DOON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

BHUBANESWAR

TOPIC :- CANCER
(BIOLOGY PROJECT)

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

SWATI PATNAIK. SAIKALYAN PATTANAIK

 INDEX
S.NO TOPIC
.

1 INDEX

2 CERTIFICATE

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4 TOPIC

5 INTRODUCTION

6 OBJECTIVE

7 WHAT’S CANCER?

8 HOW DOES CANCER OCCUR ?

9 TYPES OF CANCER AND SYMPTOMS

10 TREATMENT OF CANCER

11 WAYS TO PREVENT CANCER

12 CONCLUSION

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Certificate
Doon International School, Bhubaneswar
Certificate of Achievement

This is to certify that

Saikalyan Pattanaik
of Class 12, has successfully completed a project on the topic:

"Cancer Cells"

for the academic year 2024-2025 as part of the Biology curriculum under the CBSE Board
Examination. His diligent work, research, and dedication in understanding cancer cells have
been commendable.

Signature: ______________________. Signature:_____________.

(Principal/Head of Department). External examiner.
Doon International School, Bhubaneswar.

Signature :____________________.

( Student )
 Acknowledgement
I,Saikalyan Pattanaik, a student of Class 12 at Doon International School, Bhubaneswar,
would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have supported and guided me
throughout the completion of my project on the topic:

"Cancer Cells"

First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my Biology teacher, Mrs.
Swati Patnaik, for her valuable guidance, encouragement, and insights that have been
instrumental in the success of this project. Her support has motivated me to delve deeper
into the subject and enhance my understanding of cancer cells.

I would also like to thank my school, Doon International School, Bhubaneswar, for providing
me with the opportunity and resources to work on this project.

Lastly, I am grateful to my parents and peers for their continuous support and
encouragement throughout the process.

Saikalyan Pattanaik
Class 12, Doon International School
Academic Year 2024-2025
TOPIC :-
CANCER CELLS
 INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells
in the body. Under normal circumstances, cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly process.
However, cancer cells behave differently. They do not follow this regulated life cycle and
instead continue to multiply uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors and, in some
cases, the spread of cancer to other parts of the body (a process known as metastasis).

Cancer cells arise due to mutations in the DNA of normal cells. These mutations can be
caused by various factors, such as exposure to harmful chemicals (carcinogens), radiation,
genetic predisposition, or viral infections. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells bypass the body's
regulatory mechanisms that control cell growth, repair, and death, allowing them to thrive
unchecked.

There are many types of cancer, each originating from different types of cells in the body. For
example, carcinoma arises from epithelial cells, sarcoma from connective tissue, and
leukemia from blood-forming cells. The study of cancer cells is crucial for understanding the
underlying mechanisms of the disease, which can aid in the development of effective
treatments and prevention strategies.

In this project, we will explore the behavior of cancer cells, the differences between normal
and cancerous cells, and current approaches to diagnosing and treating cancer.
Objective:-
1. What is cancer ?
2. How does cancer occur ?
3. Types of cancer and symptoms
4. Treatment of cancer
5. Ways to prevent cancer
6. Conclusion
 •CANCER CELL
•DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS

•TUMOR FORMATION
 1)WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells in the body. Under normal circumstances, cells grow, divide, and die in a
regulated manner. However, cancer cells do not follow this orderly process. Instead, they
continue to divide and grow, often forming masses called tumors.

Cancer can occur in any part of the body and is generally classified into several categories
based on the type of cell from which it originates:

1. Carcinomas: These cancers begin in the epithelial cells, which line the surfaces of organs
and tissues. Common examples include breast, lung, and prostate cancer.

2. Sarcomas: These originate in connective tissues, such as bones, cartilage, and muscles.
Examples include osteosarcoma and liposarcoma.

3. Leukemias: This type of cancer affects blood-forming tissues, primarily the bone marrow,
leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

4. Lymphomas: These cancers begin in the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune
system. Two main types are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

5. Melanomas: Melanoma originates from melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in the
skin. It is often more aggressive than other skin cancers.

Cancer can result from genetic mutations that may be inherited or caused by environmental
factors, such as exposure to carcinogens (substances that promote cancer), unhealthy
lifestyle choices, or certain infections.

When cancer cells spread beyond their original site, a process known as metastasis occurs,
leading to the potential for widespread disease. Early detection and treatment are crucial for
improving the prognosis for individuals diagnosed with cancer, as the disease can be
life-threatening if left untreated.
•Genetic basis of cancer •DNA DAMAGED BY CARCINOGEN
 2) HOW DOES CANCER OCCUR?
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and
spread of abnormal cells in the body. It can occur in almost any tissue or organ and is one of
the leading causes of death worldwide. Understanding how cancer occurs involves exploring
changes at the cellular level and identifying factors that contribute to its development.

