COVER PAGE

ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC

FACTOR OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTH IN RIMI COMMUNITY OF KADUNA
STATE

BY

YUSUF CHRISTIANA

POST BASIC NURSING

COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES, ST. LUKE'S ANGLICAN HOSPITAL WUSASA,

ZARIA

NOVEMBER, 2024

1
 TITTLE PAGE

ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC

FACTOR OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTH IN RIMI COMMUNITY OF KADUNA
STATE

BY

CHRISTINA YUSUF

COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES

ST. LUKE'S ANGLICAN HOSPITAL, WUSASA, ZARIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF NURSING AND

MIDWERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE AWARD OF “REGISTERED
NURSE/ANY OTHER CERTIFICATE”.

2
 NOVEMBER , 2024

DECLARATION PAGE

This is to declare that this research project titled "Assessment of Influence of Environment and
Socioeconomic Factor of Drug Abuse Among Youth in Rimi Community of Kaduna State"
was carried out by Yusuf Christiana is solely the result of my work except where acknowledged
as being derived from other person (s) or resources.

EXAMINATION NUMBER: ........................................................

In the College of Nursing Sciences, St. Luke's Anglican Hospital, Wusasa, Zaria.

SIGNATURE: ..................................................

DATE: ...........................................

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 CERTIFICATION PAGE

This is to certify that this research project was written by Yusuf Christiana with examination
number.................................. has been examined and approved for the award of Post Basic
Nursing Certificate.

Signature: ______________________ Date: ..............................

Name: Mrs Joy

( Project supervisor )

Signature: ______________________ Date: ..............................

Name: Mrs Lilian Fyeyas.

(H.O.D)

Signature: ______________________ Date: ....……………………………..

Name: ...................................

(Chief Examiner).

4
 Abstract
This study focused on Assessment of Influence Of Environment and Socioeconomic
Factor of Drug Abuse Among Youth in Rimi Community of Kaduna State. Drug abuse is
a matter of grave concern to educational stakeholders, medical practitioners,
sociologists, religious leaders and parents. It is a National and International sensitive
challenge that needs urgent attention due to the alarming rate of involvement of the
youth. Drug abuse is the wrong use or inappropriate use of chemical substance that are
capable of changing functions of cells in the body. This research was carried out in Rimi
Community of Kaduna Metropolis with the aim of assessing the influence of environment
and Socioeconomic factor of drug abuse among youths of the area. The study focus on
the following objectives; To determine the types of environment that promote drug abuse,
how serious is the drug abuse, and determine prevailing socioeconomic conditions of
youth engaged in drug abuse. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and
simple random sampling techniques was used to select the sample size in the area of the
study. The data collected was analyzed using frequency distribution table and simple
percentages. Results shows that (30.6%) identified as the most significant environmental
factor associated with drug abuse, correlating with studies that link economic instability
to increased substance use. (76.3%) of the respondents believe peer pressure encourages
experimentation with drugs, emphasizing the need for interventions targeting peer
dynamics. Drug availability (86.6%). Easy access to drugs is viewed as a major
contributor to substance use, highlighting the importance of controlling drug availability
in communities. Family support (7.7%) and Active Community Programs (5.1%). These
were perceived as less influential, suggesting a gap in protective factors that could
mitigate drug abuse. Low-income Families (76.3%). A significant majority of
respondents come from low-income backgrounds, pointing to economic hardship as a
critical factor in vulnerability to drug abuse. Lack of Job Opportunities ( 73.8%):
Identified as a primary socioeconomic challenge, stressing the importance of employment
for stability and reducing substance use. Educational Attainment, (92.9%) acknowledged
as a major financial impact, highlighting the broader economic consequences of youth
drug abuse on families. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were
made; There should be an effective collaboration between governmental,
nongovernmental, civil society groups, community based organization and religious
organization as their mobilizing targets to plan for mass campaign and re-orientation on
drug abuse. There should be strict legislative measures against all offenders of drugs
related crimes and strict compliance to the control drugs act .
Key words: Assessment, Environment, Socioeconomic Factor, Drug Abuse, Youth

5
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my loving and caring parents: Mr and Mrs Yusuf Chechet.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge the Almighty Father and Creator of all for saving and giving me life to live
through his son Jesus Christ. He is my source of strength, knowledge, wisdom and grace in life.

6
To my supervisor, Mrs Joy, I thank you for your' immerse and tireless contributions, corrections
and guidance throughout the period of writing this project. I am so grateful ma.

My appreciation goes to all my tutors, thank you so much for your unreserved support and
contributions to my academic advancement.

My heart is also full of gratitude to my beloved and dear parents, Mr and Mrs Yusuf Chechet for
nurturing me up the way you did to make me what I am today, for your support and prayers
throughout the course of my study. The Lord preserve' you to reap the fruits of your labor. To
my dear siblings Hassan Kamara and Justina Patrick, I say you are all wonderful, I am proud of
you and grateful for your support and love. God bless you!

Time and space will not permit me to mention all that contributed in one way or the other to the
success of this work and in my life in general but know that I cherish and appreciate you all. The
Lord who sees in secret will reward you all richly.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page.............................................................................................................i

Certification........................................................................................................ii

Dedication...........................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgement...............................................................................................iv

List of Tables.........................................................................................................v

Table of Content.................................................................................................v-vi

Abstract.................................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE:

1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................1.

1.2 Statement of problems.............................................................................................3

1.3 Objectives of the study...........................................................................................4

1.4 Research questions..................................................................................................4

1.5 Significance of the study.........................................................................................4

1.6 Scope of the study...................................................................................................4

1.7Definitions of terms.................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 introductions to the chapter ..........................................................................................6

2.1Literature Review.............................................................................................................6

2.1 concept of drug abuse..……................................................................................................6

2.1.1Environmental Factors Associated With Drug Abuse..................................................12

2.1.2Social Factors Associated With Drug Abuse.................................................................13

2.1.3Economic Factors Associated With Drug Abuse..........................................................14

2.2Empirical Review.............................................................................................................15

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2.3Summary of Literature Review........................................................................................17

2.4 theoretical frameworks.......................................................................................................18

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................20

3.1 Research Design........................................................................................................20

3.2Research Settings.......................................................................................................20

3.3 Target Population........................................................................................................21

3.4Determination Of Sample Size.. ................................................................................21

3.5 Sampling Techniques..................................................................................................21

3.6Instrument for Data Collection..................................................................................22

3.7Validity and Reliability of Instrument......................................................................22

3.8Method of Data Collection........................................................................................22

3.9 Method of Data Analysis...........................................................................................22

3.10 Ethical Consideration..............................................................................................22

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.0 Introduction to the chapter.......................................................................................23

4.1 Presentation of Results.............................................................................................23

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

5.0Introduction to the chapter.......................................................................................31

5.1 Discussion of findings of the study.........................................................................31

5.2 Summary of major findings.....................................................................................32

5.3 Limitation of the Study............................................................................................32

5.4 Nursing implication..................................................................................................32

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5.5 Recommendations....................................................................................................33

REFERENC..................................................................................................................34
APPENDX I..................................................................................................................38

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 4.1 demographic data of the Respondents......……………………….........................23

Table 4.2 Responses on the environments that promote drug abuse among youth in Gwange

community of Maiduguri metropolis...................................................................................... 25

Table 4.3 Responses on the seriousness of drug abuse among youth in Gwange community of

Maiduguri metropolis..........................................................................................................27

Table 4.4 Responses on the socio-economic conditions of the youth in Gwange community of

Maiduguri metropolis......................................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study

Drug abuse is a matter of great concern to educational stakeholders, medical

practitioners, sociologists, religious leaders, counsellors and parents. It is a national

10
and international sensitive challenge that needs urgent attention due to the alarming

rate of involvement of the youth. Ghebreyesus (2022) noted that alcohol is most

widely used among young people,Jiahao,Y.2022,in a journal of education and

social science also stated that excessive alcohol consumption is a growing problem

among student,Ajake et al 2014 posted that there is a significant correlation

between premarital sexual practices and drug abuse that constitute social lives that

have been age-long problems in the secondary school system.A study in the journal

on education and practice (2020)equally confirmed that drug abuse has been

identified as a serious constraint to effective teaching and learning process in the

Nigerian educational system.

