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INDEX
SL.
NO.
CONTENTS PAGE REMARKS
NO.
|Abstract
ntroduction
Housing shortage statIStICS
Traditional construction methodss
Low cost construction technologies
MATERIALS
I. characteristics
2. materials
1. hollow bricks
2. load bearing wall
3. precast beams and slabs
*. precast stairs

Construction process
Cost effectiveness of using low cost 17
housing technologies
14 Advantages And Disadvantages 9

15 Conclusion
16 References

SEMIS
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ABSTRACT

for all people is one of the pressing challenges faced by

Adequate shelter
the developing countries. India is currently facing a shortage of about

house particularly for low-

17.6 million houses, The dream of owning a

income and middle-income families is becoming a difficult reality. Hence,

adopt cost effective, innovative and

it has become a necessity to

for the construction of houses

environment-friendly housing technologies
the people to construct houses at
and buildings for enabling common

for the traditional

affordable cost. This paper compares construction cost

and low cost housing technologies. Case studies

in India are used for the

Construction methods of foundation, walling, roofing and

investigation.
lintel are compared. Strength and durability of the structure, stability.

safety and mental satistaction are factors that assume top priority during
of the
cost reduction. It is found that about 26.11% and 22.68%
in
construction cost can be saved by using low cost housing technologics
in the case studies
comparison with the traditional construction methods

This proves that using low cost

for walling and roofing respectively.
is effective construction approach for the
housing technologies a cost

industry.
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INTRODUCTION:
Low cost housing can be considered affordable for low- and moderate-

income earmers if household can acquire a housing unit (owned or rented)

for an amount up to 30 percent of its household income. In developing

countries such as India, only 20% of the population are high-income
earners, who are able to afford normal housing units. The low-income

groups in developing countries are generally unable to access the housing

market. Cost effective housing is a relative concept and has more to do
with budgeting and seeks to reduce construction cost through better
management, appropriate use of local materials, skills and technology but

without sacrificing the performance and structure life. It should be noted

that low cost housings are not houses which constructed by cheap building
materials of substandard quality. A low cost house is designed and
constructed as any other house with regard to foundation, structure and
strength. The reduction in cost is achieved through effective utilization of

locally available building materials and techniques that are durable,

economical, accepted by users and not requiring costly maintenance.

Economy is also achieved by postponing finishing and implementing low

cost housing technologies in phases. High efficiency of workers, minimize

waste in design and apply good management practices, can also be

achieved.

Low cost housing technologies aim to cut down construction cost by using

alternatives to the conventional methods and inputs. It is about the usage

of local and indigenous building materials, local skills, energy saver and

environment-friendly options.
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HOUSING SCENARIO IN INDIA:

India is a
populous country where approximately 70% of the people
reside in rural These
areas.
people are migrating to urban settlements in
search of jobs and better living standards. The exhibit I below shows the
state-wise and category-wise housing shortage in India. It can be scen that
99% of the housing requirement is in the Economically Weaker Section

(EWS) and the Low Income Housing (LIG) space

Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage:

About nincteen million (18.78 million) households grapple with housing

shortage in Urban India (2012) as per the estimate of the Technical Group
on Urban Housing Shortage. The estimate is based on Census & NSS

65 Round results on Housing conditions and Urban Slums with usual

inputs like obsolescence factor, congestion factor & homeless households.

ouseholds in

Hounehols ivine Urban Housing Shortage 2012 homelecs

irine
new houses

dousehokds Mving
Non sericeable

ouLeholds living
obsolescen
.27
12%
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Distribution of Housing shortage state wise:

the fact that the in housing is significant in lower

Taking into account shortage
income group. for 2012. TG-12 distributed the shortage on the basis of State's

contribution to the total. on the basis of average of total number of houscholds

below poverty line in urban arcas & households with katcha houses in urban

arcas, In the past national level housing shortage was distributed among thee

states in proportion to number of urban households.

Distribution of Housing shortage across major States

3.00

250
2.00
150
1.00

050
0.00

i
Housing shortage across Economic categories:

Three fourths of the shortage is in the EWS (Economically Weaker Section-

incone up to Rs S000 per month) category and another quarner of the shortage
is in LIG (Lower Income Group- Income between Rs 5001- 10.000 per month)

catcgory. In the latter, a significant proportion of shortage is on account of

congestion in living conditions.

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Category Distribution of Housing Shortage among differert Economic

s on z012
categories
EWS
No. (in Millions) In Percentage
LIG
10.35 5610
3944
MIG and above 082
Total
18.78 100.00

International scenario:

The figure for estimated

housing shortage across the world
according to the
internationaly recommended standards, (PPD: people per dwclling 3.5) is
428,700,000 units. However this figure is more than the double if it is calculated
using Dutch standards (PPD 2.4): 1,088,219,000 units

Key statistics:

By the year 2030, an additional 3 billion

people, about 40 percent of the
world's population, will necd access to housing. This translates into a demand
for 96,150 new affordable units cvery day and 4,000 every hour.

