5 and the use of question mark and the stage suggestions provided. There is a great deal
exclamation mark together when he utters Dr Bleak’s to learn, understand and appreciate about the manga
name. Claude’s heightened emotions are even more format. Hopefully, this article will provide a useful
visually obvious in panel 6. He goes into a ‘complete springboard for initiating readers into the enchanting
flap’ and his loss of control is enhanced by the manga aspects of the manga style.
style super deformed figure of Claude gesticulating
wildly. The furious faces of Lucy and Claude in panel Children’s manga
7 indicate their anger towards one another which is • Azuma, K. (2009). Yotsuba&! [series]. Yen Press.
reinforced by Lucy’s vacant eyes, their jagged teeth, (Stage 3)
and the cruciform pulsing veins on each of their • Chan, Q. (2014). Fabled kingdom trilogy. Bento
heads. Comics. (Stage 3, Stage 4)
• Chan, Q. (2019). Women who were kings [series].
After their raging argument, Claude and Lucy Bento Comics. (Stage 2, Stage 3). Titles in series:
are presented from an overhead angle in panel ꠶ Hatshepsut (2019)
8, giving the viewer a sense of equilibrium that ꠶ Wu Zetian (2019)
has been established between the two rivals who ꠶ Elizabeth I (2020)
forthrightly face each other at some distance. Lucy’s • Hotta, Y. & Obata, T. (2004). Hikaru no go [series].
Extract from ‘Hollow Fields’ volume 3 by Madeleine Rosca (2009) determination to resolve their problems is enhanced VIZ Media. (Stage 3)

18 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 19

with ensuite bathrooms, Hollow Fields is a very Analysis model While each reader will have her/his unique
strange institution. Promoted as an ‘Academy for the As a means of indicating some of the elements that perception and understanding of these pages, ... explicit teaching of medium specific codes
Scientifically Gifted and Ethically Unfettered’, it is a may be considered in the analysis of manga works, the following outline offers a guide to aspects and conventions will assist readers with their
school which, as readers later learn, caters for the mad a two-page extract has been selected for close that can be considered. In panel 1, a cute, understanding.
scientists and evil geniuses of the future. From her attention. The following analysis indicates some of pensive Lucy Snow is presented as a close-up
first day, Lucy is made to feel unwelcome and soon the manga specific codes and conventions that assist clutching her much loved soft toy, Dino, which
discovers that there is something very sinister afoot in readers in their meaning making process. has been with her since the beginning of the
the school. narrative. Those familiar with the ‘kawaii’ or cute face by her diagonal image in panel 9 where she resolutely
The right to left orientation of this unflipped manga in manga will understand that ‘Japan’s cute face punches her right fist into her open left hand with

Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.
By placing children in a menacing steampunk extract is indicated by the insertion of numbers has nothing to do with projecting cuteness – but the strength and sound conveyed by emanating
setting, with its crumbling buildings, pipes, cogs, 1-10 within the panels to indicate the reading order. everything to do with framing all it conceals’ (Brophy, puffs. The final panel in this excerpt uses a low angle
and clockwork or steam driven utilities, Rosca raises Early in ‘Hollow Fields’ volume 3 the protagonist, 2010). Lucy’s time at Hollow Fields has been extremely perspective to focus the characters’ attention on the
concerns about ethics and scientific experimentation. Lucy Snow, and her classmate, Claude McGinty, challenging and while she appears cute and innocent, unexpected voice coming from the grate in the floor
The teachers, referred to as Engineers, are part find themselves imprisoned in a deep cell in the old she has been forced to come to terms with some of their cell.
human and part robot, and the curriculum includes windmill. While Lucy is contemplating a way out disturbing challenges. Given that her ‘closest friend’,
subjects such as the Fundamentals of grave robbing, of their predicament, Claude is looking to blame Dino, has shared these traumas with her, the stitches This close investigation of a brief excerpt from
Cross-species transplantation, Live taxidermy, and someone. Although these are only two pages of an and tape on Dino may be seen to tell part of the story. the ‘Hollow Fields’ trilogy indicates the detail and
Zombie construction. This satirical narrative is both extensive trilogy, they provide a useful model of the It is worth considering the significance of the cuddly depth that can be discovered in manga. Obviously,
humorous and chilling, and provides a springboard way images, words, and manga specific conventions toy throughout the narrative. For example, has Dino individual readers will have different interpretations
for deep thinking and critical engagement. offer evidence for a reader in the meaning making been neglected while Lucy has been ensuring her to share, but explicit teaching of medium specific

Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

process. own survival at Hollow Fields, or does Dino represent codes and conventions will assist readers with their
the psychological trauma Lucy has endured there? understanding. In turn, such meaning making skills
enable readers to enrich their comprehension and
Panel 2 is not confined on its left and bleeds across enhance their enjoyment of the medium.
into panel 7. Readers might like to discuss reasons for
this design choice and its significance to the meaning Manga titles
of the excerpt. Panels 3 and 4 present close ups of the While there are many manga titles to choose from,
concerned faces of Claude and Lucy respectively as some popular titles are listed below. Most manga
they voice their growing concerns in linked speech narratives are written in a series of several episodes.
balloons. The emotions Claude experiences at the The publication dates below refer to the first volume
mention of Dr Bleak is visualised through his jagged in a series, and a guide to reading ages is indicated by
teeth in panel 5 and the use of question mark and the stage suggestions provided. There is a great deal
exclamation mark together when he utters Dr Bleak’s to learn, understand and appreciate about the manga
name. Claude’s heightened emotions are even more format. Hopefully, this article will provide a useful
visually obvious in panel 6. He goes into a ‘complete springboard for initiating readers into the enchanting
flap’ and his loss of control is enhanced by the manga aspects of the manga style.
style super deformed figure of Claude gesticulating
wildly. The furious faces of Lucy and Claude in panel Children’s manga
7 indicate their anger towards one another which is • Azuma, K. (2009). Yotsuba&! [series]. Yen Press.
reinforced by Lucy’s vacant eyes, their jagged teeth, (Stage 3)
and the cruciform pulsing veins on each of their • Chan, Q. (2014). Fabled kingdom trilogy. Bento
heads. Comics. (Stage 3, Stage 4)
• Chan, Q. (2019). Women who were kings [series].
After their raging argument, Claude and Lucy Bento Comics. (Stage 2, Stage 3). Titles in series:
are presented from an overhead angle in panel ꠶ Hatshepsut (2019)
8, giving the viewer a sense of equilibrium that ꠶ Wu Zetian (2019)
has been established between the two rivals who ꠶ Elizabeth I (2020)
forthrightly face each other at some distance. Lucy’s • Hotta, Y. & Obata, T. (2004). Hikaru no go [series].
Extract from ‘Hollow Fields’ volume 3 by Madeleine Rosca (2009) determination to resolve their problems is enhanced VIZ Media. (Stage 3)

18 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 Scan Vol 41 Issue 1 19

 • Kanata, K. (2015). Chi’s sweet home [series]. Young adult manga
Random House. (Stage 2) • Arakawa, H. (2005). Fullmetal alchemist [series].
• Kibuishi, K. (2005). Amulet [series]. Scholastic. VIZ Media. (Stage 4, Stage 5)
(Stage 2, Stage 3) • Chan, Q. (2005). The dreaming trilogy. TokyoPop.
• Kishimoto, M. (2008). Naruto [series]. VIZ Media. (Stage 4)
(Stage 2) • Kubo, T. (2004). Bleach [series]. VIZ Media. (Stage
• Konishi, N. (2015). Yo-Kai Watch [series]. VIZ Media. 4, Stage 5)
(Stage 2) • Oima, Y. (2015). Silent voice [series]. Kodansha
• Rosca, M. (2012). The clockwork sky, parts 1 and 2. Comics. (Stage 4, Stage 5)
Downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.292345651477476. Massey University, on 12/18/2024 07:00 PM AEST; UTC+10:00. © Scan: The Journal For Educators , 2022.