Drug abuse, according to Ajayi and Ayodele (2012), is the wrong use or

inappropriate use of chemical substances that are capable of changing functions of

cells in the body. Bayer(2011, as cited in Egbochuku and Akerele (2015), saw

stimulants, which are substances that cause an increase in the activity of an organ

in the body, as chemicals that excite certain activities of the central nervous

medical news(2020)uses the word substance use disorder instead of drug abuse a

disorder involving the continual use of drug despite personal professional and

health related problem caused by the usage which negativity affect a person's day

to day life.They further identified dangerous drugs like cocaine,Indian hemp,

11
(marijuana),morphine,heroin,tobacco,ephedrine,valium 5 and Chinese capsules as

few among the drugs commonly abused by youths.

The involvement of adolescent in drug becomes a major threat to this

country. Substance abuse among adolescent is spreading in our country day by day

involving various layers of society. According to Adepeju et al (2022) the drug

addiction group was not only involve in the low income, but has spread to the more

luxurious and over age and adolescents. This shows that every individual has the

potential to engage with drug abuse, regardless of the age or gender. Moreover the

National World Health Organization (2019) reported that youths at young age of

13-15years old are involved with psychoactive drugs and they undergo compulsory

addiction treatment

Because children are the source of hope and inspiration for the society, they

have the right to be protected, supported and brought up in a positive environment.

Unfortunately, children do not only live in poverty but tens of millions of them

around the world find themselves living or working in the streets as street children.

Street children are growing global phenomenon that is characterized by vulnerable

children migrating to the streets in the urban areas in developed and developing

countries (Molahlehi, 2014).

However, research shows that the street children phenomenon is not a new socio-

economic problem as for a long time; vulnerable children whose personal and

12
ecological resilience resources were depleted have adopted streetism in order to

fend for themselves or supplement family income (Molahlehi, 2018). Despite some

evidences existing, it is difficult to know how many children live and work on the

streets, since they are a mobile group who occasionally enter and exit the category.

Therefore, their mobility is one of the main reasons why their number cannot be

confirmed with sufficiently (Molahlehi, 2018). They are sometimes persecuted by

the police for being in the street, Search for greener pastures, and bullying that

occurs among them also adds to their constant mobility (Molahlehi, 2018).

Abiodun,C.A.(2020) reported that, despite worldwide concern and education about

psychoactive substances, many adolescents have limited awareness of their adverse

consequences. They further explained that curiosity, social pressure and peer group

influence are noted to be primary reasons for substance misuse. Makanjuola et

al(2019),lamented that a substantial percentage of the national budgetary allocation

is utilized for treatment and rehabilitation of people with substance use problems in

Nigeria.

In an attempt to control sleep or energise themselves, most adolescents and young

ones start experimenting with tobacco, alcohol, ephedrine and other caffeinated

substances such as Nescafe and red bull. Some of the reasons for the drug abuse, as

identified by Dr Nora Volkow(2019), are to reduce pain, anxiety and tension,

13
ignorance and misinformation, parental background, urge to commit crimes, peer

group influence, isolation and loneliness.

National Institute on Drug Abuse(2020) also noted that students see the use

of stimulants in positive terms for relief from pain and problems, elevation of

mood, wakefulness, increased confidence, feeling and psychomotor activities and

athletics, and feeling of euphoria.Johnston et al,2021) confirmed that for many

adolescents, drug abuse has now become part of their lives and perhaps may have

now contributed to their academic failure.

Almost all cultures have used psycho-active drugs to facilitate social

interaction, to alter consciousness and to heal. Our society’s expanded chemical

manipulation simply represents a large technical capacity, more wealth, leisure,

individual choice and, conversely, a reduction in constraining social settings, peer

and family standards, and personal prescribtions as to what is not done. Drug abuse

behavior, like human behavior in general is conceived of as an outcome of genetic

and biochemical characteristics, past learning experiences, motivational states,

psychosocial antecedents, and cultural context in which it unfolds. These

conditions assume a considerable variety in drug-abuse behaviour. Among these,

social and cultural factors play an important role in initiation, maintenance and

therapeutic intervention of drug-abuse. Social norms, the shared rules, that specify

appropriate and inappropriate behaviours; mores, that people consider vital to their

14
well-being and to their most cherished values and sanctions, the socially imposed

rewards and punishments that compel people to comply with norms, constitute

important ingredients of a culture.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

This study is purposely set to investigate the influence of environmental

and socio-economic factors of drug abuse among youth in Rimi community of

Kaduna State. Various efforts have been undertaken by various parties, especially

the government in addressing the problem of drug abuse among adolescent in

Nigeria. The participation rate of drug abuse among adolescent is not reduced and

even increased over time.

Drug abuse is a major public health problem all over the world (UNODC) (2017).

The use and abuse of drugs by adolescents have become one of the most disturbing

health related phenomena in Nigeria and other parts of the world (NDLEA; 2017).

Several school adolescents experience mental health problem either temporarily or

for a long period of time. Some become insane, maladjusted to school situations

and eventually drop out of school.

Many residents of Rimi have been visited with violent crimes and much

irresponsible behavior has been found among the youth. Many parents have had

to report their children to the police for unruly behaviours in the home and

community. There have been an increase in schools drop-out among the youth

15
and many of the incidents have been even linked to inappropriate use of drugs

and stimulants. Based on the above background, the study is to determine the

influence of environment and socioeconomic factor of drug abuse among youth in

Rimi Community

1.2 Objective of the Study

The objectives of this study are to.

1. Determine the environment that promote drug abuse among youth

2. Assess the extent of drug abuse among youth in Rimi;

3. Investigate the prevailing socio economic conditions of youth engaged in

drug abuse

4. Examine the impact of drug abuse

1.3 Research Question

1. What is the prevalent of drug abuse among youth in Rimi?

2. What is the age of onset of drug use among youth in Rimi?

3. How does unemployment and lack of education opportunity contribute to

drug abuse among youth?

4. How does drug abuse influence the self esteem and self concept of youth in

Rimi?

1.5 Significance of the Study

16
 This study will determine the environmental and socio-economic influence

of drug abuse among youths in Rimi. The study will provide information on the

dangers of drug abuse among youth to the parents/guardian.

This research will also provide added resource to the data base of already

existing literature on drug abuse. This research will also help to provide necessary

information that enlightens on the kind of environment that promote drug abuse

and the need for policy makers to address them.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to residents of Rimi in Kaduna to determine the

environment and socio-economic factors that promote drug abuse among youth in

Rimi community of Kaduna state.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

1. Drugs – Is any substance solid or liquid that when one takes into the
body it changes behavior of the user.
2. Drug Abuse- Is a term used to indicate the excessive consumption of a drug,
regardless of whether an individual is truly dependent on it or not.
3. Drug Addiction – Is a state where a user of drugs cannot do without the
drugs.
4. Drugs Misuse – When one takes drugs without prescription from a qualified
medical personnel.
5. Youths- Are caliber of individuals between the ages of 12-32 years.

