MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by the candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance
(Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, the examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model
answers.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of the examiner of relevant
answers based on the candidate's understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on an
equivalent concept.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme
1 Answer any SIX of the following 30 M
1 a)
Write biological source and chemical constituents and uses of Belladona and
Ephedra.( 1 Mark for B.S of each drug, ½ Mark for Chemical Constituents each
drugs and 1Mark for any two uses of each drug)

Belladona
2½ M
Biological Source- It consists of dried leaves & other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna
or Atropa acuminate belonging to the family Solanaceae.

Chemical constituents
1.Tropane alkaloid- Atropine( Hyoscyamine) & Scopolamine( Hyoscine).
2.Also contains apoatropine, aspargine & cholin, pyridine, N-methyl pyrroline
3.Florescence substance β-methyl aesculatin (scopoletin) gives blue fluorescence with
alcoholic ammonia
4.Calcium oxalate

Uses (any two)

1.Decrease sweat gland secretion- Antiperspirant
2.Decrease salivary & gastric secretion
3.Antispasmodic in case of intestinal gripping.
4.Bronchial muscle relaxant, used in asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough.
5.In ulcer
6.Mydriatic (means- dilation of the pupil of the eye)
7.CNS Depressant
8.Used in motion sickness.
9.Antidote in opium & chloral hydrate poisoning.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ephedra
2½ M
Biological source. : It consists of dried young stems of Ephedra gerardiana and Ephedra
nebrodensis belonging to the family Genetaceae or Ephedraceae.

Chemical constituents
1.Contains about 1-1.5% Phenyl ethyl amine type of alkaloid- Ephedrine( 30-90%)
2.Other alkaloids are : pseudo ephedrine,L- methyl ephedrine, Dimethyl ephedrine
Norephedrine

USES ( any two)

1.Ephedrine is Sympathomimetic Drug used as bronchodilator
2.It is used for relief of asthma, rhinitis ,whooping cough and hay fever
3.CNS Stimulant
4.Due to Vasoconstriction shows rise in B.P.
5..Mydriasis.
1 b) Explain pharmacological system of classification of crude drugs with merits and
demerits. (2Marks for description, 1 ½Marks for Merits and 1½ Marks for
Demerits)

Under this system of classification, the crude drugs are classified according to
2M
Pharmacological action of their chief chemical constituents. Thus the crude drugs
showing similar pharmacological action are put together regardless of their morphology,
biological behaviour and chemical nature.
Examples –
Carminatives – Coriander ,Fennel, Cinnamon ,Clove etc
Purgatives –Senna ,Rhubarb,Aloe etc
Cardiotonics –Digitalis ,Arjuna
Astringents – Black and pale catechu
Antihypertensive –Rauwolfia
Anti-tumor –Vinca

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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Antirheumatics- Colchicum, Guggul

Merits: 1½M
1)The main advantage of this method is that even if the chemical constituents of the
crude drugs are not known, they can be classified properly on the basis of therapeutic or
pharmacological property.
2) The medicinal uses of crude drugs are known by this method.
3) Combination of drugs can be used to improve its action.

Demerits:
1) Crude drugs used as pharmaceutical aids cannot be classified by this method.
1½M
2) Drugs which are dissimilar in their action of mechanism, even though their therapeutic
effects are the same are put together.
3)It does not show chemical constituents or morphology of drugs.
4. Some drugs show more than one pharmacological action that is difficult to put in any
category.
1 c) Which parameters are considered for the evaluation of crude drug. Write any four
methods or adulterations and substitutions. (1Mark for Parameters, 4Marks for any
four Methods,)
Parameters: 1M
Confirmation of identity, purity and quality are the three parameters used in drug
evaluation. Such an evaluation can be done by examining characteristics under the
Organoleptic evaluation, Microscopic evaluation, Physical evaluation , Chemical
evaluation and Biological evaluation.