1. Cellular Basis of Cancer

The human body is made up of trillions of cells that undergo constant growth, division, and
replacement. Normally, cell division is a tightly controlled process, regulated by specific
genes. Cells have a natural life cycle, during which they grow, divide, and eventually die in a
process known as apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This balance ensures that tissues
and organs function properly.

Cancer occurs when this balance is disrupted, and cells begin to divide uncontrollably. This
loss of control is usually due to genetic mutations. These mutations can either activate
genes that promote cell growth (oncogenes) or inactivate genes that suppress abnormal cell
growth (tumor suppressor genes). As a result, cells can grow without regulation, forming
masses of tissue called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors are
noncancerous and do not spread, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade
nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

2. Genetic Mutations and Cancer

At the heart of cancer development are mutations in the DNA of cells. DNA, the hereditary
material in all living organisms, contains the instructions for cellular function. Mutations in
DNA can alter these instructions, leading to the abnormal behavior of cells. These mutations
can arise from various sources:

Inherited mutations: Some individuals are born with genetic mutations that increase their risk
of developing certain cancers. For example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

Acquired mutations: Most cancer-causing mutations are acquired during a person’s lifetime.
These mutations can be triggered by environmental factors, such as exposure to
carcinogens (substances that cause cancer), radiation, and certain viruses.
•HARMFUL EFFECT OF UV RAY. •DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
3.Risk Factors for Cancer

There are numerous risk factors that can increase the likelihood of cancer. These factors can
either be environmental, lifestyle-related, or genetic.

Carcinogens: Chemical substances, such as tobacco smoke, asbestos, and certain

pesticides, can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. Tobacco use, in particular, is a
leading cause of lung cancer.

Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a major cause of skin cancer. Ionizing
radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, can also cause DNA damage leading to cancer.

Viruses and infections: Certain viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV), and hepatitis B and C, have been linked to cancers like cervical cancer,
nasopharyngeal cancer, and liver cancer.

Diet and lifestyle: A poor diet, lack of physical activity, obesity, and excessive alcohol
consumption have all been associated with an increased risk of cancer. High consumption of
processed and red meats, for example, is linked to colorectal cancer.

Genetic predisposition: Individuals with a family history of certain cancers are at a higher
risk. Genetic testing can sometimes identify mutations that increase susceptibility to cancer,
allowing for preventive measures to be taken.

4. Mechanism of Cancer Development

Cancer develops in a multistep process that involves the accumulation of genetic mutations.
This process can be broken down into several stages:
1. Initiation: This is the first step in cancer development, where a normal cell undergoes a
genetic mutation. This mutation may be due to an environmental factor, an inherited genetic
defect, or spontaneous errors during DNA replication. The cell may become precancerous
but often still functions normally at this stage.

2. Promotion: During this stage, additional mutations accumulate, and the affected cell
begins to divide more rapidly than normal. The body’s immune system may still recognize
and destroy abnormal cells at this point, but some may evade detection and continue to
grow.

3. Progression: At this stage, the abnormal cells become cancerous. They continue to divide
uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Cancer cells may also acquire the ability to invade
surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body in a process called metastasis.
•MELANOMAS. •LYMPHOMAS. •CARCINOMAS

•LEUKEMIA. •KAPOSI SARCOMAS

5. Metastasis
One of the most dangerous aspects of cancer is its ability to spread, or metastasize, from its
original site to distant organs. Metastasis occurs when cancer cells break away from the
primary tumor, travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and form new tumors in
other parts of the body. Metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat and often has a poorer
prognosis.

3)Types of cancer and symptoms

Headaches, seizures, changes in vision, balance problems, cognitive or personality
changes.
1. Carcinomas:-
•Description: Cancers in skin or tissues lining organs.

•Examples: Breast, lung, prostate, colon.

•Symptoms:

-Breast: Lump, shape changes.

-Lung: Persistent cough, chest pain.
-Colon: Bowel habit changes, blood in stool.

2. Sarcomas
•Description: Cancers from connective tissues.

•Examples: Osteosarcoma, liposarcoma.

•Symptoms:
Swelling/lump, pain in bones or joints.

3. Leukemias
•Description: Blood and bone marrow cancers.

•Examples: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

•Symptoms:
Fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising.

4. Lymphomas. 5.Melanomas
•Description: Cancers in the lymphatic system. •Description-Skin cancer

•Examples: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. •Symptoms - irregular moles

•Symptoms:Swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats. and itching.

•RADIATION THERAPY •CHEMOTHERAPY. •SURGERY. •HORMONE THERAPY
 4)Treatment of cancer
1. Surgery
.•Description: Involves the physical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue.
•Purpose: To eliminate cancerous cells, assess the extent of the disease, and sometimes
prevent recurrence.
•Types:
-Curative surgery: Aims to remove all cancerous tissue.
-Palliative surgery: Relieves symptoms without curing the disease.

