“NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID SPEED-BREAKER”

A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
Keshav Sharma (2020A2R007)
Danish Sharma (2020A2R020)
Ashish Kandley (2020A2R014)
Abhinandan Magotra (2020A2T016)
Aman Kumar (2021A2L009)
Pranav Sharma (2021A2L016)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mr. Abhishek Chandra
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department

SUBMITTED TO
Department of Civil Engineering
Model Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)
Jammu, India
2024
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

We, Keshav Sharma (2020A2R007), Danish Sharma (2020A2R020), Ashish Kandley

(2020A2R014), Abhinandan Magotra (2020A2T016), Aman Kumar (2021A2L009)
& Pranav Sharma (2021A2L016), hereby declare that the work which is being
presented in the major project entitled, “Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed-Breaker” in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of B.E. (Civil Engineering) and
submitted in the Civil Engineering Department, Model Institute of Engineering and
Technology (Autonomous), Jammu is an authentic record of our own work carried by us
under the supervision of Mr. Abhishek Chandra (Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering, MIET, Jammu). The matter presented in this project report has not been
submitted in this or any other University / Institute for the award of B.E. Degree.

Signature of the Student Dated: 06-06-2024

Keshav Sharma (2020A2R007)

Danish Sharma (2020A2R020)
Ashish Kandley (2020A2R014)
Abhinandan Magotra (2020A2T016)
Aman Kumar (2021A2L009)
Pranav Sharma (2021A2L016)

i Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 Model Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)
Kot Bhalwal, Jammu, India
(NAAC “A” Grade Accredited)

Ref. No.: MIET/CE/2024/PRJ/01 Date: 06-06-2024

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this major/minor project report entitled “Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed-
Breaker” is the bonafide work of “Keshav Sharma (2020A2R007), Danish Sharma
(2020A2R020), Ashish Kandley(2020A2R014), Abhinandan Magotra (2020A2T016),
Aman Kumar (2021A2L009) & Pranav Sharma (2021A2L016)” of 8th Semester,
Civil Engineering Dept., Model Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous), Jammu”, who carried out the major project work under my supervision
during February 2024-May 2024.

Mr. Abhishek Chandra

Mentor-Internal
Supervisor Assistant
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, MIET Jammu

This is to certify that the above statement is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Dr. Arvind Dewangan

HoD/ Head PRC Committee
Department of Civil Engineering, MIET Jammu

ii Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Major Project work is an important aspect in the field of engineering, where contribution
is made by many persons and organizations. The present shape of this work has come
forth after contribution from different spheres.

We sincerely thank everyone who has provided substantial guidance and technical
support in making our project a success & we sincerely thank our guide, Mr. Abhishek
Chandra (Assistant Professor, Civil) for sharing his knowledge and wisdom and special
thanks to Dr. Arvind Dewangan (HOD Civil Engineering Department) for providing their
valuable guidance and support.

Lastly, we must offer our sincere appreciation for the receipt of affectionate care and
opportunities to Model Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET) and Prof. (Dr.)
Ankur Gupta (Director, MIET) along with Prof. (Dr.) Ashok Kumar (Dean Academics),
for providing us with such a stimulating atmosphere and wonderful work environment.
We express our sincere gratitude to Model Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous), Jammu for giving us the opportunity to work on the major project during
our final year of B.E.

At the end thanks to the Almighty God by the grace of whom we’ve completed our major
project.

Keshav Sharma (2020A2R007)

Danish Sharma (2020A2R020)
Ashish Kandley (2020A2R014)
Abhinandan Magotra (2020A2T016)
Aman Kumar (2021A2L009)
Pranav Sharma (2021A2L016)

iii Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 ABSTRACT

This project delves into the innovative application of Non-Newtonian fluids as a

transformative element in the design and implementation of speed-breakers. Non-
Newtonian fluids, characterized by their variable viscosity in response to applied stress,
present a unique opportunity to engineer speed-breakers with enhanced energy-absorbing
capabilities. This project research focuses on the properties of various non-newtonian
fluids, exploring their potential for creating speed-breakers that dynamically adapt to
vehicular forces.

This project tries to provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanics involved in the
interaction between non-newtonian fluids and vehicle impact, offering a detailed
examination of how these fluids transition from liquid to solid-like states under stress.
The study aims to ascertain the effectiveness of non-newtonian fluid-based speed-
breakers in mitigating the impact of high-speed vehicles, thereby contributing to
improved road safety.

Furthermore, this project assesses the feasibility and practicality of implementing such
innovative speed-breakers on a larger scale, considering factors such as cost,
maintenance, and environmental impact. Challenges associated with real-world
implementation are addressed and potential solutions are explored. The outcomes of this
research have implications for traffic management and road safety, presenting a
promising avenue for the development of speed reduction mechanisms that go beyond
traditional approaches. By harnessing the unique properties of non-Newtonian fluids, this
project envisions a future where speed-breakers actively adapt to traffic conditions,
fostering safer and more efficient transportation systems.

iv Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

CONTENTS
Candidate’s Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
Contents v
List of Figures vii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction To Non-Newtonian Fluids 1
1.2 Introduction To Non-Newtonian Fluid 1
Speed Breakers

1.3 Need and Objectives 3

1.3.1 Need of Non-Newtonian Fluids Speed 3
Breakers

1.3.2 Objectives of Using Non-Newtonian 3

Fluid Speed Breakers

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Research Studies 4

2.2 Research Gaps 6

Chapter 3 MATERIALS USED

3.1 Materials Required 8

Chapter 4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Speed Breaker Body Containing Fluid 12
4.2 Working of the Breaker 13