6. Factor- A circumstance contributing to drug abuse.

17
 7. Environmental Factors - circumstances contributing to drug abuse in one’s
place of living.
8. Social Factors - Factors contributing to drug abuse as a result of interaction.
9. Economic Factors – Financial status or capability contributing to drug
abuse

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

18
This chapter deals with the review of related literature. The

review is divided into the following conceptual reviews, empirical

review and theoretical framework

2.1 Concept of Drug Abuse

A drug refers to a substance that could bring about a change in the biological

function through its chemical actions (Okoye, 2014). It is also considered as a

substance that modifies perceptions, cognition, mood, behaviour and general body

functions (Balogun, 2015). They could thus, be considered as chemical modifiers

of the living tissues that could bring about physiological and behavioral changes

(Nnachi, 2017).

According to Fawa (2015), “Drug is defined as any substance, which is used

for treatment or prevention of a disease in man and animals. Drug alters the body

functions either positively or otherwise depending on the body composition of the

user, the type of drug used, the amount used and whether used singly or with other

drugs at the same time”.

NAFDAC (2000) as cited by Haladu (2013) explained the term drug abuse

as excessive and persistent self-administration of a drug without regard to the

medically or culturally accepted patterns. It could also be viewed as the use of a

drug to the extent that it interferes with the health and social function of an

individual. World Book Encyclopedia (2014) defined drug abuse as the non-
19
medical use of a drug that interferes with a healthy and productive life Manbe

(2018) defined drug abuse as the excessive, maladaptive or addictive use of drugs

for non-medical purpose.

Abdulahi (2019) viewed drug abuse as the use of drugs to the extent that

interferes with the health and social function of an individual. In essence, drug

abuse may be defined as the arbitrary overdependence or mis-use of one particular

drug with or without a prior medical diagnosis from qualified health practitioners.

It can also be viewed as the unlawful overdose in the use of drug(s).

Odejide (2017) warned that drug abusers who exhibit symptoms of stress,

anxiety, depression, behaviour changes, fatigue and loss or increase in appetite

should be treated by medical experts and counsellors to save them from deadly

diseases.

Adebunmi (2018) defined the term drug abuse as “Taking of drug which

harms or threatens to harm the physical or mental health or social well being of an

individuals or society at large which is illegal, the united nation drugs control

agency has defined drug abuse as the use of any substance under international

control purpose other than medical or scientific including prescription in excessive

does level or over a justified period of time”

From the above definition given by various authors’ drugs is said to be

abuse in any of the following ways:

20
  When it is used without medical prescription.

 When it’s used as illegal prohibited.

 When is excessively used as the case of socially accepted processes.

 Classification of Drugs commonly abused

There are classifications of type of drugs that are commonly abused.

Adebunnmi (2008) has given five (5) major classifications of drugs often abused

they are as follows:

(1) Cannabis: - classification of cannabis includes Marijuana, hashish,

Terrahydrocannabinol.

(2) Depressant: - classification of depressants includes Barbiturates,

Phenobarbital, chloral hydrates, methoqualano, minor tranquilizer, alcohol etc.

(3) Hallucinogen: - this includes drugs like amphetamines, lysergic acid

diethylmide, mescaline, psilocybin-psilocin, pernexciaine.

(4) Narcotizes: - are opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, Demoral,

methadone.

(5) Stimulant: - which include Amphetamines, cocaine, phenmetrazine, and

methylphenidate.

On the other hand, Aguwa and Ogbaukiri (2015) gave four (4) classes

of drugs that are commonly abused. They include

21
 .Drugs that depress the central Nervous system include: - sedatives,

hypnotics, alcohol and minor tranquilizers etc.

 Narcotic Analgesics: - are drugs that have analgesic (pain relief) and

sedative (sleeping effect) effects including Morphine, codeine, heroin,

pentazocine, nalaxone etc.

 Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system: - include Amphetamine and

cocaine.

 Hallucinogen: - are drugs that alter sensation, thinking, emotion and self

awareness includes lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline,

marijuana etc.

 Factors Responsible For Drug Abuse

Mustapha (2014) also outline other causes or factors responsible for drug

abuse in Nigeria and they include,

 Accessibility to the drugs

 Availability to the drugs

 Academic excellent

 Bad company

 Unemployment

 Urge for affluence

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 Udoh (2017) outline seven (7) reasons why adolescents take drugs

these reasons are:-

 Curiosity and Desire to Experiments: - People who have heard about a

particular drugs over television, radio, news papers or from friends who

had information about such drugs. The tendency is for them to make

effort to get the drugs and test of them.

 Peer Pressure: - Adolescents tends to influences others especially those

that move together as friends. An individual to be accepted in a group,

he sometimes practices all the bad habits and accept all the rules and

regulation according to the norms of groups and therefore, may result in

drug abuse.

 To Cover Inadequacies: - Some individuals who are too shy to speak or

perform some activities in crowd. In view of that they may decide to take

drugs in order to perform such work in any situation.

 For Relaxation: - After a day activities, some people often feel they

cannot get or go into sleep without taking some drugs. Hence they look

for some form of analgesics or sleeping drugs to calm and send them to

sleep. This may become habitual and later develop to drug abuse.

 To Remove Boredom: - Human beings suffers mental strain and tension

at one time or the other, the source of human emotional disturbance may

23
 be their home, quarrel with spouse, economic problems and illness. Other

emotional problems may be from their relationship with their co-workers

or bosses. Emotional disturbances can cause temptation for one to steal or

may decide to take analgesics to relief the pain.

 To Keep Awake: - The groups of people who use drugs to keep awake

most especially at night are students, soldiers, police, musicians and

watchmen. This group of people take some certain drugs which they felt

can assist them in passing the night to achieve their aims. In case of

students is to improve performance.

 To Enjoy Sex: - Owing to peer influences some people take drugs to

enjoy sex. Those that take these drugs take them not because they

cannot perform naturally but just to have additional sexual power where

as some take it as a result of old age to enhance performance.

2.1.3 Effects and Consequences of Drug Abuse

The wide spread abuse of drugs has becomes a human tragedy. Clearly

drug abuse is no longer problems confined to small segment of the population but

the larger population. Drug abuse captivates and ultimately destroys people from

walks of life. Growing drugs abuse is more than street problems. It has invaded the

home, the work place and most importantly society.Beyond the human destruction

24
caused by drugs addiction and dependence is the damage to traditional values, life

style and national economy (Andrew, 2016).

Adebunmi (2018) observed that “medical effects of drugs commonly abused such

alcohol, cocaine; inhalant, marijuana and smoking include destruction of brain

cells, central nervous system, lungs, liver, respiratory system, pregnancy and

unborn babies,eye,ear,mouth,throat,heart,muscle, stomach,pancreases,intestine and

bones.Transmission of sexually transmitted

infections,bladder,endocrine,chromosomes damage, kidney etc. these effects

entirely affect the whole body systems.

Andrews (2016) outlined effect of drug abuse under the followings:-

 Drug in the Home: - the devastating effects of drug abuse on the family are

perhaps those which posses the great threat to the society. When one

member of a family abuses drugs be it parent, child or other relatives. It

causes destruction disharmony within the family and every member suffers.

