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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13934-2

Second edition
20 14-02-01

Textiles - Tensile properties of

fabrics -
Part 2:
Determination of maximum force
using the grab method
Textiles - Proprietes des etoffes en traction -
Partie 2: Determination de la force maximale par la methode
d'arrachement (Grab test)

Reference number
ISO 13934-2:2014(EJ

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ISO 1 3934 -2:2014(E}

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................... "............................................. .. ................................ ................. iv

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... .................... . .. ................................v
1 Scope .................................................. . ...................... 1
2 Normative references ........ . ................................................................ 1
3 Terms and definitions ................... ........................................ ......................... 1
4 Principle.................... ............................................... . ...................................................................................... 2
5 Sampling........................................................................................................................................................ ........... 2
6 Apparatus .................................................... . .......................... 2
7 Atmosphere for conditioning and testing .................................................. . .. 3
B Preparation of test specimens ........................ ............................. .........................................".... ..... 3
8.1 General ..... ................................... ........................... ................................................................................................. 3
8.2 Dimensions. ............................. ........................................................................ ................................................................ 4
8. 3 Preparation of test specimens .................... ................... ............................................................................................... 4
8.4 Wet test specimens........... ........................... .................................... ................... ................... 4
9 Procedure.............................................. . ............................... ........................... ............................................. 4
9.1 Gauge length .................... ...................... 4
9.2 Rate of extension ................. .... .............................................................................. . ......................................... 4
9.3 Mounting of test specimens ................................ . ....................................................... 4
9.4 Operation ................................................................. . ........... 4
9.5 Tests on wet test specimens ............................................................................................................. . ................ 5
10 Calculation and expression of results.......................................... . ..................................................................................... 5
11 Test report. ............................................................................................................. ................................................................................... 5
Annex A (informative) Suggested procedure for sampling .................................... . ...................................................... 6
Annex B (informative) Locations oftest specimens cut from a laboratory sample .......................................... 7
Annex C (informative) Arrangements of jaws for the grab test ............................................................................................ 8
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. ........................ .. ........................................ 9

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization .
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/lEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 38, Textiles, Subcommittee SC 24, Conditioning
atmospheres and physical tests for textile fabrics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13934-2: 1999), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.

ISO 13934 consists of the following parts, under the general title Textiles - Tensile properties offabrics:
Part 1: Determination of maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method
Part 2: Determination of maximum force using the grab method

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

Introduction
Thi s part of ISO 13934 has been prepared in the context of several test methods for determination of
certain mechanical properties of textiles using mainly tensile testing mac hines, e.g. tensile properties,
seam tensile properties, tear properties, and sea m slippage. The procedure for these standards agrees
where appropriate. The results obtained by one of the methods should not be compared with those
obtained by the other methods.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

Textiles - Tensile properties of fabrics -

Part 2:
Determination of maximum force using the grab method

1 Scope
This part of ISO 13934 specifies a procedure for the determination of the maximum force of textile
fabrics known as the grab test.
NOTE ISO 13934-1 describes the method known as the strip test.
The method is mainly applicable to woven textile fabrics including fabrics which exhibit stretch
characteristics imparted by the presence of an elastomeric fibre and mechanical or chemical treatment.
It can be applicable to fabrics produced by other techniques. It is not normally applicable to geotextiles,
nonwovens, coated fabrics, textile-glass woven fabrics, and fabrics made from carbon fibres or polyolefin
tape yarns.
The method specifies the determination of the maximum force of test specimens in equilibrium with the
standard atmosphere for testing and of test specimens in the wet state.
The method is restricted to the use of constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) testing machines.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 139, Textiles - Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods
ISO 7500 -1, Meta II ic materials- Verifica tion ofstatic uniaxial testing machines- Part 1: Te nsion/compression
testing machines - Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
ISO 10012-1, Quality assurance requirementsfor measuring equipment - Part 1: Metrological confirmation
system for measuring equipment