Tor Books. (Stage 3, Stage 4) • Oima, Y. (2017). To your eternity [series]. Kodansha
• Rosca, M. (2007). Hollow Fields trilogy. Seven Seas. Comics. (Stage 4, Stage 5)
(Stage 3, Stage 4) • Sakurakoji, A. (2009). Black bird [series]. VIZ Media.
• Toriyama, A. (2013). Cowa. VIZ Media. (Stage 2, (Stage 4, Stage 5)
Stage 3) • Shirai, K. & Demizu, P. (2018). The promised
• Tsukirino, Y. (2012). Fluffy, Fluffy Cinnamoroll Neverland [series]. VIZ Media. (Stage 4)
[series]. VIZ Media. (Stage 2, Stage 3) • Shouoto, A. (2015). The demon prince of Momochi
• Yoshino, S. (2014). Barakamon [series]. Yen Press. House [series]. VIZ Media. (Stage 4, Stage 5)
(Stage 3)
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

References and further reading Early-career teaching:

Brenner, R. E. (2007). Understanding manga and
anime. Libraries Unlimited.
Kincaid, C. (2016). Manga sound effect guide. Japan
Powered.
an opportunity for
Brophy, P. (2010). Osamu Tezuka’s Gekiga: Behind
the mask of manga. In T. Johnson-Woods (Ed.),
McCloud, S. (1993). Understanding comics: The
invisible art. Harper Collins.
reflection and self-
development
Manga: An anthology of global and cultural
perspectives. Continuum International. Rosca, M. (2007-2009). Hollow Fields (trilogy). Seven
Seas.
Cornog, M. & Perper, T. (2011). Mangatopia: Essays on
manga and anime in the modern world. Libraries Schodt, F. L. (1983). Manga! manga! The world of
Unlimited. Japanese comics. Kodansha International.
The attrition rate of teachers within their first 5 years
Crilley, M. (2012). Mastering manga. Penguin. Schodt, F. L. (1996). Dreamland Japan. Stone Bridge is frequently given attention in the media. School
Press. Anna Rumjahn teaching is often presented as a ‘profession in crisis’,
Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Teacher, John Palmer Public School and concerns around teacher retention cannot be
Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C. & Sachser, N. (2009). Schwartz, A. & Rubinstein-Ãvila, E. (2006).
ignored (Sydney Morning Herald, 2019).
Baby schema in infant faces induces cuteness Understanding the manga hype: Uncovering the
perception and motivation for caretaking in adults. multimodality of comic-book literacies. Journal of
Ethology, 115(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439- Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 50(1), 40–49. The Australian Institute for Teaching and School
0310.2008.01603.x Anna Rumjahn reflects on the Leadership (AITSL) reports that common reasons for
Walker, M. (1980). The lexicon of comicana. challenges of being an early- leaving the workforce are the ‘high workload, and
Gravett, P. (2004). Manga: Sixty years of Japanese Backprint (2020). career teacher and describes the a lack of support from leadership’ (AITSL, 2016, p
comics. Laurence King.
ways philosophical and meditative 9). Attrition rates in Australia are currently not well-
How to cite this article – Sly, C. (2022). Guide to a better
practices have shaped her defined, vastly ranging anywhere between 8% and
Johnson-Woods, T. (Ed.). (2009). Manga: An understanding and appreciation of manga texts, Scan,
anthology of global and cultural perspectives. 41(1).
practitioner identity. 50% (Queensland College of Teachers, 2013).
Continuum.
Researchers are now acknowledging the need for closer
examination of retention rates of Australian teachers

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