One three
out
of every city dwellers nearly a billionpcople - lives in a
slum and that number is
expected to double in the next 25 years. (Slum
indicators include: lack of water, lack of sanitation,
overcrowding, non-durable
structures and insecure tenure.)

As much as 70 of the urban

percent housing
stock in sub-Saharan Africa, 50
percent in South Asia, and 25 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean is of

poor quality and not in compliance with local regulations.

Access to land is fundamental to
adequate shelter. Having legal title to that
land encourages families to invest and
improve their homes and allows

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them to access credit and other public services such as water and clectricity

without secure tenure.

Nearly one sixth of the world's population is living
The quality of housing stock & amcnities directly affect health & quality

of life Onc's health is directly linked to housing and housing related basics

such as water and sanitation. In Mexico, rescarchers at the World Bank

and University of California, Berkeley, found that replacing dirt floors with

concrete floors improved the health of children.

2.6 billion people or 39 per cent of the world's population live without

access to improved sanitation and 75l million people share their sanitation

facilities with other houscholds or only use public facilities. (World Health

Organization. 2009)

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 TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHODs:

The traditional construction methods are used in the case study. The
follow:
detail procedures of cach step used for the study
case are as

Foundation is the lowest part of the structure which is

Foundation:

distribute loads to the soil thus providing base for the super
provided to

stnucture. Excavation work is first carried out, then carth-work is filled with
available carth and ends with watering and compaction in a 6" thick layer.

to form a levelled surtace

Cement concrete: Plain cement concrete is used

on the excavated soil. The volumetric concrete mix proportion of 1:4:8

6" thick layer for masonry foundation
(cement: sand: aggregate), with a

cement concrete is finished on the

and column footings is used. Plain

excavated soil strata and mixed by manual process.

for foundation is constructed for

Wall construction: Size stone masonry

layer for main walls and

outer walls and bunt brick masonry of a 9" thick

a 4 S" thick layer for all internal walls. Good quality table-moulded bricks
are used for the construction.

nal procedure
Reinforced cement concrete slab and beam:
slab is to make shuttering and
to cast reinforced cement concrete
formwork
provide reinforcement and concreting. Good steel or plywood
sand
is used, with proper cover blocks between bars. Both aggregate and
gradcd. After the concrete is
used are clcan, with aggregate being "
poured, it is properly consolidated.
and outside walls.
Plastering: Plastering is used for the ceiling, inside
Joints are raked before plastering and proper curing is ensured.
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Flooring: For the flooring purpose, the carth is properly filled and

consolidated in the ratio of 1:4:8 (cement: sand: aggregate) concrete.

Plumbing: Good quality plumbing materials are used and pass cd hydraulic
test before using it.

Painting and finishing: Bcfore the painting proccss, surface is preparcd

with putty and primer and readymade paint is uscd.

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LOW COST cONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES:

It is found that cost-cffective and alternative construction technologies,

which apart from reducing construction cost by the reduction of quantity

of building materials through improved and innovative techniques, can

bectter methods and protecting the

play a great role in providing housing
environment. It should be noted that cost-cffective construction

technologies do not compromise with safety and security of the buildings

and mostly follow the prevailing building codes. The detail procedures of

cach step used for the case study are as follow:

Foundation: Arch foundation is used in which walls are supported on

the brick or stone masonry. For the construction of the foundation, the

use of available materials such as brick or concrete blocks can be made

to resist lateral forces buttresses at the corner.

Walling: Rat trap bond technology is used in the case study. It is an

altemative brick bonding system for English and Flemish Bond. The
reduced number of joints can reduce mortar consumption. No plastering of

the outside face is required and the wall usually is quite acsthetically
pleasing and air gaps created within the wall help making the house
thermally comfortable. In summer, the temperature inside the house is

usually at lcast 5 degrees lower that the outside ambient temperature and
Vice versa in winter.

Roofing: A filler slab roofing system is used which based on the principle
that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is
subjected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab experience

tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive forces

and steel bears the load duc to tensile forces. Thus the low tensile region
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of the slab does not need any concrete

except for holding stecl
reinforcements together.