Drugs abusers often become so observed. Apart from criminal behavior

brought into the family by drug users, he/she suffers varying degree of

personal anguish both physical and psychological, younger children,

unaware of danger involved.

25
 Drug in the School: - drug abuse at an early age such as adolescents or even

younger age will result to interruption of the normal maturity process of an

individual. Where children cannot read at age of 8, they can be taught with

some efforts at the age of 9. When children cannot multiply or divide at the

age of 11, they can be taught at the age of 12, but when Childs mind is

destroyed by drugs, that may not be able to start again. The time lost and

damage done may be irreversible. Research in some countries has shown

that student who use marijuana is twice likely to be frequent users of drugs

(Andrews, 2016). Drugs can destruct an entire school when many students in

a class are under the influence of drugs, drug abuse also brings into the

school environment illegal activities connected to drugs use, for instance,

theft, prostitution and the selling of drugs to others clearly none of these

activities is conductive to the development of a healthy productive life.

 Drug and the Work Place: - societies pay heavy tools from drug abuse in

economic terms as well as in human terms. Most of the world drug users are

18-35 years of age, are employed and carry their behavior at work place.

There are many accounts of drugs sold at work place and attempt to stop it

by the management are often met with violence and intimidation. In addition

to criminal aspect of a job drug use, decreased productivity and job related

accident are more seen to be direct result of employee drug use. Studies has

26
 shown that in industrialized nations drugs users were found to be one-third

less productive over three times more likely to be involved in job accidents

and absent from work more than twice as often as non drugs using employee

The problems caused by drugs in neither work place affects nor only

manufacturing and agriculture as well.

 Drugs and Crime: - the use of illegal drugs and crime go hand in hand. In

far too many cases, drug users will literally do anything to obtain enough

drugs to satisfy a habit. The crime most frequently committed, exemplified

by stories of business executives who have internationally damage goods in

order to acquire them at reduced rate and then sell them for more money on

the street to finance their habit. Drug addiction is not a pre-requisite for

criminal activities, the user who tries to support drug habit. Whether it stems

from marijuana, heroin or cocaine often common limited founds and thus

report to any wide range of illegal activities. While obviously not all crimes

are necessary connected with the acquisition of drugs, many crimes are

committed by individuals under their influences.A recent study in metropolis

area of a major industrialized country according to Glantz (2006) found that

roughly 51% of those arrested on the street had one or more drugs in their

systems.

2.1.4 Prevention Of Drug Abuse

27
 Prevention is better than cure is a popular solution (True) to prevent and

control the menace of drug abuse in our society “prevention” should be the watch

word.

Rang (2015) observed that “most countries have legislation which brings

various drug and drugs like substances under control of licensing system”. He

further states that “That legislation covers any or all of the opiates, amphetamines,

cannabis, barbiturate, hallucinogen and a variety of more modern synthetic drugs”

therefore, unlicensed production supply or possession is a criminal offence which

attracts prosecution of the offenders.

Glantz (2016) lamented that “Poor legislature and network of law

enforcement of drug related crimes increase the spread of illicit drugs”. He further

suggested strict legislative measures against all offenders of drugs related crimes.

This in his opinion combats the spread of drugs abuse in one society.

Mustapha (2015) listed that measures which will help in reducing and

preventing the spread of drug abuse. This includes:

 Strict compliance to the control drugs act.

 Reducing the number of expired drugs in pharmaceutical stores.

 Increase revenue on illicit drugs including cigarettes and alcohol.

 Massive campaign by religious organizations.

28
  Strengthen drugs free clubs in our schools.

 Ban on the advertisement of all illicit drugs on the media, including

cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, diazepam and coup syrups.

 Increase manpower to all drugs related enforcement agencies like NDLEA

and NAFDAC.

 Parents should be observing their children and who their children’s peer is

for fear of influence.

 Strengthen health education in school curriculum with special emphasis on

drug education.

Aguwa and Ogbaukiri (2015) opined that “health education to general public

on the dangers of using un-prescribed drugs or misuse of drugs is stressed both

within the community and our institutions of learning to enlighten the general

populace”. He also suggested that media houses advertises and emphasize the

actions of drugs that are being abused.

Adebunmi (2018) also supported the idea that “manufacturing companies

should as a matter of urgency include warning signs of misuse of abuse drugs” this

will sound as a caution to any person who may want to take it for any other reasons

2.1.5 Environmental Factors Associated With Drug Abuse

29
 Factors in the environment that potentially influence initiation and

maintenance of drug abuse by adolescents have been the focus of many

investigations since early studies demonstrated the importance of peer and parental

drug abuse as risk factors. The presence of drug addict in the environment can be a

high risk factor for drug abuse. The broad categories that have been studied are:

drug abuse among parents, siblings and peers; attitudes and norms about drug

abuse (including parental reactions to drug abuse by their children); family

environment; and attachment to family and friends (Hartman et al, 2016).

Availability and ease of acquiring drugs are also environmental factors that

can have an impact on drug abuse among adolescents. The impact of parental drug

abuse has been studied in a wide range of contexts in a large number of studies

with a variety of outcomes. Approximately twice as many of the reviewed studies

have found a significantly increased risk of adolescent drug abuse with parental

illicit drug use with a stronger influence if both parents (Mustapha, 2015).

Accessibility to illicit drugs is generally applicable to adolescents in their

environment despite legislation that prohibits sales to minors, they are able to

acquire illicit drugs through direct purchase themselves, through older friends and

family members, or by stealing from parents and other adults who abuse drugs

(Hartman et al, 2016).

30
2.1.6 Social Factors Associated With Drug Abuse

Aspects of the family background which have been examined with regard to

adolescent taking illicit drugs include parental supervision, attachment, support,

and parenting style. The amount of time in self care, lack of knowledge about their

children’s friends and inadequate monitoring were associated with increased drug

abuse, although other studies on parental supervision did not observe a significant

relationship (Hartman et al, 2016). The most important component of parental

attachment may be attachment to the mother: it has been related to drug abuse in

studies where attachment to the father was not significant. A poor relationship

between mother and child was associated with a higher prevalence of drug abuse

for boys and girls; a poor father/child relationship significantly influenced drug

abuse only for girls. Obviously, not all adolescents who live with parents are drug-

free; in reality, the behaviors of many co-residential parents contribute to their

adolescent children's drug usage. Adolescents are more likely to use substances

when one or more members of the family use substances or when parents have a

lenient attitude toward substance abuse (Hartman et al, 2016).

Curiosity and desire to experiments is another social factor that influence

youths to drug abuse as people who have heard about a particular drugs over

television, radio, news papers or from friends who had information about such

31
drugs have tendency to make effort to get the drugs and test of them in order to

deal with the reality of the day (Udoh, 2017).

Peer influence is another social factor which may be modified by group

membership: drug abuse by best friends was found to be related to adolescent drug

abuse for group outsiders but not for group members (Udoh, 2017). This result was

supported by the observation of Ennett and Bauman (2015). That social isolates

were more likely to become drug addicts. Normative values appear to play a role;

different measures of drug abuse were related to “pressure to use illicit drugs” and

“pressure not to use illicit drugs” but not to actual prevalence of drug abuse. In

addition, adolescent drug addicts tended to overestimate the prevalence of drug

abuse among peers. The perceived prevalence of adult drug abuse is less clear; one

study found that adolescent drug addicts overestimated drug abuse among

adults whereas other studies did not. Perceived drug abuse by friends, however,

was reported to be a stronger predictor of illicit drugs use than friends’ actual use.