Methods of Adulteration :(Any Four) 4M

1. Replacement by exhausted drugs
Ex. a).Exhausted saffron is coloured artificially
b)Exhausted Ginger is mixed with starch & coloured.
2.Substitution with superficially similar but inferior drugs

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.a). Adulteration of cloves by mother cloves.

b). Saffron with dried flower of carthamus tinctorius.
3.Substitution by artificially manufactured substituent
Ex.a) Paraffin wax is tinged yellow & substituted for yellow beeswax.
b). Artificial invert sugar is mixed with honey.
4.Substitution by sub- standard commercial varieties
Ex. a) capsicum frutescens ( capsicum minimum), substituted by capsicum annum.
b) Alexandrian senna with Arabian senna.
c) Strychnos nux-vomica adulterated with Strychnos nux-blanda/ S. potatorum seeds.
5. Presence of organic matter obtained from the same plant
Ex .a) cloves are mixed with clove stalks.
b) Caraway & Anethum fruits are mixed with other parts of inflorescence
6.Synthetic chemical
Ex. a) Benzyl benzoate to the balsam of peru.
b) Citral to oil of lemon grass.
c) Camphor oil and eucalyptus oil in the oil of rosemary.
7.Waste from market
Ex .a) Limestone in asafoetida.
b) Pieces of amber coloured glass in colophony.
c) White oil in oil of Coconut.
d) Stearin or paraffin in cocoa butter.

1 d) Define alkaloids and volatile oil. Explain the test which performed for the
identification of anthraquinone glycosides and tropane alkaloids.
( 1Mark for each Definition, 1½ Marks for Anthraquinone glycoside test, 1½ Marks
for tropane alkaloid test)

Alkaloids: Alkaloids are basic, nitrogenous, organic compounds or products of plant

1M
origin having marked physiological action when it is administered by oral route in
small doses.

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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1M
Volatile oils: Volatile oils are odorous and colourless principles of plants and animal
sources which get evaporated when exposed to air.

Identification Test:
1½ M
Tropane alkaloid : Vitali –Morin test :

The tropane alkaloid is treated with fuming nitric acid, followed by evaporation to
dryness and to the residue methanolic potassium hydroxide solution is added .It gives a
bright purple (violet) colouration that changes to red and finally fades to colourless
indicating the presence of tropane alkaloids.

Anthraquinone glycoside
1½ M
Borntrager’s test: Boil the powdered leaves with dilute sulphuric acid. Filter
immediately,separate the filtrate and cool. Mix the filtrate with a double volume of
organic solvents like benzene, chloroform or carbon tetrachloride. Shake it well and
separate the organic solvent layer. To the layer of organic solvent add an equal quantity
of dilute ammonia. The ammoniacal layer becomes pink and finally red indicating the
presence of anthraquinone derivatives.

Significance: Borntrager’s test is mainly used to identify anthraquinones derivatives

present in Senna .

OR

Modified Borntrager’s test : To 0.1g of drug add 2ml 5% solution of ferric chloride and
2ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes, cool and shake
gently with benzene. Separate benzene layer and add equal volume of dilute ammonia. A
pinkish red colour is produced with all varieties of aloes.

Significance: Modified Borntrager’s test is mainly used to identify C – glycoside in

Aloe.
1 e) Define Oxytocics. Explain Ergot life cycle with a diagram.( 1Mark for Definition,

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2Marks for explanation & 2Marks for diagram)

Oxytocics: These are the drugs which have stimulant effect on the motility of the 1M
uterus.
OR
An agent that causes expulsion of the contents of the uterus by contracting the uterine
smooth muscles.
Ergot life cycle with a diagram 2M
The stages of life cycle of Ergot can be described as-
(i) Overwintering stage.
(ii) Stage of sexual reproduction, and
(iii) Stage of asexual reproduction

The sclerotia are produced in the late summer. They fall on the ground in autumn. When
the favourable conditions for the germination are available, these sclerotium germinate in
the spring to produce small purple coloured stalks which on further growth form a
flattened spherical stromatic head at the top. The head of the stroma contains several
perithecia. Each perithecium contains several elongated asci. Each ascus contains eight
thread like ascopores. The ascopores come out of the perithecium and get dispersed by
the air current. The dispersal of ascopores takes place at the time of flowering of the rye
plant which is the host. The ascopores become entangled with the feathery stigmas of the
host and produce mycelia which penetrate through the ovary. The mycelia give rise to
conidia ,produced from the surface of the ovary. The honeydew is sweet in taste and
attracts insects. Along with honey dew, conidia are carried from one place to another by
insects.The stage is either known as the honey dew stage or sphacelia stage.