Chapter 5 METHODOLOGY AND WORK DONE

5.1 Work Flow of the Project 14

v Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 5.2 Real World Representation Through Model 16
5.2.1 Selection and Preparation of Ideal Non- 16
Newtonian Fluid

5.2.2 Preparation of Speed Breaker 19

5.2.3 Road Depiction 20

5.2.4 Final Model 21

Chapter 6 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH

CONVENTIONAL SPEED BREAKER

6.1 Performance of Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed 22

Breaker

6.2 Comparison Between Conventional & Non- 25

Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

CONCLUSION 26

FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK 27

REFERENCES 29

vi Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Figure Name Page No.
1.1 Real World Representation of The Project 2

3.1 Oobleck- A type of Non-Newtonian Fluid 8

3.2 Kevlar Fiber 9

3.3 Synthetic Rubber Sheet 9

3.4 MDF Board 10

3.5 Silicone Sealent 10

3.6 Telescopic Channels 11

3.7 PEG 400 11

4.1 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker Body 13

4.2 Working of the Speed Breaker 13

5.1 Work Flow of the Project 14

5.2 (a) Corn Starch, (b) Silica Dioxide Nano Particles & (c) 16
PEG 400

5.3 MDF Board 19

5.4 (a) Telescopic Channels & (b) Wooden Tray 19

5.5 Carbon Matting 20
5.6 Model Road Depicting 20
5.7 Final Major Project Model 21
6.1 Comparison on Average Speed of Conventional and Non- 23
Newtonian Fluid Speed Hump
Noise level of vehicle at steady state, conventional speed
6.2 24
hump, and non-Newtonian speed hump

6.3 Comparison of different characteristics between 25

conventional & non newtonian fluid speed breaker

vii Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction To Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids are substances whose flow properties differ from traditional Newtonian fluids, such as
water or oil. These fluids do not obey Newton’s Law of viscosity which states that the velocity gradient is
directly proportional to the shear stress applied. Unlike Newtonian fluids, which exhibit a constant viscosity
regardless of applied stress, non-Newtonian fluids' viscosity can change with stress or shear rate. There are
two main types: shear-thinning, where viscosity decreases under stress (common in substances like ketchup),
and shear-thickening, where viscosity increases (observed in some cornstarch-water mixtures). Major
properties of these fluids are:

1. Shear-thinning: Non-Newtonian fluids reduce their viscosity under stress, offering more fluidity when
needed.
2. Shear-thickening: Some Non-Newtonian fluids increase their viscosity under stress,
providing resistance and strength.
3. Visco-elasticity: These fluids exhibit both solid and liquid behavior, making them ideal for speed
breaking

1.2 Introduction To Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breakers

Traffic calming measures are pretty common in modern society. Traffic calming measures are physical
design approach that cultivate or force motorists to drive slow and specific speed. They prevent vehicle from
speeding and can increase overall road safety. Traffic calming can also make streets more convenient and
comfortable for other users such as pedestrians, cyclists and nearby residents. The main purpose of traffic
calming measures is to prevent vehicle from speeding and create a safer and secure traffic environment.
Speed breakers are type of measures that is constantly used to prevent vehicle from speeding in residential
areas. A conventional speed breaker usually consists of a concrete or asphalt hump construct in the road.
They are designed to be driven over at a design comfortable speed, while causing exceeding agitate at higher
speeds. Drivers must slow down when driving over this speed breaker to prevent damage to their vehicle.

1 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

However, even if travelling at the design speed limit or below, these conventional speed breakers can take a
toll on a vehicle’s mechanical components, such as the shock absorbers and steering system. This research
relates to a traffic control device sensitive to the speed of a vehicle. The ideal situation is that if the vehicle
travels at a low speed, the stiffness of the non-newtonian fluid speed breaker reduces to ease the vehicles
passes without any bounce or jump.

However, if the vehicle exceeds the design minimum speed the non-newtonian fluid speed breaker stiffness
increases and the vehicle receive a considerable jump. This speed control device will also allow emergency
vehicles to pass speed breaker without having to reduce their speed which in turn will reduce their response
time to emergencies

Fig. 1.1: Real World Representation of the Project

2 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

1.3 Need and Objectives

1.3.1 Need of Non-Newtonian Fluids Speed Breakers

1. Enhanced Safety: Non-Newtonian fluids stiffen on impact, absorbing and dissipating

energy, reducing the risk of accidents.

2. Adjustable Resistance: The viscosity of non-newtonian fluids can be engineered to

provide different levels of resistance based on vehicle weight and speed.

3. Cost-Effective: Compared to traditional speed breakers, non-newtonian fluid solutions

require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan.

1.3.2 Objectives of Using Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breakers

1. Efficiency: Non-Newtonian fluid speed breakers minimize the time vehicles need to slow down
without compromising safety

2. Environmental Impact: These speed breakers reduce noise pollution, fuel consumption, and
wear and tear on vehicles.

3. Aesthetically Pleasing: The smooth appearance of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers

enhances the visual appeal of roads.

3 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Research Studies
 Kumar and Sharma (2016): It laid the foundational theoretical framework for the application of non-
newtonian fluids in speed control systems, particularly focusing on shear-thickening fluids. These fluids
exhibit an increase in viscosity with the applied stress, making them suitable for dynamic speed
breakers that adapt to vehicle speed. Their study suggests that such speed breakers provide higher
resistance at higher speeds and lower resistance at lower speeds, reducing abrupt vehicle impacts and
improving road safety. This adaptability marks a significant improvement over traditional speed bumps,
which are fixed and often cause discomfort and vehicle wear. Kumar and Sharma argue that the
technology could enhance road safety and provide a smoother driving experience, emphasizing the need
for further exploration into material science and fluid dynamics to optimize these systems.