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in ISO 13934 and the following apply.
3.1
constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) testing machine
tensile-testing machine provided with one clamp which is stationary and another clamp which moves
with a constant speed throughout the test, the entire testing system being virtually free from deflection
[SOURCE: ISO 13934-1:2013,3.1]
3.2
grab test
tensile test in which only the centre part of the test specimen is gripped in the jaws of the testing machine

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

3.3
maximum force
maximum force recorded when a test specimen is taken to rupture during a test under the specified
conditions

[SOURCE: ISO 13934-1:2013,3.11]

3.4
gauge length
distance between the two effective clamping paints ofa testing device
Note 1 to entry: The effective clamping points (or lines) of jaws can be checked by clamping a test specimen with
carbon copy paper to produce a gripping pattern on t he test specimen and/or the jaw faces.

[SOURCE: ISO 13934-1:2013,3.3, modified - "under defined pretension" has been removed from the
Note.]

4 Principle
A fabric test specimen, gripped in its centre part by jaws of speCified dimensions, is extended at constant
rate until it ruptures. The maximum force is recorded.

5 Sampling
Select samples either in accordance with the procedure laid down in the material specification for the
fabric or as agreed between the interested parties.

In the absence of an appropriate materia l specification, the example of a suitable sampling procedure
given in Annex A can be used.

An example of a suitable pattern for cutting test specimens from the laboratory sample is given in
Annex B. Avoid test specimens with folded or creased areas, selvedges, and areas not representative of
the fabric.

6 Apparatus

6.1 CRE machine

The metrological confirmation system of the tensile-testing machine shall be in accordance with
ISO 10012-1.
The constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) machine shall have the general characteristics given in liJ.J. to
6.l.li.

6.1.1 The tensile-testing machine shall be provided with means for indicating or recording the force
applied to the test specimen in stretching it to rupture. Under conditions of use, the accuracy of the
apparatus shall be class 1 of ISO 7500-1. The error of the indicated or recorded maximum force at any
point in the range in which the machine is used shall not exceed ±1 %.

6.1.2 If a class 2 tensile-testing machine according to ISO 7500-1 is to be used, this shall be stated in the
test report.

6.1.3 If recording of force is obtained by means of data acquisition boards and software, the frequency
of data collection shall be at least eight per second.

6.1.4 The machine shall be capable of a constant rate of extension of 50 mm/min, with an accuracy
of ±10 %.

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

6.1.5 The machine shall be capable of setting the gauge length to 100 mm or, if agreed, to 75 mm, to
within ±1 mm.

6.1.6 The clamping device of the machine shall be positioned with the central pOint of the two jaws
in the line of applied force, the front edges sha ll be at right angles to the line of applied force and their
clamping faces shall be in the same plane.
The jaws shall be capable of holding the test specimen without allowing it to slip and designed so that
they do not cut or otherwise weaken the test specimen.
The faces of the jaws shall be smooth and flat, except that when, even with packing, the test specimen
cannot be held satisfactorily with flat-faced jaws, engraved or corrugated jaws can be used to prevent
slippage. Other auxiliary materials for use with either smooth or corrugated jaws to improve specimen
gripping include paper, leather, plastics, or rubber.
For the grab test, the dimensional clamping area of the fabric shall be 25 mm ± 1 mm x 25 mm ± 1 mm.
Thi s area can be achieved by either method a} or method b} described below and illustrated in Annex C.
a} One clamp, 25 mm x 40 mm minimum, preferably 50 mm, positioned with the wider direction of the
clamp perpendicular to the line of application of the force; a second clamp of the same dimensions
positioned perpendicular to the first so that the wider direction of the clamp is parallel to the
direction of application of the force.
b) One clamp, 25 mm x 40 mm minimum, preferably 50 mm, positioned with the wider direction of the
clamp perpendicular to the line of application of the force; a second clamp, 25 mm x 25 mm.