In the second stage, hyphae penetrate deeply into the ovary and develop into a mass
covering the entire ovary which results in the formation of elongated sclerotium. This
stage is known as scerotium stage. Sclerotium develops further, attains the maximum size
and falls on the ground along with the seeds of the host.
Diagram:

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2M

1 f) Explain basic principles involved in Ayurvedic and Homeopathic system of

medicine (2½Marks for each principle)
Ayurvedic System of medicines: 2½ M
Principle:
Ayurveda is based on following Three fundamentals principles:-
(1) Panchmahabhuta:- 5 elements- Mahabhutas:-
i).Pruthvi (Earth),
ii).Apa (Water),
iii)Teja (Fire),
iv)Vayu (Air),

Page No. 8/22

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

v)Akash (Void/space)
Every substance- Made of 5 Elements- each possesses its own characteristic, property,
effect, etc.Body takes these elements from nature and again releases it.Imbalance causes
unhealthy conditions.
(2) Tridosha Theory:
Basic factors- Vata, Pitta, Kapha.
i).Vata(space+air)
ii).Pitta(energy+liquid)
iii).Kapha(solid+liquid)
The seven forms of Tridosha are called ‘SAPTADHATU’. These saptadhatu
undergo wear and tear processes and form excretory material or mala.
When these tri dosh ,saptadhatu and mala are in balanced form ,the condition is healthy.
But if it is in imbalanced form there are pathological disorders.
(3) Guna, Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, Prabhava.
The five important pharmacological principles of Dravya or drug substance are-
Guna- Quality
Rasa- Therapeutically active agent
Virya- Active principle by which potency is characterized.
Vipaka- End product of digestion.
Prabhava- Actual therapeutic activity.
These are 5 important principles of drug. These are called as Phanchsheel- 5 pillars of
ayurvedic therapeutics which covers entire range of diseases.

Homeopathic system of medicines: 2½ M

Principle:
Homeopathic medicine system works on the principle of “ Similia Similibus Curentur” –
It means that like diseases are cured by like medicine. ( Means ‘Likes are cured by
likes’). Drugs produce similar symptoms as the disease ( in healthy human beings) are
administered.
Fundamental principles of Homeopathy: ( Any of the following five points)

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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.Law of Simillia: Drug used in the disease (if given to a healthy person) which produces
similar symptoms in a healthy person as found in the diseases. Thus the symptoms of the
disease are to be matched with the pathogenesis caused by the drug.
2.Individualization- No two individuals are alike in the world. Two individuals
suffering from the same disease show different responses hence medicine should be
different.
.3.Law of Simplex:-single and simple medicine are prescribed at a time. (Combination is
not allowed)
4.Law of minimum dose:- Drugs are administered in minimum quantity to prevent any
hypersensitivity. Also, chances of adverse effects are reduced or avoided if minute
dosage is used.
5.Drug proving:- Curative power of a drug is judged by its ability to produce disease-
like symptoms in a healthy individual. Thus, exhibition of disease-like symptoms in an
healthy individual by the drug proves its curative power.
6.Drug dynamization or Potentialization – Potency of drugs can be enhanced by
dilution. Dilution removes the unwanted toxic principles of drugs. Hence no adverse
effects ( but dynamically more effective)
7.Vital force- Disease: disharmonious flow of the vital force.
Treatment: restore disordered vital force to normal.
Disease and health are two different quantitative states of this vital force.
1 g) Define laxatives. Write chemical tests of i) Turmeric ii) Asafoetida
(1Mark for Definition, 2Marks for each chemical test)
Laxatives: Drugs that loosen the bowels 1M
OR
The drugs producing, increasing and hastening intestinal evacuation.
OR
The drugs which promote defecation.

Chemical test for Asafoetida.( Any two) 2M

i) When triturated with water, it forms yellowish orange emulsion.

Page No. 10/22

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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii) On fractured surface of drug add sulphuric acid, red or reddish brown colour is
observed.
iii) Drug when treated with 50% nitric acid gives green colour.
iv) Combined umbeliferone test - Triturate about 0.5 gm of drug with sand and 5 ml
hydrochloric acid. To it add little quantity of water, filter. To the filtrate add equal
volume of ammonia. A blue fluorescence is produced due to presence of umbeliferone.