 Singh and Kaur (2017): Expanding on the theoretical concepts, it delved into the practical engineering
aspects of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers. Their research focused on material selection, structural
design, and fluid dynamics to ensure effectiveness and durability. Through rigorous experimental
evaluations under various traffic conditions, they demonstrate that speed breakers filled with shear-
thickening fluids can effectively moderate vehicle speeds, offering a smoother experience for drivers
while maintaining high performance. Their findings suggest that these speed breakers may require less
maintenance than conventional ones due to their robust design. Singh and Kaur highlight the
importance of choosing appropriate materials and designing structurally sound systems to maximize the
benefits of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers.

 Patel and Mehta (2020): It provided extensive empirical evaluations of non-newtonian fluid speed
breakers through field tests and laboratory experiments. Their research confirms the robustness and
long-term performance of these systems, which can withstand significant wear and environmental
factors. They address practical challenges such as implementation costs and environmental impacts,
offering optimization strategies to enhance feasibility. Their study finds that non-newtonian fluid speed
breakers not only improve traffic safety but also offer a sustainable solution with lower maintenance
demands.

4 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 Johnson and Brown (2018): It contributed by examining critical design considerations for constructing
effective non-Newtonian fluid speed breakers. They analyse essential parameters such as material
properties, structural integrity, and fluid dynamics to ensure maximum efficiency and longevity. Their
research underscores the importance of selecting appropriate materials and ensuring robust structural
designs. Johnson and Brown also discuss potential design modifications to enhance performance,
highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches that integrate materials science, fluid mechanics,
and structural engineering. Their study provides crucial insights into optimizing the construction and
effectiveness of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers.

 Garcia and Lopez (2019): It provided valuable real-world insights by evaluating performance metrics
of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers through data analysis from implemented systems. They assess
the effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and long-term sustainability of these systems in various conditions.
Their study confirms that non-newtonian fluid speed breakers offer improved speed control and reduced
wear compared to traditional speed bumps. Garcia and Lopez discuss broader implications for urban
planning and traffic management, suggesting that integrating these speed breakers could lead to smarter,
more adaptive traffic control systems. Their research emphasizes practical benefits and sustainability,
advocating for inclusion in modern infrastructure planning.

 Lee and Wang (2020): Innovations in the application of non-newtonian fluids for speed control are
further explored in this research. They investigate advanced materials and new design techniques to
enhance the performance of these speed breakers. Their research includes developing hybrid systems
that combine non-newtonian fluids with other smart materials to improve adaptability and
responsiveness. Lee and Wang's study highlights the potential for integrating IoT technologies to
monitor and adjust the performance of speed breakers in real-time. This approach could lead to even
more efficient traffic management systems, providing immediate feedback and adjustments based on
traffic flow and vehicle speed data.

 Thompson and Venkatesh (2021): Examining the environmental impact and sustainability of non-
Newtonian fluid speed breakers, this research analysed the lifecycle and ecological footprint of these
systems. They compare the environmental impact of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers with
traditional speed bumps, finding that the former have a significantly lower carbon footprint due to
reduced material usage and longer lifespan. Their research highlights the importance of sustainable

5 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 design in urban infrastructure, suggesting that non-Newtonian fluid speed breakers could contribute to
greener cities. Thompson and Venkatesh propose strategies for recycling and repurposing materials to
further reduce environmental impact, emphasizing sustainability as a core advantage of this technology.

 Rodriguez and Kim (2022): They conducted an economic analysis to evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of
non-newtonian fluid speed breakers. Their study examines initial installation costs, maintenance
expenses, and long-term savings compared to traditional speed bumps. They find that, despite higher
initial costs, non-newtonian fluid speed breakers offer significant long-term savings due to lower
maintenance requirements and enhanced durability. Rodriguez and Kim also explore potential
economic benefits such as reduced vehicle repair costs and improved traffic flow efficiency. Their
research supports the economic feasibility of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers, suggesting that the
initial investment is justified by the long-term benefits.

 Singh and Gupta (2023): This research explored the future prospects and challenges in the
development and implementation of non-Newtonian fluid speed breakers. They identify emerging
trends such as the integration of smart technologies and the development of new non-newtonian fluid
formulations to enhance performance. Singh and Gupta discuss potential challenges, including
scalability, cost management, and public acceptance. They suggest that ongoing research and
innovation are essential to address these challenges and fully realize the potential of non-newtonian
fluid speed breakers. Their study highlights the need for continued interdisciplinary collaboration and
investment in research and development to advance this promising technology.

2.2 Research Gaps

1. Long-Term Durability and Maintenance

o Most studies provide short-term data. Comprehensive long-term studies are needed to assess the
durability and maintenance requirements of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers over several years and
under continuous use.

2. Behaviour Under Extreme Conditions

o Limited research addresses how non-newtonian fluid speed breakers perform under extreme
temperatures and weather conditions. Future studies should simulate these conditions to ensure

6 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 reliability across diverse climates.

3. Environmental Sustainability

o The environmental impact of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers, particularly potential leaks,
biodegradability of materials, and overall ecological footprint, requires further investigation.