6.2 Equipment, for cutting test specimens.

6.3 Equipment, in which test specimens can be immersed in water preparatory to wet testing.

6.4 Grade 3 water, in accordance with ISO 3696 for wetting test specimens.

6.5 Non-ionic wetting agent

7 Atmosphere for conditioning and testing

The atmosphere for preconditioning, conditioning, and testing shall be as specified in ISO 139.
It is recommended that samples be conditioned for at least 24 h in the relaxed state.
Preconditioning and conditioning are not required for tests in the wet condition.

8 Preparation of test specimens

8.1 General
From each laboratory sample, two sets of test specimens shall be cut, one set in the warp direction and
the other in the weft d irection (or in the machine and cross-machine directions, where applicable).
Each setshall consist of at least five test specimens, except that if a higher degree of precision is required,
more test specimens shall be tested. In accordance with Clallse 5 and Annex 8 no test specimens shall
be cut from within 150 mm of either edge of the laboratory sample. No test specimen taken from the
warp direction shall contain the same longitudinal threads, and no test specimen taken from the weft
direction shall contain the same picks.

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

8.2 Dimensions
The width of each test specimen shall be 100 mm ± 2 mm and its length shall be long enough to secure
the gauge length of 100 mm.

8.3 Preparation oftest specimens

On each test specimen, a line shall be drawn at a distance of 38 mm from one edge, parallel to either
warp or weft threads or, where applicable, machine or cross-machine direct ion, running the full length
of the test specimen.

8.4 Wet test specimens

8.4.1 General
When the maximum force of the wet fabric is required in addition to the maximum force when dry, test
specimens of t he appro priate width and at least twice as long as the test specimens required for a dry
test shall be cut (see Annex B). Each end of each strip shall be numbered, and then each test specimen
shall be cut crosswise into two parts, one for determ ining the dry maximum force and t he other for
determining the wet maximum force. Th is ensures that each pair of test specimens contains the same
longitudinal yarns. For fabrics where it is suspected or known from previous experience that excessive
shrinkage w ill occur when wet, the length of test specimens for the determination of wet maximum
force shall be greater than that of test specimens for dry maximum force tests.

8.4.2 Wettest
Fortests in the wet condition, immerse the test specimen fora period of1 h in grade 3 water, in accordance
with [SO 3696 at a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 0c. An aqueous solution containing not more than 1 g of a
non-ionic wetting age nt per litre can be used instead of water.
NOTE For tropical regions, the te mpera t ure according to I SO 1 39 can be applied.

9 Procedure

9.1 Gauge length

Set the gauge length of the tensile-testing machine to 100 mm or, if agreed, to 75 mm, to within ±1 mm.

9.2 Rate of extension

Set the rate of extension of the ten sile-testing machine to SO mm/min.

9.3 Mounting of test specimens

Clamp a test specimen centrally so that its longitud inal centre line passes through the centre point of the
front edges of the jaws and becomes perpendicular to the edges of the jaws to have the line drawn on the
test specimen coincide with one edge of the jaws.
After closing the upper jaw, avoid pretension when adjusting the specimen along the guide line in the
lower jaw so that the fabric hangs under its own weight when the lower clamp is closed.

9.4 Operation
Engage the device for recording the maximum force. Put the movable clamp in motion and extend the
test specimen to the point of rupt ure. Record the maximum force in newtons. Perform the test at least
on five test specimens of each fabric direction .

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

Record any break which occurs within 5 mm of the clamping line of jaws and report the result as a jaw
break. At the end of the five tests, examine the results obtained. If any of the jaw break results falls
above the lowest "normal" break result, then it can be included. If any of the jaw break results falls below
the lowest "normal" break result, then it shall be excluded and further tests should be carried out to
obtain five "normal" breaks.
If all the results are jaw breaks, or iffive "normal" breaks cannot be obtained, then the individuid results
shall be reported without the coefficient of variation or confidence limits. law break results shall be
indicated as such in the report, and the results discussed between the interested parties.