Chemical test for Turmeric. ( Any two) 2M

1. Powdered drug with sulphuric acid gives crimson colour.
2. The aqueous solution of turmeric with boric acid gives reddish colour which on
addition of alkali changes to greenish blue.
3. With acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid, it gives violet colour, When
this test is observed under U.V. light, red fluorescence is seen.
4. Prepare a tincture of turmeric and impregnate a filter paper with it. Treat the
impregnate paper with borax solution, a green colour is produced.
5. Take powdered turmeric in a test tube or on slide and add a solution of sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, the powder gives red to violet colour.
2 Answer any TEN of the following 30 M
2 a) Define Pharmacognosy. Write the name of a scientist who described the method of
extraction. Also explain galenical pharmacy.(1Mark for definition, 1Mark for name
of scientist and 1Mark for Galenical pharmacy)

Definition: Pharmacognosy is defined as the scientific and systematic study of structural, 1M

physical and biological characters of crude drugs along with their history, method of
cultivation , collection and preparation for the market.
Scientist: Galen described the methods of extraction. 1M

Galenical Pharmacy: 1M
Galen was Greek pharmacist; he worked on extraction of chemical constituent from the
plants. He developed various methods of extraction therefore the branch of pharmacy

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

which deals with extraction of chemical constituent from plants & animals is called as
galenical Pharmacy

b) Define herbal Formulations. Write two examples of herbal solid dosage forms. Give
therapeutic applications of Garlic.(1Mark for definition, 1Mark for any two
examples and 1Mark for any two therapeutic applications )

Definition: Herbal formulation means a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs or 1M
medicinal plants or processed herbs in a specified quantities to provide specific
nutritional, cosmetic benefits and/or other benefits meant for use to diagnose,treat and
mitigate diseases of human beings or animals and/or alter the physiological function of
human beings or animals.

Examples of herbal solid dosage forms: (Any Two) 1M

i) Herbal tea
ii) Herbal powder
iii) Herbal granules
iv) Pills
v) Herbal Tablets
vi) Capsules
vii) Lozenges

Therapeutic applications of Garlic: (Any Two) 1M

1. aphrodisiac,
2. antispasmodic,
3. expectorant
4. anthelmintic
5. rubefacient
6. It decreases cholesterol level & used in hypertension & atherosclerosis

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MODEL ANSWER
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The Allicin & Alliin are potent antibacterial ingredients against gram +ve &
gram-ve bacteria.
8. Garlic has been reported to reduce the risk of colon cancer and lung carcinoma.

c) Explain and write the significance of Ash value and extractive value.( 1½Marks for
explanation and significance of each)
Ash value: The residue remaining after incineration is the ash content of the drug.It can
be calculated as Total Ash value,Acid insoluble ash value,Water soluble ash value and 1½ M
Sulphated ash value

Significance of ash value: Ash content simply represents the inorganic salts naturally
occurring in drug or adhering to drug or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration.
Therefore it is a criterion to judge the identity or purity of crude drugs.

Extractive value: Extractive values which are determined by exhausting the crude drugs 1½ M
with different solvents are indicative of total soluble constituents of the drug in that
particular solvent. It can be determined as Water soluble extractives,Alcohol soluble
extractives,Alcohol insoluble extractives and Ether soluble extractives.
Significance of Extractive value: It is used to assess quality, purity and to detect
adulteration.
d) Define surgical dressings, State the Ideal requirements of surgical dressings (1Mark
for definition, 2Mark for any four ideal requirements)
Definition of Surgical dressings:
Surgical dressing term is utilized to incorporate all structures whether used alone or in 1M
conjunction with others to cover a wound.
OR
Surgical dressings are the materials used for covering the wounds or injuries and to be
applied singly or in combination.
Ideal requirements of surgical dressings : (Any four) 2M
i) They should be sterilized before use.
ii) They should be stored in a dry well- ventilated place at a temp. not exceeding 25OC.