4. Scalability and Mass Adoption

o Research has largely been confined to small-scale prototypes or pilot projects. Large-scale studies are
essential to understand the challenges and requirements for widespread adoption.

5. Economic Viability

o Detailed cost analyses, including comparisons of installation, maintenance, and operational costs in
different contexts, are lacking. Future research should include comprehensive economic studies.

6. Regulatory and Safety Standards

o There is a need for developing regulatory standards and safety guidelines for non-newtonian fluid speed
breakers. Research should focus on creating standardized testing protocols and safety benchmarks.

7. User Perception and Acceptance

o Understanding public perception and acceptance of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers is vital for
successful implementation. Studies should investigate user satisfaction, perceived safety, and
willingness to adopt this new technology.

8. Integration with Existing Infrastructure

o Research is needed to explore how non-newtonian fluid speed breakers can be integrated with existing
traffic management and road infrastructure. This includes studying their compatibility with various road
surfaces and traffic conditions.

7 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Chapter 3
MATERIALS
USED

3.1 Materials Required

For the major project work, we will be creating a small-scale model of the non-newtonian fluid speed-
breaker depicting a clear representation of its actual implementation in real life. For the small-scale model,
we will be requiring the following major items:

1. Non-Newtonian Fluid (Enhanced Oobleck): Oobleck is a fluid material which acts as a suspension
of cornstarch and water that can behave like a solid or a liquid depending on how much pressure you
apply. If you grab oobleck in your hand, and it feel like a solid ball in your palm after you release the
pressure. Then, it will slip out from your fingers. Materials are that behave as non-Newtonian fluid
because their flow properties are not described by a constant viscosity. The name Oobleck originated
from the 1949 children’s book, Bartholomew and the Oobleck, by Dr. Seuss. It is made from corn
starch and water but the shelf life of this type of oobleck is very less, so we will be adding certain
chemicals to increase its shelf life hence to increase the life our speed breaker.

Fig. 3.1: Oobleck- A type of Non-Newtonian Fluid

8 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

2. Kevlar: Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex
and Technocrat. Kevlar is a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically, it is spunk into ropes or
fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. Kevlar
is used in bicycle tyre and racing sails to bulletproof vests, because of its high tensile strength-to-
weight ratio by this measure it is 5 times stronger than steel. It will be used here as a sealing bag
containing the non-newtonian fluid.

Fig. 3.2: Kevlar Fiber

3. Synthetic Rubber: A synthetic rubber is any artificial elastomer. These are mainly
polymers synthesized from petroleum byproducts. Synthetic rubber, like natural rubber, has
uses in the automobile industry for tyres, door and window profiles, hoses, belts, matting,
and flooring. Here. it will constitute as the outer layer of the speed breaker preventing it
from the wear and tear done by vehicle’s load.

Fig. 3.3: Synthetic Rubber Sheet

9 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

4. MDF Board: Medium-density fibre board (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking
down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibre, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax
and a resin binder, and forming it into panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is
generally denser than plywood. It is made up of separated fibre but can be used as a building material
similar in application to plywood. It is stronger and denser than particle board. Here it will be serving
as a base for our speed breaker.

Fig. 3.4: MDF Board

5. Silicone Sealent: Silicone sealant is a type of adhesive, most often used to create a watertight or
airtight seal at the joint between two surfaces. Silicone sealants typically have a liquid, gel-like
consistency when first applied. This then cures to a more robust, rubber-like texture after being
allowed to dry out under suitable temperature and humidity conditions over a period of time. Once
cured in this way, silicone sealant products achieve the consistency of a durable yet flexible solid
silicone rubber.

Fig. 3.5: Silicone Sealent

10 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

6. Telescopic Channels: Telescopic channels are small devices that simplify the motion of
drawers. They are mounted using a small set of wheels that are attached to the exterior
sides of drawers. The channels smoothen the opening & closing function of drawers and
reduce damage to them. We can get these slides in different materials like stainless steel,
plastic and aluminum. Apart from this, the channels can be availed in light-duty, medium-
duty, and heavy-duty options so that you can uplift the working of your every-sized
drawer. It is used here to provide portability to our speed breaker.

Fig. 3.6: Telescopic Channels

7. PEG 400: PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol 400) is a low-molecular-weight grade of

polyethylene glycol. It is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid. PEG 400 is soluble in water,
acetone, alcohols, benzene, glycerin, glycols, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is used here to
increase the shelf life of our non-newtonian fluid by mixing it with corn starch and water.
It has anti freezing properties which will lead to longer shelf life of oobleck by not
allowing it to become solid due to environmental factors with the passage of time.

Fig. 3.7: PEG 400

11 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Chapter 4
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Speed Breaker Body Containing Fluid

The speed breaker includes an outer cover and a bottom plate. The bottom plate may include more than one
fastening holes. The breaker can be either permanently or temporarily placed to a roadway with bolts,
screws. The cover can be formed of reinforced rubber material. The cover encloses with non-newtonian
fluid, which reversibly hardens or stiffens in response to an applied pressure and goes back to its original
form when the pressure is relieved. The housings are in the form of elongated, hollow, flexible tubes having
closed ends. The tubes are made up of either polymeric or rubber material.

The flexible tubes are filled with a non-newtonian fluid. If the vehicle travels at a low speed, fluid is moved
and breaker is deformed, depression of the strip occurs in the area in which the wheels pass over, forming a
small obstacle to the passage of the vehicle. However, if the speed of the vehicle is high then the fluid has no
time to displace and a considerably smaller depression occurs. Hence the strip forms a step with greater
height, causing the vehicle to jump, warning the driver about his excess speed. The fluids used to fill the
housings are non-Newtonian fluids. The non-newtonian fluid acts like a fluid below a critical shear rate but
above the critical shear rate, the material acts like a solid.