Some factors may be differentially important at different ages. Hartman et al

(2016) found that “best friend tried abusing drugs” was related to drug abuse

initiation during elementary school and “most of five closest friends tried abusing

drugs” was related to drug abuse initiation during high school.

The extent to which the individual is bonded or attached to peers is perhaps the

underlying mechanism for the influence that peers exert on adolescent behaviour.
32
Various constructs used to describe this phenomenon include social support, need

for affiliation, social bonding, and attachment. Peer attachment has been reported

to raise the risk of adolescent abusing drugs. Peer support had no influence when

friends were non-drug addicts, but increased drug abuse when peers abuse and

there is little parental or other adult support

2.1.7 Economic Factors Associated With Drug Abuse

Higher levels of parental socioeconomic variables, such as education and social

class, have often been found to be directly related to abuse in adolescent. The

personal income of adolescents has been associated with drug abuse: young people

with more spending money showed higher levels of drug use presumably because

money is needed for the purchase of the drugs (Hartman, Lessem, Hopfer,

Crowley, and Stallings, 2014).

A cross-sectional study of 9,762 adults from 42 urban communities in the

United States found that higher socioeconomic status was associated with a greater

likelihood of alcohol dependence. In addition, in the US study, urban city was

associated with initiation of marijuana use, although no attempt was made to

identify the characteristics of urban living that may be associated with such

initiation.

However, three cohort studies, one in the United Kingdom and two in the

United States, have shown that socioeconomic status influences adult drug abuse

33
behavior (both US studies showed this finding to be the case independent of

adolescent drug abuse) and that socioeconomic conditions over the life course are

associated with increased drug abuse rates among persons of lower socioeconomic

status. Additionally, a prospective cohort study assessing the relation between

unemployment and substance use found that men who had experienced more than

3 years of accumulated unemployment between the ages of 16 and 33 years were

more likely to smoke and to engage in problem drinking than were men who had

never been unemployed conditions were associated with a greater likelihood of

initiating injection drug use (Suzanne and Linda, 2016).

2.3 Empirical Review

Otieno and Avo (2019) carried out cross sectional study designed to

determine the factors associated with drug abuse among secondary school students

in nine schools in Kisumu town, western Kenya. The objective of this study was to

determine the effect of age, gender and peer influence on drug abuse and to

establish the reasons why students abuse drugs. Nine schools were randomly

selected for the study. A total of 458 students (243 males and 215 females) were

interviewed using a closed ended questionnaire. The data were then categorized

into non-abusers and abusers and the degree of association between the variables

was tested using Chi-square test. A total of 458 students (243 males and 215

females), were interviewed using a close-ended questionnaire. The results showed

34
that 265 (57.9%) of the respondents had consumed alcohol at least once in their

lives, 159 (34.7%) had abused tobacco, 84 (18.3%) had abused cannabis, 106

(23.1%) had abused khat and 24 (5.2%) had used inhalants and/or cocaine. The age

group most at risk was 16-18 years, the age at which most students are in

secondary school. The reasons given for the abuse of the drugs were:

experimentation 92 (38.2%), enjoyment of the feeling they experience 114

(47.3%), influence from friends 21 (8.7%), influence from relatives 5 (2.1%) and

for treating stomach ailments 7 (2.9%). More boys were found to be abusing drugs

(36.9%, n = 169) compared to girls (27.3%, p = 0.007). Also, drug abuse was

found to be higher in students living in low socioeconomic class as a result of

unemployment (30%, n = 122) compared to high-class (21.6%, n = 94, p =0.004)

and peer influence had no effect on drug abuse (p = 0.249). From this study it was

concluded that drug abuse was widespread in secondary schools in Kisumu and

although it affected both sexes boys were more involved in the practice than girls.

The study therefore recommends that early intervention should target school

attendees at early age with the aim of preventing drug abuse in secondary schools

in Kisumu town, western Kenya.

Aluede and Okoza (2009) examined the types of drugs reason why the

students in Ambrose Alli University abuse drugs. The participants were 414

university students drawn from four faculties of Ambrose Alli University. The

35
instrument used in the study was a modification of the student’s drug use

questionnaire published by the World Health Organization. The analyses yielded

the following results: students in the University abuse drugs such as alcohol,

kolanut, tobacco, marijuana, Librium, valium, dexamphetamine, mandrax, Chinese

capsules, cough syrups and cocaine; students use drugs mostly once a week;

students use drugs to keep awake, to enhance relaxation, to feel good, cheerful and

enjoy their moments, or to enhance sex.

Eno Eloho Ekop (2019) carried out a study using a cross-sectional

descriptive survey design among senior secondary school adolescents in Abuja

Nigeria.The population of this study comprised of 2500 students, sample size was

achieved using the simple random sampling technique from 5 public secondary

schools of 30 students each, having a sample size of 150.The study aimed at

investigating the causes and effects of drug abuse among secondary school

adolescent students in . Responses were elicited using a structured self-

administered questionnaire on knowledge, causes and effects of drug abuse. Data

collected were analyzed using the chi-square(X2) method (p<0.05). The mean

age of respondents was 16years. Results revealed majority of adolescent students

were influenced by peer group (51.3%) on the use of drugs and (48.6%) were

influenced by parents. A wide margin also showed environmental factors and

communities having an influence and effect on adolescent behavior on drug abuse

36
where there was a statistical difference between adolescent students in urban

(58.6%) and rural (41.3%) communities. Male students constituted (70%) of the

study as compared to females (30%) however, gender did not significantly show

differences in the use and cause of drug abuse. There was no significant difference

between the influence of drug abuse of students whose parents are addicted to

drugs and students whose parents are not addicted.

Essien (2015) carried out a study focusing on drug use and abuse in tertiary

institutions, the case of Federal University of Technology, Minna students. It

investigated the extent to which drugs are being used by students. Harmful drugs,

subject to misuse as well as the reasons for use were highlighted. Some drugs

commonly abuse is also shown. The survey made use of questionnaires to seek

students’ opinion on the use and abuse of drugs. Descriptive statistics of simple

frequencies and percentage were used for analyzing the data in respect of the

research questions. The sample frame consists of 100 males and 100 female

students. The research findings revealed that certain pre-disposing factors such as

sex, age, family background, occupation of parent etc. contributes immensely to

drug abuse among the students. The study also prop into reasons why students

abuse drugs. Solution and the way out of the problem of drug abuse in tertiary

institutions were suggested.

37
 Abudu (2016) carried out a study on prevalence of drug abuse among young

people, the inherent problems associated with addiction and some reasons why

teenagers are more vulnerable to addiction. Despite the known risks associated

with addiction, people continue to abuse drugs. Drug abuse causes a lot of hazards

among the people and the society. It results to gang formation,cultism,armed

robbery,mental illness etc.Studies revealed that most of the drug addicts started

smoking from their adolescence. As they grow older they seek new thrills and

gradually go into hard drugs.There was an indication that 65% high school students

used drugs to have good time, 54% wanted to experiment to see what it is like, 20

– 40% used it to alter their moods.It concludes by prescribing some ways of

curbing the menace arising from drug addiction.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

In this research work the researcher has brought Khantzian Models of drugs

abuse and Duncan’s Model of dependence (1974), a model that views the problem

from the inner experience and psychological structure of the individual drug user.