Flooring: Flooring is generally made of terracotta tiles or color

oxides.
Bedding is made out of broken brick bats. Various
patterns and designs
are used,
depending shape, size of tiles, span of flooring, and client's
on

personal preference.
Plastering: Plastering can be avoided on the walls,
frequent
expenditure on finishes and its maintenance is avoided.
Properly
protected brick wall will never loose its colour or finish.
Doors and windows: As door and window
frames are
responsible tor
almost half the cost of timber used,
avoiding frames can considerably
reduce timber cost. Door planks are serewed
together with strap iron hinges
to fom doors, and this can be
carried by 'holdfast' carried into the wall.
The simplest and cost effective door can be made of vertical planks held
together with horizontal or diagonal battens. A simplest frameless window
consists of a vertical plank of about 9" wide set into two holes, one at the

top and one at the bottom. This foms a

simple pivotal window.
Wide span
windows can be partially framed and fixed to walls or can have rows of

pivotal planks

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MATERIALS:

LOW COST HOUSING MATERIALS:

CHARACTERISTICS OF
ENERGY EFFICIENT

in production
Simple nmachines- saves encrgy
derived from agro-industrial wastes and
Raw Materials-
natural fibers, requires less energy in production

Products- when used in house, buildings provide better

thermal comfort that results in conservation of operational

energy

ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

alternative material for

Lonveris agro-intustrial waste_into
low cost housing, thus improving waste management&

environmental protection

Utilizes local resources Substitutes woad- preserving forest

cover

prescrving soil for agriculture

Substitues tap sail-
EMPLOYMENT GENERATING:

manual handling. increases

Simple machineswith
employment for unskilled and semi-skilled workers

SSmall enterprises- be up decentralized locations

can set at

Production of componenis- involves local pcople after short

training
OTHER CHARACTERISTIcS:
1. Easy to manufacture ,Easy affordability
2. Easy Erection/commissioning.Faster & cheaperconstruction
3. Effcctive Waste utilization Energy eficient and Environment
friendly
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LIST OF cONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR LOW COST

HOUSING:

hollow bricks
load bearing wall
precast beams
precast slabs
precast stairs

Hollow blocks substitute for normal bricks:

These types of blocks can be manufactured in situ or can be precast

in manufacturing factories.
I standard hollow block= more than 12 bricks with mortar
Cost of 1 hollow brick Rs 17 vs cost of 1 brick Rs 3

Cost saved in using single block

9" wall-Rs 20 vs Rs 50Rs 30

wall- Rs 15 Rs 25Rs 10
4 vs
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LOAD BEARING WALLS:

ise building as it
Load bcaring structure are cheaper for normal low
requires lesser concrete and steel rods as use of structural compounds

like columns are reduced unless required exceptionally.

A s wall is thick, it provides thermal insulation.

Easier and requires less time to construction

and it is advantage for frame

Flexibility & strength is low though
structure

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PRECAST BEAMS ANDSLABS:

Cast in situ is expensive as more iron rods and skilled

manpower is required.

Partial pre cast system uses combination of both pre cast and

cast in situ.

Use of pre cast clement reduces cost

Small production factory is enough.
No heavy lifting cquipment are required.

No nced of cement plaster.

Partial pre cast system is up to 40% cheaper than conventional

cast in situ RCC floor

materials there will be saving of

By using precast building

Cement consumption 45%

Mild steel rod consumplion 18%

Formwork required 75%

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PRECAST STAIRS

Tor low cost

Conventional cast in Sifu is expensive

constructions

S0, precast stairs are used,

Riser used wil be of8 inch and tread wil be of 9 inch.

construct
Cheaper and quicker to
No form work required
Can be cantilever or simply supported
Cantilever suitable for low cost construction but simply supported

more durable

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Construction process of low cost houses:

oUNDATION

PLINTHLEVEL
UBLOCKS WTH HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT

POLYTHENE DAMP PROOF CoURSE

15" CEMENT CONCRETE RL0ORING

REINFORCEMENT AT CORNER AND AROUND OPENING

PRE CAST BEAMS

PRE-CAST SLAB WITH TEMPERATURE RODS

r CAST IN SImu cONCRETE FLOORING

cGI SHEET OVER CIRCULATION AREA

FINISHED LOW coST SHELTER

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COST EFFECTIVENESS OF USING LOW COST HOUSING

TECHNOLOGIES:

The construction methods of walling and roofing are sclected for the detail
cost analysis based on available resources from the interviews. Table I and
Table 2 summarise the cost analysis of the traditional construction methods
and the low cost housing technologies in the case studies for walling and

roofing respectively. It is found that about 26.11% and 22.68% of the

construction cost, including material and labour cost, can be saved by using
the low cost housing technologies in comparison with the traditional

constnuction methods for walling and roofing respectively.. However, it is

necessary that good planning and design methods shall be adopted by
utilizing the services of an experienced engineer or an architect for

Supervising the work, thereby achieving overall cost effectiveness.