The non-Newtonian fluid acts as controlling the resistance by the strip to its deformation. It depends on the
speed of the wheels of the vehicle on it. Thus, if the vehicle travels at a low speed the fluid will have a low
viscosity and the strip is easily deformed, whereas if the speed of the vehicle is high the viscosity of the fluid
is high and as a result has great resistance to deformation, thus forming a rigid obstacle to the passage of the
vehicle. Thus, the speed of the vehicle is controlled due to the combined effect of non-newtonian fluids and
their flow via narrow conduits.

12 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 Fig. 4.1: Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker Body

4.2 Working of the Breaker

The speed breaker can be either permanently or temporarily placed at a desired location, such as in street or
roadway. The material in the tubes can be selected based on a desired shear rate. The shear rate selected will
correspond to predetermined vehicle speed. When a vehicle rolls over the breaker below the predetermined
speed i.e. below the critical shear rate of the material, the material remains in fluid form and the weight of
the vehicle compresses the outer cover and the tubes. When the vehicle has passed over the breaker, the
breaker returns to its original shape. Thus, below the speed limit, little impact is felt by the driver.
Therefore, if the vehicle is traveling under the selected speed limit which will provide a shear rate less than
the critical shear rate however, in the event a vehicle impacts the speed breaker at a speed above the
predetermined speed that is, providing a shear rate above the critical shear rate, the viscosity of the non-
newtonian fluid increases. The fluid material acts as a solid and the speed breaker substantially retains the
speed breaker shape. The speed breaker in this scenario acts similarly to a conventional speed breaker and
the driver of the vehicle exceeding the selected speed limit will experience a breaker or jerk as would be felt
with a conventional speed breaker.

Fig. 4.2: Working of the Speed Breaker

13 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker
Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY AND WORK DONE
5.1 Work Flow of the Project

Fig. 5.1: Work Flow of the Project

14 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

The overall work flow of the project is divided into 6 stages which are described under as: -

1. Preparation of Ideal Fluid: The development and implementation process of a non-newtonian fluid
speed breaker involves a series of meticulously planned steps to ensure both efficacy and sustainability.
Initially, the preparation of the ideal fluid is paramount. In this phase, five different samples were
prepared and tested under various conditions to determine the optimal fluid with the best consistency.
The chosen mixture, composed of corn starch, water, and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) in the ratio of
4:3:1, emerged as the most suitable due to its ability to form a stable shear-thickening non-newtonian
fluid.
2. Telescopic Channel Set Up: Following the identification of the ideal fluid, the next step involves the
setup of a telescopic channel. This setup is designed to provide portability and facilitate easy
replacement of the speed breaker, should any issues arise. The telescopic channel ensures that the speed
breaker can be conveniently deployed and maintained, minimizing disruption and enhancing usability.
3. Kevlar Bag Placement: Subsequently, the placement of a Kevlar fibre bag as the speed breaker body is
executed. Kevlar is selected for its exceptional ability to withstand high thermal stresses and impact
loads, ensuring the durability and reliability of the speed breaker under varying traffic conditions.
4. Outer Cover Placement: To further enhance structural integrity and sustainability, an outer cover
made of carbon matting and used rubber tires is placed around the Kevlar bag. This combination not
only reinforces the speed breaker's strength but also promotes environmental sustainability by recycling
materials that would otherwise contribute to waste.
5. Laying Out of Speed Breaker: The actual laying out and installation of the speed breaker in real-time
marks a critical phase in the project. This involves replacing conventional speed breakers with the
newly developed non-Newtonian fluid-based speed breakers. The new speed breakers are expected to
offer improved performance in terms of vehicle speed control and safety. The installation process is
designed to be seamless, ensuring minimal disruption to existing traffic flow while enhancing road
safety.
6. Monitoring and Maintenance: Continuous monitoring and maintenance are vital to ensure the long-
term effectiveness of the speed breakers. Regular inspections and maintenance activities are necessary
to address any wear and tear, ensuring that the speed breakers maintain their functional properties over
time. This ongoing upkeep is crucial for the sustained performance and reliability of the speed breakers,
contributing to a safer and more efficient traffic management system.

15 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

5.2 Real World Representation Through Model

5.2.1 Selection and Preparation of Ideal Non-Newtonian Fluid

Oobleck is renowned for its intriguing properties, exhibiting both liquid and solid characteristics depending
on the applied force. It is generally made from corn starch and water but the shelf life of this type of oobleck
is very less, so we will requiring an ideal fluid with oobleck like properties but longer shelf life for our speed
breaker. So for this, initially we selected 5 types or mixtures of non-newtonian fluid for use in speed breaker.