Chronic drug dependence has been associated with a range of personality styles

and psychopathologic conditions but most frequently with character disorder and

vulnerability to depression. Regardless of specific symptoms or personality styles,

certain characterologic features are repeatedly observed to characterize substance-

dependent individuals. These include problems in affect management, narcissism,

38
object relations, judgment, and self-care. These developmentally and structurally

determined problems generally predispose individuals to drug dependence because

they are the basis of the distresses that are relieved by drug-taking; they

specifically predispose to drug dependence because, in various ways, the taking of

drugs and the experience of their effects are syntonic with existing modes of

defense, adaptation, and self-concept. The actual vulnerability to substance

dependency can vary considerably both between individuals and for the same

individual at different times. For many, a necessary precipitating event involves a

severe crisis in which usual adaptive capacities are diminished and narcissistic

vulnerability is intense. Once drug taking is initiated in a susceptible state and the

user has experienced adaptive benefit from the experience, a variety of other

processes are set in motion that often leads to the state of dependency. These

processes include both regressive effects that can exacerbate the original character

problem and progressive effects that promote stable functioning. In both cases,

however, this may interfere with further maturation of character, particularly when

onset of use occurs in adolescence. Dependency involves the gradual incorporation

of the drug effects and their experienced need into the defensive structure building

activity of the ego itself. Undoing a dependency involves dealing with the

unconscious and conscious components of this outcome. The user must be able to

relinquish behaviors and drug effects that have come to be experienced as a valued

39
(even if also hated) part of the self-capacity to function, cope, and be comforted in

distress.

Duncans Model of Drug Dependence was also developed in 1974 by Duncan

and was on behaviorist perspective. The distinction between drug abuse and drug

addiction is critical to Duncan model. He asserted that “most of the people who

take illegal drugs do not meet criteria for substance s abuse, let allow dependence.

The great majority exercise control and restrains over their drug use and suffers no

harm using” Duncan (1982) has also explored the implication of this model for

primary prevention of drug abuse. Duncan especially argued that drug dependence

is just another name for avoidance or escape behavior when the operant behavior is

being enforced in drugs taking. Drugs addicts in Duncan view have found a drug

which provides them with temporary escape from an ongoing state of emotional

disorders, stress or environmental stress. WeThe assertions made by both

Khantzian and Duncan in their models suit the study as they portray how the

youths who uses drugs for their personal benefit (experimental, calmness and

stability and any other purpose) normally have the “Gate way” drugs that they first

start with and it’s obvious that when one start using the particular drugs there are

likelihood that he will use it again and that leads to drug abuse and dependence.

40
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

41
This chapter deals with the method employed to carry out this study. The chapter is

organized under the following headings, research design, research setting, target

population, sampling techniques, instrument for data collection, validity and

reliability of instrument for data collection, method of data analysis and ethical

consideration. By the research in collecting valid and reliable information for the

study. The discussion cantered basically on the design of the study population and

sample.

3.1 Research design

The research design that was used in this study was descriptive survey research

design. This allows selves report research style of finding out of the current status

of phenomena from a population who should supply relevant data will be

generalized (Ejafugha, 2018). The choice of survey method is justified based on

the fact that each respondent will be treated as an independent variable and each

option were recorded and measured.

3.2 Study Setting

Gwange is one of the largest wards in Maiduguri Metropolis; it is divided in

to three separate wards, Gwange I, Gwange II and Gwange III. Gwange is also one

of the oldest towns in Maiduguri Borno State. It is a place that is well known for its

drug abuse among its youth. The city of Maiduguri, capital of Borno State is an

ancient city located in North-Eastern Nigeria and inhabited mainly by Kanuri,

42
Shuwa and Hausa. Present day Maiduguri is a cosmopolitan city which is inhabited

by various ethnic groups from the entire country and from neighboring countries of

Cameroon, Chad and Niger. It is endowed with agricultural resources with supply

of professionally skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled manpower from other states in

Nigeria and from neighboring countries of Chad, Cameroon and Niger. Relative to

other industrialized cities such as Kano and Kaduna in the north, Lagos and Port

Harcourt in the south, Maiduguri is of lower economic and social activity than the

other states, but still has its own share of economic and social activities, being

known for its fish trade (Banda trade) with fish being brought from Baga on the

shores of Lake Chad. It has a Federal University, the University of Maiduguri, and

a Federal Secretariat both of which attract personnel from other parts of the

country and from outside of the country. There has been increasing number of

banks, hotels, schools and Federal Government Ministries, Departments and

Agencies within the Metropolis.

3.3 Target Population

43
 The population for this research was all young persons aged from 18-40

years who reside in Rimi wards as at head count, the population of Rimi stood at

6,675 with the average youth of 2,000

3.4 Sampling size

Taro Yamane’s model (1967) was applied for selecting the sample. The
formula is as thus;
N
n= 1+ N ( e ) ²

Where
n = Sample size
N = Population
1 = Constant
e = Level of significance (0.05)
N
n = 1+ N ( e ) ²

22,675.
= 1+ 22,675. ( 0.05 ) ²

22,675.
= 1+ 22,675.(0.0025)

22,675.
= 1+ 22,675.
22,685.
= 5768

n = 100
Using the above method, the sample size will be 393 respondents to be selected

from Rimi.

44
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Using the sample size 393, random sampling techniques was used to obtained data

from the target populations, Simple random sampling by balloting was used for

this research. The simple random sampling by balloting employed is the most basic

of probability method that allows each element in population an equal chance of

being selected (Nwabuokei, 2008).

3.6 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

The instrument for data collection was questionnaire schedule. About twenty

nine questionnaire items were developed; the question was designed taking in to

consideration the objectives of the study. The questionnaire made up of entirely

close ended question. The questionnaire was designed in four sections thus: section

A, B, C and D, with section A: covering the Demographic data of respondent,

section B: types of environment that promote drug abuse among youth in gwange,

section C: how serious is drug abuse among youth in gwange, and section D:

prevailing socio economic conditions of youth engaged in drug abuse in Gwange.

3.6 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

The questionnaire constructed was submitted to the project supervisor for

face and content validity. Necessary corrections were made after vetting by the

supervisor.

Reliability of the instrument was not tested

45
3.8 PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION

Data was collected through the use of a structured questionnaire

with the help of two trained research assistant. The

questionnaires were administered on two separate days in

gwange and were retrieved eventually after 3 days.

3.9 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

Data generated from this study was analyzed using descriptive statistics

analysis of the data was based on simple percentage and frequently distribution

table.

3.10 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

In order to carry out this research, approval was given by relevant authorities

which include, Department of Nursing Science University of Maiduguri. Informed

consent was obtained from each respondent before administration of the

questionnaires. All data collected from the research were kept with utmost

confidentiality.

46
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, results of data analyzed are presented. The data obtained from the

study are presented in tables according to the research questions.

Table 4.1 Demographic information of the respondent (n=393)

S/N Items Respondents Frequency Total (%)

1 Gender Male 296 75.3%

Female 97 24.6%

2 Age 12-16 65 16.5%

17-21 168 42.7%

22-26 120 30.5%

27-32 40 10.1%

3 Tribe Kanuri 127 32.3%

Hausa 89 22.6%

Shuwa 101 25.6%

Others 76 19.3%

4 Religion Islam 296 75.3%

Christianity 97 24.6%

5 Marital status Single 285 72.5%

Married 98 24.9%

47
 Divorce 10 2.5%

6 Level of Education Primary 132 33.5%

secondary 165 41.9%

Tertiary 29 7.3%

No formal 67 17.0%

7. Occupation Skilled 87 21.9%

Unskilled 201 51.1%

Others 105 26.7%

Source: Field survey, 2019

Table 4.1 The result above showed that 75% of respondent

were males while 24% are females, 42.7 % were between 17-21

years, and the least was 10.1% were between 27-32years. The

table revealed that majority of the respondents 75.3% were

Muslims; also 32.3% were Kanuri by tribe. Furthermore, 41.9% 0f

respondents had secondary education as their highest

educational attainment. Also 72.5% were single, 51.1% of the

respondents were unskilled.