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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
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iii) They should be used with permitted antiseptics in prescribed concentration only.
iv) They should not be dyed unless mentioned in the monograph.
v) Adhesive products should not be allowed to freeze.
vi) There should not be any loose threads, fibre-ends in dressings. .
e) State the therapeutic applications of Ipecac, Artemisia and Ephedra.(1Mark for any
two therapeutic application of each drug)
Therapeutic applications of Ipecac: (Any Two) 1M
1. Emetine is used in treatment of amoebic dysentery.
2. Emetic,
3. In small doses used as expectorant

Therapeutic applications of Artemisia: (Any Two) 1M

1. Artemisinin shows antimalarial effects by its rapid blood schizonticidal activity.
2. Artemisinin is the most potent drug for treating cerebral malaria.
3. Artemisinin has shown Anti- HIV activity.
4. Artemisinic acid is used as an antibacterial , anti-inflammatory.

Therapeutic applications of Ephedra: (Any Two) 1M

1. Ephedrine is a Sympathomimetic
2. Drug used as bronchodilator,
3. CNS Stimulant.
4. Due to Vasoconstriction shows rise in B.P.
f) Write uses of Spirulina and prebiotics.(1½Mark for any three uses for each)
Uses of Spirulina: ( Any Three) 1½ M
1. Immunostimulant activity
2. Used in treatment and management of HIV and other viral infections such as
Herpes, Influenza, mumps and measles virus.
3. It stimulates the activity of spleen, and bone marrow stem cells.
4. Antioxidant, due to presence of enzymes superoxide dismutase so used in
treatment of atherosclerosis, arthritis, cataract, diabetes and ageing process.
5. Gamma linolenic acid of spirulina helps to reduce cholesterol levels. It has

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

appetite suppressing activity.

Uses of Prebiotics: (Any Three)
1. Health benefits include improved calcium absorption, decreases in allergy risk, 1½ M
improved immune system defense and other positive effects on metabolism.
2. Used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
3. Neutralises the toxins.
4. Prebiotics stimulate the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut, which in turn
reduce colonial luminal pH.
5. A healthy microbiome is also associated with improved mucosal barrier
integrity,and protecting the gut lining from damage and increased permeability.

g) Differentiate between:(1½Marks for any three differentiate points for each)

i) Antiseptics and Disinfectants with examples. (Any Three )

Sr. Antiseptics Disinfectants

1½ M
No.

1 An antiseptic is a substance that Disinfectant is the substance which

stops or slows down the growth kills microbes & their spores.
of microorganisms on the
external surfaces of the body and
helps to prevent the infections

2 Can be applied on living tissues Can be applied on non- living

or on wounds. surfaces.

3 Used to prevent sepsis Used to clean non- living surfaces &

sterilize glass apparatus, drainage
systems.

4 Are not as strong as disinfectant Disinfectants are stronger & more

toxic than antiseptics.

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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 Ex. Neem, Turmeric, Benzoin Ex. Formaldehyde, Alcohol, phenol

ii) Organised and Unorganised crude drugs with examples.(Any Three)

Sr.No Organized crude drug Unorganized crude drug

1 It is obtained from definite It is obtained from plants or animals by

anatomic parts of the plants such as means of physical process such as
1½ M
flowers, leaves, fruits etc. drying, incision, extraction such as
juices, resins.

2 It is made up of definite tissue It does not have cellular structure

and cells.

3 It is solid in nature It is solid, semi-solid and liquid in

nature.

4 Microscopical characters are used Chemical tests and physical standards

for identification. are used for identification.

5 Botanical and zoological Botanical and zoological terminology is

terminology can be used inadequate. To describe these drugs,
to describe the drug physical characters such as solubility,
optical rotation, refractive index are
used.

6 Ex. Coriander , fennel, datura, etc Ex.Aloe , bees wax, tragacanth,

asafoetida etc.

h) Define nutraceuticals and antioxidants. Also give their therapeutic applications.

(½ Mark for each definition , 1Mark for therapeutic applications of each)
Definition of Nutraceuticals: ½M
Nutraceuticals is defined as a substance which can be considered as food or part of food
which in addition to its normal nutritive value provides health benefits including

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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

prevention and treatment of disease.