The main materials used for preparing these 5 samples are:

1. Corn Starch

2. Water

3. Mixing bowl

4. Measuring cups or machine

5. Polyethylene Glycol 400

6. Silica Dioxide Nano Particles

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5.2: (a) Corn Starch, (b) Silica Dioxide Nano Particles & (c) PEG 400

16 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

After the preparation of these 5 samples, all of these were tested for some days to find out the perfect fluid for
our project. Testing included keeping all the prepared samples in air tight conditions inside a zip lock bag and
observing their properties after 7 days and how have they changed from the time when they were freshly
prepared due to environmental factors. All the mixtures used along with their results and composition taken
for preparation are described below as: -

Mix 1: Corn Starch (100 g) + Water (75 ml)

The first mixture consisted of 100 grams of corn starch combined with 75 millilitres of water.
Initially, this combination formed a substance known as oobleck, which is a well-documented
shear-thickening non-newtonian fluid. Oobleck demonstrates excellent properties for use in speed
breakers due to its ability to transition from a fluid to a solid-like state under stress, providing the
necessary resistance to slow down vehicles. However, after a period of seven days, it was
observed that the water component had evaporated completely, leaving behind a fully solid mass.
This solidification negated the fluid’s non-Newtonian properties, rendering it unsuitable for the
intended application in speed breakers where the ability to revert to a fluid state is crucial for
functionality.

Mix 2: Corn Starch (100 g) + Water (75 ml) + Silica Dioxide Nanoparticles (25 g)

In the second experiment, 100 grams of corn starch and 75 millilitres of water were mixed with 25
grams of silica dioxide nanoparticles. Initially, this mixture also formed a non-newtonian fluid,
albeit with a lower consistency compared to the first mixture. Despite this lower consistency, the
fluid demonstrated potential for use in speed breakers. However, over a seven-day period, it was
noted that the water component separated from the solid constituents of the mixture. This
separation indicated instability in the fluid matrix, leading to a loss of the non-Newtonian
characteristics essential for the application. Consequently, this mixture was deemed unsuitable for
use in speed breakers due to its inability to maintain its structural integrity over time.

Mix 3: Silica Dioxide Nanoparticles (50 g) + Water (10 ml) + Polyethylene Glycol (25 ml)

The third mixture explored involved 50 grams of silica dioxide nanoparticles, 10 millilitres of
water, and 25 millilitres of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The initial result was a predominantly solid
sample that lacked the desired properties of a non-newtonian fluid. Upon further observation over

17 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

seven days, the sample remained entirely solid without exhibiting any shear-thickening behaviour.
The absence of non-newtonian fluid characteristics from the outset and the persistence of a solid
state over time indicated that this combination was unsuitable for the intended use in speed
breakers.

Mix 4: Corn Starch (100 g) + PEG (75 ml) + Silica Dioxide Nanoparticles (25 g)

In the fourth trial, a mixture of 100 grams of corn starch, 75 millilitres of PEG, and 25 grams of
silica dioxide nanoparticles was tested. Initially, this combination produced a non-newtonian fluid
with a very high consistency. Despite the promising initial properties, the long-term stability was
unsatisfactory. After seven days, the mixture had solidified and developed a foul odour. The
solidification compromised the fluid’s shear-thickening capabilities, and the unpleasant smell
indicated potential chemical instability or microbial activity, making this mixture impractical for
use in speed breakers.

Mix 5: Corn Starch (100 g) + Water (75 ml) + Polyethylene Glycol (25 ml)

The final mixture tested comprised 100 grams of corn starch, 75 millilitres of water, and 25
millilitres of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Initially, this mixture formed a non-Newtonian fluid with
excellent consistency, making it a promising candidate for speed breaker applications. After a
period of seven days, it was observed that the sample had become slightly harder but still retained
effective non-newtonian properties, similar to its initial state. The slight hardening did not
significantly affect its shear-thickening behaviour, suggesting that this mixture maintained the
desired characteristics over time. Therefore, this combination was identified as the most suitable
for use in non-newtonian fluid speed breakers, offering both the necessary initial properties and
long-term stability.

Through the experimental analysis of various non-newtonian fluid mixtures, it was determined
that the combination of corn starch, water, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) exhibited the most
promising properties for use in speed breakers. While other mixtures either solidified completely
or lost their non-newtonian characteristics over time, this particular mixture demonstrated both
effective shear-thickening behaviour and long-term stability. This study highlights the importance
of selecting the right components to ensure the performance and durability of non-newtonian
fluid-based speed breakers, paving way for further research and potential real-world applications.

18 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

5.2.2 Preparation of Speed Breaker

After finding out the perfect fluid for our speed breaker, now its time for the preparation of speed breaker body
and mechanism. Following steps are to be executed in order for the preparation of the speed breaker model for
actual real- world representation: -

1. Speed Breaker Base: For depicting the road surface, a wooden board is required. We are using a simple
MDF board in our case.

Fig. 5.3: MDF Board

2. Telescopic Channel Set up: Ball bearing telescopic channels are to be installed on the
wooden board surface with the help of a silicone sealent along with a small wooden tray
on top on which the Kevlar fibre bag filled with non-newtonian fluid has to be placed. By
using these channels, we are making our speed breaker easily portable and replaceable in
case of any issue. If, after some time there is any problem with the fluid bag placed, we
can easily replace it with a new one without any hassle.

(a) (b)

Fig. 5.4: (a) Telescopic Channels & (b) Wooden Tray

19 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker
 3. Outer Cover: For the outer covering of the speed breaker, we will be using carbon
matting. They are lightweight, high strength materials, made from woven carbon fibres
bonded with a resin, oftenly used in automotives. They offer excellent stiffness, corrosion
resistance and thermal stability. For further protection of the speed breaker, we will be
using already used rubber from tyres of vehicles which are left out in the form of waste
promoting sustainability. Bolting will be done while placing the speed breaker to ensure it
remains intact with the ground and it can be made portable so the installation can be done
anywhere within few minutes.

Fig. 5.5: Carbon Matting

5.2.3 Road Depiction

For the depiction of road on the model, firstly we wrapped a black chart paper over the thermocol sheet and
MDF board. Nowto give it a look of the road, we with the help of water colors, we provided sidewalk on both
the sides. To make it look more realistic, we even added some tress and people nearby.