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Tabie I: Cost
amlyuis d the tmaih thonal constraction metheds and thc kw cest
houNing technwkgies ued in the case d e s for In
*
*aing (Weke Depatment,
2002

er Riate obveniival brkkwurk

SS) ntidy A JSS)

Brick Ne L 002 0.00

.0

017 L 0.0
7 .7 4 040 2 47
LaDO

Ma No 1.O
Ad SS .00 0.35

2 ason 2 c lass) Ne 08
96

N0d o and plat charges

or scaflohng- superstruc tre O.42/m
Telal(p

able 2: Cost analyBIE Ot the

radito nal constructidn methcDds abd the low c o t
OT o o l i n g I Worka Depaurtaent. 2002)
bousE eenhooRS h he cak tOr

Fler
Tslab
Tie
USS Oani
a y AmouiUSS)
Materials

COicrcte. cludm

a. 13.72
3Siecl cuting. bendungo 387 0 0.38 147

Manglors hles No NA A 000 4.4

A 030

Uastilled labour No 0 NA NA
Add 2% tools Md pant e n g e
0.80
0.1

Telal per
84.32

Saving

18
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Table 1: Cost nnelysis of the tradhtional constnaction methods and the kow cost housing techno logies used in the case studes for Ir
of walling (Works Depertment, 2002

Rate Comventonal brickwork Rut-trnap bonded brickwork

Tern

0Ss)Quartity Amxant (USS) Quantity AuntUSS)

Matenas
Bricks No 0.02 350.00 284.00 S.68

ana
m0.320.2 0.09
0.17 0.0S
3 |Cement (10kg hag) No 617 067 4.13 040 247
Labor

Moson (highly
No 1.70 0.35

Mason (2 class ) No 149

1.05 1.56 I.19

Unskulled labour No 06

Add 2 toos and plant charge 0.A 0.25

Add for scaffolding-spenstructune 0.42/m o.42

Total (per 17.7

Savings Z6.I1%

Table 2: Cost analysis of the tradstional coastruction methods and the low cost housing technologies used in the case stadies for
of roofing (Works Depertment. 2002)

Filler sab
Rate ovemtional slab
iem
(USS) Quaniry Amount (USS) Quantity Amount(USs)
Malerials

38 1. 38.6 0.80 30.88

Rcimforcemn 120.8D 28 89 0.38

13.72
Stocl cutting. bendung 3.09 0.38

Mangalore tiles o.06 NA NA 65.00 4.14

Labour

ason ( class) NA 0.20 J0

Uaskilled labour NA A 0.80 0.8

Add 2% 1ools and phnt charges 0.11 0.11

Tolal (per m) 8432 A20

Savings 22.68%
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

According to analysis and real estate experts, low cost housing projects
endures much risk but not less attracted. Currently, there are many
organizations as well as companies investing their fund into this segment

both inside and outside country. Capitaland- one of the largest real estate
Singapore companies has also established Capital Value Homes to develop
cheap houses in China and Vietnam. There are also many other big projects
have been and are running to adapt the rising demand of customer. The

increase in urbanization has led to the increase in the number of urban

population. While the average income of citizen is still low, this has created
a huge demand for low cost houses. VIPC's experts expect that this will be
an attracted segment for investors in the future. Besides this advantage,
cheap houses project still face up many difficulties. The biggest challenge
comes from the unstable mechanism and the complicated procedures. The
mechanism for social houses has still not attracted enough. Before the
projects can be carried out, investors must consume a lot of time to prepare

papers relating to the policies and planning from relevant authorities.

Complicated construction approval process and the dif+iculties in ensuring
the high quality but low price of these cheap apartments will cause so much
trouble for investors. Based on these advantage as well as disadvantage,

I9

EMS
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CONCLUSION
The dream of owning a house particularly for low-income and middle-

income families is becoming a difficult reality. It is necessary to adopt cost

effective, innovative and environment-friendly housing technologies for the

construction. This paper examined the cost effectiveness of using low cost

in comparison with the traditional construction

housing technologies
methods. Two case studies in India were conducted. It was found that about
26.11% and 22.68% of the construction cost, including material and labour

cost, can be saved by using the low cost housing technologies in comparison

with the traditional construction methods for walling and roofing

This proves the benefits and the trends for implementing low
respectively.
cost housing technologies in the industry.
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REFERENCES:
Report of The Technician Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12)
2012-17, National Buildings Organization, Ministry of Housing & Urban

Websites of National Housing Bank & National Buildings Organization.

"Government Initiatives and Programme for Affordable
Report on

Housing" presented in National Workshop on Pro-Poor Housing Finance

October 29, 2008, New Delhi conducted by Ministry of Housing & Urban

Poverty Alleviation.
C i v i l Engineering Portal (2008). Cuore concrete Nano silica, Civil

Engineering Portal. Kumar A (1999).

Sustainable building technology for mass application, Development

Altermatives Newsletter. 9(11), pp. 1-4.]

Works Department (2002). Revised schedules of rates 2000 works
department and analysis of rates, Works Department, India

Bmptc.org
Google.com
.Wikipedia.com
http://www.engineeringcivil.com