9.5 Tests on wet test specimens

Perform the test according to 'lJ. to M immediately after removal of a test specimen from the liquid (see
l!A:..Z) and briefly placing it on blotting paper to remove excess water.

10 Calculation and expression of results

Calculate the arithmetic mean of the maximum force, in newtons, for each direction tested. Round the
results for values
<100 N to the nearest 1 N
;,;100 N to <1 000 N to the nearest 10 N
;,;1 000 N to the nearest 100 N
If required, calculate the coefficient of variation to the nearest 0,1 % and the 95 % confidence limits
rounded to the same precision as the mean value.

11 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this part of ISO 13934 (Le. ISO 13934-2) and the date of test;
b) the identification of the test sample and sampling procedure, if required;
c) the state of the test specimens (conditioned or wet);
d) the number of test specimens, including the number of tests rejected and reasons for this;
e) the gauge length, if not 100 mm;
f) any deviation from the given procedure;
g) the arithmetic mean of the maximum force, in newtons;
h) the coefficient of variation of the mean value, in percent, if required;
i) the 95 % confidence limits of the mean value, in newton s, if required.

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

AnnexA
(informative)

Suggested procedure for sampling

A.l Bulk sample (number of pieces from a shipment or lot)

The appropriate number of pieces should be taken at random from the shipment or lot as specified in
Table A 1. No piece that shows signs of damage or dampness incurred during transi t should be included
in the sample.

Table A.1 - Bulk sample

Number of pieces in shipment or lot Number of pieces in bulk sample
minimum
3 or less 1
4 to 10 2
11 to 30 3
31 to 75 4
76 or more 5

A.2 Number ofiaboratory samples

From each piece in the bulk sample. a laboratory sample of length at least 1 m and of full width should
be cut (from a position taken at random but at least 3 m from an end of the piece). Areas that are creased
or that have a visible fault should not be included in the sample.

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ISO 13934-2 :2014(E)

AnnexB
(informative)

Locations oftest specimens cut from a laboratory sample

See Figu r e B 1.
1

0 ｾ＠

N M
0 .1
II
I
14 1
I
I
I 0 I I

ｾ＠

f-
0I I
I I

'-
ｾＭＬ＠

I I 4 -.J

Key
1 width of fabric
2 length of fab ri c
3 edge
4 ad ditional length fo r,wet tests, if requi red
d = 150 m m

Figure B.l - Locations oftest specimens cutfrom a laboratory sample

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

AnnexC
(informative)

Arrangements of jaws for the grab test

See Figure G.1.

Dimensions in millimetres
ｾ＠ 40

25

1 2

3
a)

ｾ＠ 40

25

1 2

3
b)
Key
1 back jaw face
2 front jaw face
3 direction of application of fo rce

Figure C.l- Arrangements of jaws for grab test

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ISO 13934-2:2014(E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 1421. Rubber- or plastics-coatedJabrics - Determination oJ tensile strength and elongation at
break
[2] ISO 4606, Textile glass - WovenJabric - Determination oJtensile breaking Jorce and elongation at
break by the strip method

[3] ISO 9073-3, Textiles - Test methods Jar nonwovens - Part 3: Determination oJtensile strength and
elongation
[4] ISO 13934-1, Textiles - Tensile properties oJJabrics - Part 1: Determination oJmaximumJorce and
elongation at maximum Jorce using the strip method
[5] ISO 13935-1, Textiles - Seam tensile properties oJJabrics and made-up textile articles - Part 1:
Determination oJmaximum Jorce to seam rupture using the strip method
[6] ISO 13935-2, Textiles - Seam tensile properties oJJabrics and made-up textile articles - Part 2:
Determination oJmaximumJorce to seam rupture using the grab method
[7] ISO 13934-1:2013, Textiles - Tensile properties oJ Jabrics - Part 1: Determination oJ maximum
Jorce and elongation at maximumJorce using the strip method

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