Therapeutic applications: (Any Two) 1M
1. Nutraceuticals provide several therapeutic benefits such as anti- arthritic, cold and
cough, sleeping disorders,and digestion.
2. Nutraceuticals are used to prevent certain cancers.
3. They are used in osteoporosis, blood pressure, cholesterol control, pain killers,
depression and diabetes.
4. Nutraceuticals are also used in the management of diverse clinical conditions
such as Allergy,Eye infection,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinsonism,Cardiovascular
diseases,diabetes, etc.
5. Nutraceuticals are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Definition of Antioxidants:
Antioxidants or inhibitors of oxidation are compounds which retard or prevent the
oxidation in general and prolong the life of the oxidisable matter. ½M
Therapeutic applications: ( Any Two)
1. Antioxidants are substances that may protect cells from the damage caused by
unstable molecules known as free radicals. 1M
2. They prevent heart and liver diseases, some cancers, arthritis, accelerated aging,
eye sight deterioration and neurodegenerative diseases.
3. Beta- carotene and vitamins are shown to cause antioxidant effects and immune
enhancement.
4. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a major radical trapper in lipid membranes and is
found clinically useful in cardiac damage and carcinogenicity.
i) Define medicinal and aromatic plants. State the role of medicinal and aromatic
plants in the national economy.(½ Mark for each definition and 2 Marks for role of
MAPs in the national economy)
Definition:
Medicinal plants: are those plants that have a recognized medicinal value. ½M
OR

Page No. 17/22

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MODEL ANSWER
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Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Medicinal plants can be defined as the plants that possess therapeutic properties or
exert beneficial pharmacological effect on the human
Aromatic plants: are those that contain aromatic compounds basically essential oils ½M
Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in the national economy:
1) Medicinal and aromatic plants form a numerically large group of economically 2M
important plants which provide basic raw materials for medicines, perfumes,
flavours and cosmetics.
2) A recent study indicates that the herbal drug market continues to grow at the rate
of 15% annually.
3) Several hundred genera are used in herbal remedies and in traditional or folklore
medicines throughout the world.
4) The World Health Organisation(WHO) estimated that 80% of the population of
developing countries rely on herbal medicines for their treatment.
5) Medicinal and aromatic plants and their products not only serve as a valuable
source of income for small land holder farmers and entrepreneurs but also earn
valuable foreign exchange by way of export.
6) Medicinal and aromatic plants are a good resource to develop new medicines and
treat the body and mind which is known as naturopathy. They are useful for
improving health and life.
7) Many synthetic medicines are based on plant extracts, which are used to create
new modern medicines.
j) Write the method of preparation of Arishta and Gutika.(1½Marks for each )
Method of preparation of Arishta
Decoction is prepared from coarsely powdered drugs as per the formula
Strained decoction is placed in a fermenting vessel and a weighted quantity of 1½ M
sugar, jaggery or honey is dissolved, heated and added.Prakshepa dravyas are
added. Then Dhataki- pushpa (Dhayati-flowers), if mentioned in the formula, are
then added. The opening of the vessel is then closed with lid & Sealed with clay
smeared cloth with 7 consecutive layers.
After a specified period, the contents are examined to ensure the fermentation

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

( Sadhana) is complete.
Finally, the fluid is decanted and strained after 2-3 days and then bottled.
Method of preparation of Gutika:
Drugs of Plant origin are dried & made into fine powders separately. 1½ M
The Minerals are Made into bhasmas or sinduras, unless otherwise mentioned.
Where Parada
(Mercury) & gandhaka (Sulphur) are mentioned. Kajjali is made first with other
drugs added one by one according to the formula.
They are Put into Khalva (Mortar) & ground to soft Paste with the prescribed
fluids.When the mass is Properly ground & is in a condition to be made into pills
Sugandh dravyas are added & ground again.
The Final pill mass should not stick to the fingers when rolled.
Pills may be dried in shade or in the sun.
When Sugar/ jaggery is mentioned is mixed when still warm and & dried in
shade.
k) Write biological source and uses of lavender oil and sandalwood oil.(½ Mark for
biological source and 1 Mark for two important uses of each drug)
Biological Source of Lavender oil: ½M
It consist of essential oil obtained by distillation of the flower spikes of Lavandula
angustifolia and Lavandula officinalis belonging to the family Labiatae
Uses of Lavender oil: ( Any two)
1. It has antiseptic and anti- inflammatory properties, thus can be used as anti- acne 1M
agent, thus beneficial for healing burns as well as the scars caused by them.
2. It promotes hair growth and treats various hair problems like hair loss, itchy
scalp, dandruff, and prevents greying of hair.
3. Prevents wrinkles around the eyes.
4. Reduces stretch marks
5. Lavender aromatherapy has been utilized to increase mental capacity and
diminish fatigue,to improve mood and perceived levels of anxiety.
6. Oil is used in making soaps, face washes and body lotions.