2. Radiation Therapy
•Description: Uses high-energy radiation (like X-rays) to kill or damage cancer cells.
•Purpose: Can be curative or palliative.
•Types:
-External beam radiation: Delivered from outside the body.
-Internal radiation (brachytherapy): Involves placing radioactive material inside or near the
tumor.

3. Chemotherapy
•Description: Uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
•Purpose: Can be used to cure cancer, control its spread, or alleviate symptoms.
•Administration: Can be given intravenously or orally; often involves cycles of treatment
followed by rest periods.

•4. Immunotherapy
•Description: Stimulates the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
•Purpose: Helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
•Types:
-Monoclonal antibodies: Target specific cancer cell markers.
-Checkpoint inhibitors: Release the "brakes" on the immune system, enhancing its ability to
attack cancer.

5. Targeted Therapy
•Description: Targets specific genetic or molecular features of cancer cells.
•Purpose: Can be more effective and less harmful to normal cells than traditional
chemotherapy.
•Examples: Drugs that inhibit cancer cell growth signals or block blood vessel formation
(angiogenesis).

6. Hormone Therapy
•Description: Blocks or lowers hormone levels to slow or stop cancer growth.
•Purpose: Often used for cancers that are hormone-sensitive, such as breast or prostate
cancer.
•Immunotherapy. •Transplant. •Cancer study
7. Stem Cell Transplant
•Description: Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
•Purpose: Often used for blood cancers like leukemia or lymphoma.
•Types:
-Autologous transplant: Uses the patient’s own stem cells.
-Allogeneic transplant: Uses stem cells from a donor.

8. Clinical Trials
•Description: Research studies testing new treatments or procedures.
•Purpose: Offers patients access to cutting-edge therapies and contributes to medical
knowledge.
•Participation: Patients can discuss with their healthcare team whether a clinical trial is an
option.

9. Supportive Care
•Description: Aims to improve quality of life and manage symptoms.
•Purpose: Can include pain management, nutritional support, and psychological
counseling.
•Importance: Addresses the physical and emotional aspects of cancer and its treatment.
•SAY NO TO DRUGS AND ALCOHOL

•Protect yourself from harmful sun rays

 5)Ways to prevent cancer
1. Avoid Tobacco:
Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke, as tobacco use is a leading cause of various
cancers, including lung, throat, and mouth cancer.

2. Maintain a Healthy Diet:

Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit
processed foods, red meats, and sugary drinks.
Incorporate foods high in antioxidants, which may help protect cells from damage.

3. Stay Physically Active:

Engage in regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise
weekly). Exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and can lower the risk of several types of
cancer.

4. Maintain a Healthy Weight:

Obesity is linked to an increased risk of several cancers, including breast, colon, and
endometrial cancer. Aim for a healthy weight through diet and exercise.

5. Limit Alcohol Consumption:

If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Excessive alcohol intake is associated with an
increased risk of various cancers, including breast and liver cancer.

6. Protect Yourself from Sun Exposure:

Use sunscreen with a high SPF, wear protective clothing, and avoid tanning beds. Seek shade
during peak sunlight hours to reduce the risk of skin cancer.

7. Get Vaccinated:
Vaccines like the HPV vaccine can prevent certain types of cancer, including cervical cancer.
The hepatitis B vaccine can also reduce the risk of liver cancer.

8. Regular Screenings and Checkups:

Participate in recommended cancer screenings (e.g., mammograms, Pap tests,
colonoscopies) to detect cancer early when it is most treatable. Discuss your risk factors with
your healthcare provider.

9. Know Your Family History:

Be aware of any family history of cancer. Genetic testing and counseling can help identify
risks and inform preventive measures.

10. Limit Exposure to Carcinogens:

Reduce exposure to known carcinogens in your environment, such as certain chemicals,
asbestos, and radon. Follow safety guidelines at work and home.
 6)Conclusion
Cancer remains one of the most challenging health issues facing individuals and societies
today. It encompasses a wide range of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and
has multiple causes, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, and lifestyle
choices. Understanding the mechanisms behind cancer, along with its various types and
symptoms, is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

While advancements in medical science have led to significant improvements in cancer

treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy,
prevention plays a vital role in reducing the incidence of this disease. Adopting a healthy
lifestyle—such as avoiding tobacco, maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and
limiting alcohol consumption—can significantly lower the risk of developing cancer.

Moreover, staying informed about personal risk factors and participating in regular
screenings can aid in early detection, improving treatment outcomes and survival rates. As
research continues to evolve, the hope for more effective prevention strategies and
treatments grows stronger.

In conclusion, a collective effort involving individuals, healthcare providers, and

policymakers is essential in the fight against cancer. By promoting awareness, encouraging
healthy habits, and supporting research, we can work towards a future where cancer is less
prevalent and more manageable, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for the future.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
❖ Help from teachers
❖ Ncert Class XII Textbook
❖ Online Sources
❖ Wikipedia
❖ YouTube
❖ Other books