Fig. 5.6: Model Depicting Road

20 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

5.2.4 Final Model

After filling the Kevlar bag with our ideal fluid and then placing it with the model depicting road, our major
project was ready for showcasing. As it is a small prototype of the actual real world project, for showcasing it,
we used a small remote-controlled car for showcasing its proper function. The remote-controlled car was
operated by one of our team members. While passing the car at slow speed, the car went easily over the speed
breaker without any problem. But when our operator increased the speed of the car to a greater extent, the car
was not able to passthe speed breaker easily. In fact, the car at high speed received huge bumps while passing
through the speed breaker, hence signifying the desired results indicating that our project is a success.

Fig. 5.7: Final Major Project Model

21 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Chapter 6
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH CONVENTIONAL SPEED
BREAKER
6.1 Performance of Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker
The performance of the prototype is validated using speed reduction test and noise pollution test. Speed
reduction test closely related to the usage of speed hump as vehicle must slow down when approaching it.
Also, the speed profiles and the acceleration or deceleration data from the test can be used to determine the
spacing of several temporary speed humps and speed tables (Hallmark et al., 2002; Kiran et al., 2020). The
procedure to check the speed reduction using the prototype of non-Newtonian fluid speed hump is by placing
it on the road and let vehicle with the same load hit on it. The speed of the vehicle is taken using speedometer
application. Results on vehicle’s speed when pass through the non-Newtonian is compared with the
conventional speed hump with same load of vehicle.

High vehicle speed increases the noise pollution coming from the tire-street interactions. The speed hump
reduces the vehicle speed because the driver is avoiding any discomfort passing through it. The noise
pollution study is performed to evaluate the noise level due to speed humps. Many researchers applied noise
pollution study to check the performance of speed hump, including Behzad et al (2007); Džambas et al (2021);
Wewalwala and Lanka (2011). The step of noise pollution test on non-Newtonian fluid speed hump is a
vehicle hit the speed hump with different speeds of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 km/h. The noise level of each speed
on the speed hump is tracked using noise level meter application. The tracker is placed 1 meter apart from
driving lane, away from obstacles, and 1.5 meter above the road level. The noise pollution of the conventional
speed hump and steady state also being tested to differentiate with the non-Newtonian fluid speed hump.

The average vehicle speed for non-Newtonian fluid speed hump compared to conventional speed hump is
illustrated in Figure 6.1. The non-Newtonian fluid speed hump showed lower average speed than conventional
speed hump. Hence, the non-Newtonian fluid speed hump reduced the vehicle speed better with percentage of
speed reduction at 65.15%. While conventional speed hump recorded percentage of speed reduction at
52.60%. It is also proven than the non-Newtonian fluid speed hump reduced the speed when a vehicle is over
speeding (Parmar & Mattu, 2021).

22 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 Fig. 6.1: Comparison on Average Speed of Conventional and Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Hump

Based on Figure 6.2, the noise level of the conventional speed hump at the initial speed of 10 km/h was 71.86
dB, while the noise level for the non-Newtonian fluid speed hump was slightly lower at 70.89 dB. At the initial
speed of 20km/h, the conventional and non-Newtonian fluid speed are at 72.86 dB and 71.89 dB respectively.
The non-Newtonian fluid speed hump still showed a lower noise level than conventional speed hump. The
noise level for non-Newtonian fluid speed hump has a slightly higher at 74.20 dB compared to conventional
speed hump at 74.07 dB for starter speed of 30 km/h. This may cause by the increase in the surrounding area.
And for the other two initial speed of 40 km/h and 50 km/h, the noise pollution for non-Newtonian fluid speed
hump is lower than conventional speed hump. Four out of five initial speed of vehicle produced lower noise
pollution for non-Newtonian fluid speed hump because of its properties. The properties of shear thickening act
as an absorbent of the friction between the tyres and the speed hump. Also, the non-Newtonian fluid speed
hump is also proven by other studies (Mhatre & Maji, 2021; Parmar & Mattu, 2021) that it reduces noise
pollution compared to the conventional speed hump.

23 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 Fig. 6.2: Noise level of vehicle at steady state, conventional speed hump, and non-Newtonian speed hump

To conclude this part, we can say that developing a prototype of non-Newtonian fluid speed hump is easy with
low installation and maintenance cost compared to the conventional speed hump. The procedure took around
one hour and completely portable. The performance of non-Newtonian fluid speed hump is great in terms of
the speed reduction test and noise pollution test. The percentage of speed reduction of non-Newtonian fluid
speed hump is 65.15% while conventional speed hump is 52.60%. The noise produced from the non-
Newtonian fluid speed hump is lower than conventional speed hump for initial speed of 10, 20, 40, and 50
km/h. Only at initial speed of 30 km/h, the noise pollution for non-Newtonian fluid speed hump slightly higher
due to the surrounding noise during the test. Overall, non-Newtonian fluid speed hump is a great alternative to
replace conventional speed hump as a traffic calming measures. The study can be improved by testing a greater
number of vehicles and different type of vehicle on the prototype and conventional speed hump. Also, data
collection of the study is recommended to consider road users opinion on the difference of the speed humps.