Page No. 19/22

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Biological source of Sandalwood oil:

It consists of volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of heartwood of plant Santalum ½M
album belonging to the family Santalaceae.
Uses of Sandalwood oil:(Any two)
(i)It removes scars, blemishes, thus useful to get clean bright and flawless skin. 1M
(ii)It is a common ingredient in face packs and cosmetic cream.
(iii)Due to its potent antimicrobial property, it is useful in acne infection as well as in
itchy skin.
(iv)The antioxidant action of oil produces beneficial effect in skin ageing and wrinkles
(v)In hair care cosmetics, it is being used to control dandruff and cure itchy scalp.
(vi)It is a common fixative agent for most of the perfumes and deodorants.

3 Answer ALL Questions of the following 20M

a) Name the fibre which contains Keratin. 1M
Ans: Wool.

b) Name the drug called as banda soap 1M

Ans: Nutmeg

c) Write the name or drug having the synonym bishop's weed. 1M

Ans: Ajowan

d) Name the drug which contain shogaol. 1M

Ans: Ginger

e) Which drug is used in treatment of Rheumatism. 1M

Ans: Colchicum seed OR Guggul

f) Name the drug which contain Reserpine 1M

Ans: Rauwolfia

g) Write the name of drug having synonym puncture vine 1M

Ans: Gokhru

Page No. 20/22

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

h) Give one example of Probiotics 1M

Ans:Yogurt , kombucha, sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, certain breads and some cheeses
(Any one)

i) In case of vasaka and Clove which part of the plant is used as a drug. ½ M
Ans: Vasaka: dried as well as fresh leaves each
Clove : dried flower buds.

j) ½M
Write two main constituents of Guggul.
each
Ans: Z-Guggulsterone and E-Guggulsterone, Guggulsterol-I,II,III,
Myrcene,Dimyrcene,Polymyrcene,Caryophyllene.(Any Two)

k) Write two cosmetic uses of olive oil. ½M

Ans: Cosmetic Uses: (Any Two) each,
1)The presence of phytosterols and triterpenic compounds in olive oil confers lenitive
and revitalizing properties for dry and wrinkled skin.
2)The antioxidant action of vitamin E and A prevents skin irritation from aging and
maintains the soft smooth and natural elasticity of the skin.
3)It also has hair strengthening properties.
4) It has emollient, moisturizing and skin softening property, thus important components
of hand lotion, lip balms, shampoo and oil for bath massage.
l) 1M
Name the drug which contain alillin

Ans: Garlic
m) 1M
Name the drug belonging to combretaceae family

Ans: Arjuna OR Myrobalan

n) Name the drug for which thalloquin test is performed 1M

Ans: Cinchona
o) 1M
Write one commercial preparation of aloe vera gel.

Ans: Nyle Natural Clean and Shine shampoo OR Dabur Vatika Aloe vera Hair Oil
OR Aloe moisturizing Hand cream,etc..(Any other commercial preparation can be
considered)

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 22 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACOGNOSY Subject Code: 20113
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

p) 1M
Name the drug for which Keller killani test is performed.

Ans:Digitalis
q) ½ M
Write two main constituents of rosemary oil.
each
Ans: Main constituents of rosemary oil: (Any two)

Monocyclic and bicyclic terpenoids such as alpha-pinene,borneol,camphor,bornyl

acetate,camphene,1,8-cineol and limonene.

The plant contains various antioxidant polyphenols,mainly phenolic diterpenoids such as

carnosic acid,carnosol and rosmarinic acid.

r) Name the phytoconstituents for which Libbermann burchard test is performed ½ M

each
Ans: Steroids and Terpenoids
s) 1M
Give one example of modern herbal formulation.

Ans: Phytosomes,Liposome, Nanoparticle, Ethosomes, Microemulsions,

Implants,Micropellets (Any one of these examples )
t) 1M
Enffleurage method is use for the isolation of which phytochemicals.

Ans: Volatile oil.

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