Slide 1: Title Slide
Topic: Blood Group Systems and Their Clinical Significance
Presented by: [Your Name]
Course: [Course Name]
Date: [Date]
Content.
Slide 2: Introduction to Blood Group Systems
- Blood group systems are essential in transfusion medicine, genetic inheritance, and clinical
applications.
- ABO Blood Group System
- Rh Blood Group System
- Other Blood Group Systems:
- MNS
- Kell
- Lewis
- Duffy
- Kidd
- and more...
Slide 3: ABO Blood Group System - Discovery, Genetics, and Testing
1. Discovery of the ABO System
- Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1900.
- Pioneered the study of blood compatibility for transfusions.
- Blood Group Types:
- Type A: Presence of A antigen.
- Type B: Presence of B antigen.
- Type AB: Both A and B antigens.
- Type O: No A or B antigens.
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2. Genetics Basis
- The ABO system is controlled by a single gene (ABO) on chromosome 9.
- A and B are codominant alleles.
- O is a recessive allele.
- Genotypes:
- AA or AO = Blood Type A
- BB or BO = Blood Type B
- AB = Blood Type AB (both antigens present)
- OO = Blood Type O (no antigens)
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3. Biochemistry Basis
- Antigens on red blood cells:
- A antigen: N-acetylgalactosamine attached to a precursor.
- B antigen: Galactose attached to the precursor.
- O blood type: No modification on the precursor, leaving H antigen.
- H antigen is crucial for A and B antigen expression.
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4. Testing for ABO Blood Group
1. Forward Typing (Cell Grouping):
- Mix anti-A and anti-B antibodies with red blood cells.
- Agglutination indicates the presence of corresponding antigens.
2. Reverse Typing (Plasma Grouping):
- Mix plasma with type A and type B red blood cells.
- Agglutination indicates the presence of antibodies against the corresponding antigen.
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Slide 4: Rh Blood Group System - History, Genetics, Biochemistry, and Clinical
Significance
1. Historical Background
- Discovered by Carl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener in 1940, using Rhesus monkey red
blood cells.
- RhD antigen is the most clinically significant in transfusion medicine.
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#### 2. Genetics Basis
- Controlled by RHD and RHCE genes located on chromosome 1.
- RHD gene encodes for RhD antigen (determines Rh+ or Rh-).
- RHCE gene encodes for RhCE antigens (RhC, RhE).
- Rh+ (dominant) is expressed when the RHD gene is present.
- Rh- (recessive) occurs when the RHD gene is absent.
- Genotypes:
- Rh+/Rh+ or Rh+/Rh- = Rh Positive
- Rh-/Rh- = Rh Negative
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3. Biochemistry Basis
- RhD Antigen: A protein on red blood cell membranes responsible for Rh positive status.
- RhCE Antigens: Proteins such as RhC, RhE (less clinically significant than RhD).
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4. Testing for Rh Blood Group
1. Rh Typing (Forward Typing):
- Mix red blood cells with anti-RhD antibodies.
- Agglutination indicates the presence of RhD antigen (Rh+).
2. Weak D Testing:
- Identifies individuals with weak RhD expression.
- Important for transfusion compatibility.
3. Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT):
- Detects Rh antibodies in plasma, especially in pregnancy or transfusion situations.
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5. Clinical Significance
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN):
- Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus.
- Results in maternal antibodies attacking fetal red blood cells, causing jaundice, anemia, or
hydrops fetalis.
- RhIg (Rh Immunoglobulin) is given to Rh- mothers to prevent antibody production.
- Transfusion Medicine:
- Rh matching is crucial to avoid hemolytic transfusion reactions.
- Rh- individuals should not receive Rh+ blood.
- Pregnancy:
- Rh incompatibility can cause complications in subsequent pregnancies if the mother develops
Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh+ fetal blood.
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Slide 5: Other Blood Group Systems - MNS, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and More
1. MNS Blood Group System
- Discovered by: Karl Landsteiner and Ernst von Decastello.
- Major Antigens: M, N, S, s.
- M and N antigens are controlled by a gene on chromosome 4.
- S and s are controlled by a separate gene, also on chromosome 4.
- Clinical Significance: MNS antigens are important for transfusion compatibility and can also
be implicated in hemolytic transfusion reactions.
2. Kell Blood Group System
- Major Antigens: K (Kell) and k (cellano).
- K antigen is a highly immunogenic antigen that can cause severe transfusion reactions.
- Clinical Significance: Presence of anti-K antibodies can lead to hemolytic transfusion
reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
3. Lewis Blood Group System
- Antigens: Le^a and Le^b.
- These antigens are glycoproteins found on red blood cells, and their presence depends on
secretor status.
- Clinical Significance: Lewis antigens are not usually implicated in transfusion reactions but
can cause mild hemolytic disease of the newborn.
4. Duffy Blood Group System
- Major Antigens: Fya and Fyb.
- The Duffy antigens are receptors for Plasmodium vivax (malaria parasite).
- Clinical Significance: Duffy negative individuals are resistant to Plasmodium vivax infection.
5. Kidd Blood Group System
- Major Antigens: Jka and Jkb.
- The Jk antigens are glycoproteins and are important for transfusion medicine.
- Clinical Significance: Anti-Jka and anti-Jkb antibodies can cause delayed hemolytic
transfusion reactions.
6. Other Blood Group Systems
- Lutheran: Associated with rare transfusion reactions.
- Xg: Found primarily in females, may cause mild HDN.
- Colton, Gerbich, Cromer: Rare blood groups, clinically significant in specific cases.
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Slide 6: Clinical Significance of Blood Group Systems
- Blood group systems are vital for:
- Transfusion Medicine: To avoid incompatible transfusions.
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Rh incompatibility and ABO incompatibility.
- Pregnancy: Management of Rh and other blood group incompatibilities.
- Infectious Diseases: Certain blood groups (e.g., Duffy) are linked to resistance to malaria.
Slide 7: Conclusion
- Understanding blood group systems like ABO, Rh, and other systems is crucial for:
- Safe blood transfusions
- Prevention of hemolytic reactions
- Managing pregnancy complications and genetic inheritance.
- These systems help improve patient care, diagnosis, and clinical outcomes.
Slide 8: Questions and Discussion
- Any questions?
- Further clarifications?
- Let's discuss the practical applications of blood group systems in clinical settings!