24 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

6.2 Comparison Between Conventional & Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Characteristics Of Conventional Speed Non-Newtonian Fluid

Breaker Breaker Speed Breaker
Nature Permanent Mobile

Sensitivity Not sensitive to speed of Sensitive

vehicle
Speed restriction Slow down everytime Slow down only
when over
speeding
Fuel efficiency of vehicle Decrease Increase

Toll on mechanical Yes No

components of vehicle
Installation method Technical skilled No technical
requirement labour required skilled labour
required
Installation cost High Low

Maintenance Cost High Low

Medical problem Maybe Spinal damage No Damage

Weight Heavy Light

Response of vehicle Slow down No affect

Traffic noise pollution Increase Decrease

25 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Fig. 6.3: Comparison of different characteristics between conventional & non newtonian fluid speed breaker

26 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the incorporation of non-newtonian fluids, particularly Oobleck, in the design of speed
breakers presents a groundbreaking advancement in traffic management and road safety. Our project
demonstrated that the unique rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids, characterized by their ability to
transition between liquid and solid states under varying pressures, can be harnessed to create adaptive and
effective speed breakers. The non-newtonian fluid speed breaker will help in increasing the fuel efficiency of
vehicles up to a large extent. Vehicles need not come to a complete halt in from of speed breaker, reducing
traffic congestion. The installation cost and maintenance cost of non-newtonian fluid speed breaker is
comparatively low as compare to conventional speed breaker. It does not damage on a vehicle's mechanical
components, such as the shock absorbers and steering system if the vehicle is following the speed limit. The
setup is completely mobile and can be installed within an hour. The installation process does not require
technically skilled person. It helps in reducing traffic noises also. The remarkable shock absorption
capabilities, customizable viscosity, and preliminary indications of puncture resistance make non-Newtonian
fluid-based speed breakers a compelling solution for enhancing traffic safety and reducing the wear and tear
on vehicles and road infrastructure. While our findings are promising, it is evident that future research and
extensive field testing are imperative to validate the long-term durability, economic feasibility, and real-
world applicability of this innovative technology. The potential of non-newtonian fluid-based speed breakers
to revolutionize road design, improve traffic safety, and contribute to sustainable infrastructure development
underscore the significance of continued exploration and collaboration in this pioneering field.

27 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
The future scope of work for non-newtonian fluids as speed breakers encompasses a multifaceted approach
aimed at optimizing their application for enhanced road safety and traffic management. Firstly, an extensive
exploration of non-newtonian fluid formulations is imperative, delving into variations that fine-tune viscosity
and shear-thinning properties. This exploration will not only seek to maximize the effectiveness of speed
reduction but also address potential challenges related to different climatic conditions. Subsequently, rigorous
field testing in diverse traffic scenarios is essential to bridge the gap between theoretical efficacy and
practical application. This phase involves evaluating the performance of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers
in real-world situations, considering factors such as varying vehicle speeds, traffic volumes, and road
conditions. Long-term durability studies will be conducted to assess the resilience of these speed breakers
over extended periods, accounting for factors like weathering, wear and tear, and maintenance requirements.

To ensure the adaptability of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers to diverse terrains, the scope of work
extends to developing customized solutions. This involves tailoring the fluid composition and speed breaker
design to account for differences in temperature, humidity, and surface characteristics. The goal is to create a
versatile system that can effectively operate across a spectrum of environmental conditions and road types.
Integration with smart traffic management systems emerges as a crucial avenue for future exploration.
Investigating how non-newtonian fluid speed breakers can be dynamically controlled and optimized based on
real-time traffic flow patterns will contribute to a more adaptive and efficient traffic calming infrastructure.

Environmental impact assessments form an integral part of the future scope, encompassing a comprehensive
life cycle analysis of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers. This involves evaluating the environmental
footprint associated with the entire life cycle, from material extraction and production to installation and
eventual disposal. Understanding the environmental implications will aid in making informed decisions
about the sustainability of this technology. Concurrently, public perception and acceptance studies will be
conducted through surveys and community engagement to gauge attitudes towards non-newtonian fluid
speed breakers. Addressing public concerns and garnering support is essential for the successful
implementation of this innovative traffic calming solution.

28 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

Regulatory considerations will be paramount in shaping the future of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers.
The development of standardized guidelines and regulations will ensure their safe and effective use, aligning
with existing traffic safety standards. Economic viability and scalability analyses will assess the financial
feasibility of implementing non-Newtonian fluid speed breakers on a larger scale. This includes evaluating
manufacturing costs, installation expenses, and potential economic benefits, contributing to informed
decision-making by policymakers and urban planners.

Collaborative research and industry partnerships are pivotal for accelerating the development and adoption of
non-newtonian fluid speed breakers. Collaboration with research institutions, government bodies, and
industry partners will facilitate resource-sharing, expertise exchange, and the pooling of efforts towards a
common goal. Continuous monitoring and optimization mechanisms will be implemented to assess the
ongoing performance of non-newtonian fluid speed breakers. This involves data collection, analysis, and
adjustments to ensure their sustained effectiveness.

Educational initiatives and awareness campaigns will play a crucial role in informing the public,
policymakers, and relevant stakeholders about the benefits and safety aspects of non-newtonian fluid speed
breakers. Increasing awareness and understanding of this technology will contribute to its acceptance and
integration into existing traffic management systems. Finally, exploring alternative applications of non-
newtonian fluids in road safety, such as in pedestrian crosswalks, intersections, or high-risk areas, will
further diversify their potential impact on overall traffic management. This comprehensive scope of work
aims to propel non-newtonian fluid speed breakers from a theoretical concept to a practical and widely
accepted solution for enhancing road safety and traffic control.

29 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker

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31 Non-Newtonian Fluid Speed Breaker