48
RESEARCH QUESTIONS ONE: what are the types of the environments that promote drug abuse among

youth in Gwange

Table 4.2: Responses on the types environment that promote drug abuse among youth in Gwange (n=393)

Items Respondents Freq./% Total

What types of house you live in? Public compound 198 (50.3%) 393

2 Room apartment 87 (22.1%) 100%

Self-contain 59 (15.0%)

Flat 49 (12.4%)

Do you live alone or with Alone 210 (53.4%) 393

parent/ guardian?
With parents 78 (19.8%) 100%

With guardian 105 (26.7%)

Do you associate with your Yes 265(67.4%) 393

peers (age group) in the
community? No 128 (32.5%) 100%

Are there places where drug can Yes 345 (87.8%) 393
be brought in your community?
No 48 (12.2%) 100%

Do they ask for prescription Yes 265 (67.4%) 393

before selling to people?
No 128 (32.5%) 100%

Do people that sell the drugs Yes 345 (87.8%) 393

hide to sell to people?
No 48 (12.2%) 100%

49
 Do some of your friends abuse Yes 358 (91.0% 393
the same or different types of
drugs as you? No 35 (8.9%) 100%

Do you also abuse any drugs Yes 346 (88.0%) 393

No 47 (11.9%) 100%

Source: Field survey, 2019

The result above table shows that 50.3% of the respondents indicated that they live

in public compound, 22.1% live in 2 rooms apartment, and 15.0% live in self-

contained while 12.4% live in a flat. Also the result on whether they live alone

with parents/ guardians shows that 53.4% which are the majority indicated that,

they live alone, 19.8% live with parents while 26.7% live with guardian. 67.4% o

the respondents answered yes that they associate with the peer group while 32.5

answered no, 87.8% of the respondents indicated that there places where drug can

be brought in your community while 12.2% said no. the result on whether they ask

for prescription before selling to people shows that 67.4% of the respondents

revealed the do ask while 32.5% said No. the result on people sell the drugs hide

and sell to people 87.8% answered yes while 12.5% said No, 91.0% of the

respondents friends abuses the same types of drugs they abuse while 8.9 answered

no, also 88.0% abuse drugs while 11.9% answered No.

50
RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: how serious is drug abuse among youth in
Gwange?

Table 4.3: Respondents view on serious of drug abuse among youth in Gwange
(n=393)
Items Respondents Freq./% Total

How did you start taking Through friends 136 (34.6%) 393
drugs
Through peers 129 (32.8%) 100%
From parents 45 (11.4%)

Bad company 83 (21.1%)

What types of drugs do you Marijuana 107 (27.2%) 393

abuse
Alcohol 105 (26.7%) 100%
Cough syrup 125 (31.8%)

Other 56 (14.2%)

How long have you been Less than one year 54 (13.7%) 393
taking drugs
One to two years 180 (45.8%) 100%
Above two years 159 (40.4%)

How regularly do you use Once a day 89 (22.6%) 393

drug
Twice a day 110 (27.9%) 100%
Three times a day 98 (24.9%)

51
 More than three times a day 96 (24.4%)

The quantity you started is Yes 167 (42.4%) 393

still enough for you
No 226 (57.6%) 100%
If you did not take the drug Yes 56 (14.2%) 393
do you feel disturbed or
unhappy No 337 (85.7%) 100%
Do you use the drugs alone or Alone 165 (41.9%) 393
with your friends
With friends 228 (58.0%) 100%
Are there many people in Yes 239 (60.8%) 393
your area that use these drugs
No 154 (39.1%) 100%

Source: Field survey, 2019

The result of the above table shows that 34.6% of the respondent indicated that
they started learning drug abuse from their friends, 32.8% through peers,11.4%
through parents while 21.1% through bad company. Also 31.8% of the respondents
use cough syrup, 27.2% use marijuana, while 26.7% use alcohol. The result also
shows that 13.7% have been taken drugs less than a year, 40.4% have been taken
drugs for almost two years while 45.8% above two years. The result on the regular
intake of drug abuse shows that 22.6% take drugs once a day, 27.9% twice a day,
24.9% three times a day while 24.4% more than three times a day. 42.4% answered
yes that the quantity they started is still enough for them while 57.6% answered no.
14.2 % feel disturbed or unhappy if they didn’t take the drug while 85.7% said no,
the result also shows that 41.9% take the drug alone while 58.0% with friends,
60.8% answered yes that there is people in their area uses drugs while 39.1%
answered no.

52
RESEARCH QUESTION THREE: What are the prevailing socio-economic
conditions of youth in Gwange?
Table 4.4 Research view on prevailing socio-economic condition of youth in
Gwange (n=393)
Items Respondents Freq./% Total

Are you employed Yes 118 (30.0) 393

No 275 (70.0%) 100%

What is your Source of Free gift from people 87 (22.1%) 393

income (monthly)
I do small jobs 43 (10.9%) 100%

No source of income 65 (16.5%)

support from family 198 (50.3%)

How much do you make Less than 5,000 165 (42.0%) 393
(earn) in a month
5000-10,000 87 (22.2%) 100%

11,000-15,000 65 (16.5%)

Above 15,000 76 (19.3%)

Do you still have enough Yes 109 (27.7%) 393

money after spending on
No 284 (72.3%) 100%
your drugs

Does spending on drugs Yes 287 (73.0%) 393

makes you suffer lack of
No 106 (27.0) 100%
money every month

Do you have urge to do Yes 265 (67.4%) 393

even bad things to get
No 128 (32.6%) 100%
money to buy drugs

Source: Field survey, 2019

53
 The result of the above table shows that 30.0% of the respondents are
employed while 70.0% are not employed. The result on source of income shows
that 22.1% collect free gift from people, 10.9%of the respondents do some small
jobs, 16.5% have no source of income while 50.3% got support from family&
siblings. The result on amount earn in a month, 41.9% earn less than 5000, 22.2%
earn 5000-10,000, 16.5% earn 11,000-15,000 while 19.3% above 15,000.
The table also revealed that the 72.3% of the respondent, they didn’t have enough
money after spending in drugs while 27.7% have. 73.0% suffer lack of money
every month while 27.0% did not suffer. Also 67.4% indicated that they have urge
to do even bad things to set money to buy drugs while 3 2.6% answered no.

54
 CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter involves discussion of findings made during the course of research
work based on the research questions. Nursing implication, summary, conclusion,
recommendation and suggestion for further study were highlighted.
5.1 DISCUSSION OF MEASURE FINDINGS
As stated earlier, the discussion of findings will be based on research
questions.
RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: What are the types of environment
that promote drug abuse among youth in Gwange community of Maiduguri
metropolis? Based on the data collected, presented and analyzed in the table 4.2 so
far, it was discovered that, the types environmental which promote drug abuse
among the youths of gwange community are: availability and accessibility to drugs
(87.8) which correspond to the findings of Mustapha (2004) and Hartman et al
(2006) which stated that “Accessibility to illicit drugs is generally applicable to
adolescents in their environment despite legislation that prohibits sales to minors,
they are able to acquire illicit drugs through direct purchase themselves, through
older friends and family members, or by stealing from parents and other adults
who abuse drugs”. Furthermore, association with peers group which represent
(67.4%) is a factor because adolescents’ life styles can be easily influenced by their
friends and close associates which correspond to the findings of Oriahi (2012),
Mustapha (2004) and Udoh (2007) which stated that “peer group pressure has an
immense influence on adolescents substance abuse”.
RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: how serious is drug abuse among
youth in Gwange community of Maiduguri metropolis? Based on the data
collected, presented and analyzed in the table 4.3 so far, this study revealed that
55
majority of youth 110 represent (27.9%) used drugs twice a day which correspond
to the findings of alude and okaza (2009) which found out that the youth used drug
mostly once in a week.
RESEARCH QUESTION THREE: What are the prevailing socio-
economic conditions of youth in Gwange? Based on the data collected, presented
and analyzed in the table 4.4 so far, it was discovered that, the prevailing
socioeconomic condition associated with drug abuse among the youths in gwange
community of Maiduguri metropolis are; support from the family (50.3%) which is
consistent to findings of Hartman et al (2006) which stated “Higher levels of
parental socioeconomic variables, such as education and social class, have often
been found to be directly related to drug abuse in adolescents” and Essien (2010)
also revealed that “certain pre-disposing factors such as sex, age, family
background, occupation of parent etc. contributes immensely to drug abuse among
the students” furthermore 275 which represent (70.0%) of the respondent are
unemployed, This is contrast to the findings of Mustapha (2004), Otieno and Avo
(2009) which stated that “drug abuse was found to be higher among students living
in low socioeconomic class as a result of unemployment” as that unemployment
can predispose one to drug abuse(Item 1, table 4.4).
5.2 Summary of the Major Findings
From the above findings based on the research questions
 Research findings revealed that the availability of drugs (87.8%),
association with peers (67.4%) promote drug abuse among youth
 Research revealed that 27.9% take drug twice a day
 Also research revealed that the prevailing socioeconomic conditions of the
youth engaged in drug are support from family (50.3%), unemployment
(70.0%)

56
5.3 Limitation of the Study
The data was collected through the use of questionnaire which response may be
likely to be bias, however, this reduced as much as possible by frame question that
will limit bias response.

5.4 Nursing Implication

The topic of this research work is timely and challenging to nursing, therefore, the
nurse has a role to play in reducing the factors associated with drug abuse among
the youths of gwange community of Maiduguri metropolis. However some of the
nursing responsibilities are as follows:
1. The nurse should ensure an effective collaboration with governmental and
non-governmental organization as their mobilizing targets to plan for mass
campaign and re-orientation on drug abuse.
2. Nursing should incorporate counseling services into other health service and
ensure the establishment and strengthening of drug free clubs in the society.
3. The nurse should educate parents and teacher on drug abuse so as to provide
guidance and counseling both at home and school.
4. The nurse should advise the federal and state ministry of education in
curriculum design and development on drugs abuse education in both public
and private schools.
5. The nurse should also advise the government in formulating and
strengthening the existing policies on drugs control in Nigeria.
5.5 Recommendations
On the basis of the findings of this research work, the following recommendations
were drawn:
 There should be an effective collaboration between governmental, non-
governmental, civil society groups, community based organization and
57
 religious organization as their mobilizing targets to plan for mass campaign
and re-orientation on drug abuse.
 There should be strict legislative measures against all offenders of drugs
related crimes and strict compliance to the control drugs act.
 Government should ban the advertisement of all illicit drugs on the media,
including cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, coup syrups and diazepam.
 There should be proper parental care and supervision by observing their
children and who their children’s peer is for fear of influence.
 Government should imbibe the services of counselors both at home and
school to deal with psychological problems.
 Manufacturing companies should as a matter of urgency include warning
signs of misuse of abuse drugs this will sound as a caution to any person
who may want to take it for any other reasons.
5.6 Suggestion for Further Study
The research work was carried out on “Assessment of Influence of
Environment and Socioeconomic Factor of Drug Abuse among Youth in Gwange
Community of Maiduguri Metropolis” The researcher suggests that further
research work should be carried out on prevention of drug abuse in Gwange
Community of Maiduguri Metropolis.
Since the research work was restricted to Gwange Community only, it is suggested
that another research work should be carried out elsewhere in order to identify the
relationship of the findings

58
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62
 QUESTIONNAIRE

University of Maiduguri,
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
Department of Nursing Science,
P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri,
Borno State

Dear Respondent,

I am a final year student of University of Maiduguri conducting a research on the topic:

“Assessment of Influence of Environment and Socio-economic factors of Drug Abuse among
Youth in Gwange Community of Maiduguri Metropolis”.

The purpose of this questionnaire is to help me obtain accurate record, I will therefore, be
grateful for your candid appraisal of the forms. Any additional suggestion, observation and
criticism offer will also be appreciated.

Thank you for taking the time and effort to complete this questionnaires, Information given will
be treated with strict confidence, so kindly provide the required information necessary or tick
[ √ ] where provided.

Yours faithfully

63
 Habiba Y. Usman

INSTRUCTION: Please tick (√) the appropriate answers that suit you from the question below:

SECTION A: BIO-DATA
1. Sex
a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )
2. Age of Respondents
a. 12-16 ( ) b. 17-21 ( ) c. 22- 26 ( ) d. 27-32 ( )
3. Religion
a. Islam: ( ) b. Christianity ( ) c. Other specify ( )
4. Marital Status
a. Married ( ) b. Single ( ) c. Divorce ( )
5. Level of education
a. Primary ( ) b. Secondary ( ) c. Tertiary ( ) d. No formal education ( )

SECTION B: TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT THAT PROMOTE DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTH IN

GWANGE

6. What types of house do you live in?

a. Public compound ( ) b. 2- room apartment ( ) c. Self contain ( ) d. Flat ( )
7. Do you live alone or with your parent/guardian?
a. Alone ( ) b. With parent ( ) c. With guardian ( )
8. Do you associate with your peers (age group) in this community?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
9. Are there places where drug can be brought in your community?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
10. Do they ask for prescription before selling to people?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
11. Do some of your friend’s abuse drugs the same or different type of drug as you?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

64
SECTION C: HOW SERIOUS IS DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTH IN GWANGE

12. How did you start taking drugs?

a. Through friends ( ) b. Through peers ( ) c. From my parents ( )
d. Bad company ( )
13. What types of drugs do you abuse?
a. Cocaine ( ) b. Codeine ( ) c. Alcohol ( ) d. Marijuana ( )
14. How long have you been taking drugs?
a. Less than one year ( ) b. One to two years ( ) c. Above 2 years ( )
15. How regularly do you use the drug?
a. Once a day ( ) b. Twice a day ( ) c. Three times a day ( )
d. More three times a day ( )
16. The quantity you started with is it stills enough for you?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
17. Are there many people in your area that use these drugs?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

SECTION D: PREVAILING SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITION OF YOUTHS ENGAGED IN DRUG

ABUSE IN GWANGE

18. Are you employed?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
19. What is your source of income (monthly)?
a. Free gift from people ( ) b. I do small jobs ( ) c. No source of income ( )
d. Regular support from my family/ siblings ( )
20. How much do you make (earn) in a month?
a. Less than # 5,000 ( ) b. # 5,000 - # 10,000 ( ) c. # 11,000 - # 15,000 ( )
d. Above # 15,000 ( )
21. Do you still have enough money after spending in your drugs?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
22. Does spending on drugs make you suffer lack of money every month?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
23. Do you have urge to do even bad things to set money to buy drugs?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

65