;f}o{d08n / k[YjL;DaGwL ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L

;f}o{d08n solar system

 ;}fo{ kl/jf/ ;DaGwL vf]h lgsf]n; sklg{s;n] u/]sf x'g / pgn] ;g
!%$# df sklg{s;n] ;a} u|x?n] z'o{sf] kl/qmd0f ub{5 eGg] lzbfGt
kTtf nufP
 ;}fo{d08nsf] slt k|lt;t z'o{sf] ef/ kb{5 < (( k|lt;t
 ;f}o{d08n cGt/ut z'o{ ,u|x pku|x,cg}sf} lk08f,pNsf,lzz' u|x,tf/f
pNsf lk08fx? kb{5g
 a|df08 ;DaGwL cWofg ug]{ zf:qnfO{ s:df]nf]lh elgG5

k|sfz aif{ eg]sf] s] xf]<

 Eofs'd –z"God_ k|sfn] Ps aif{df kf/ u/]sf] b'/LnfO{ k|sfz aif{ elgG5
  ! k|sfz aif{ (% va{ lsnf]ld6/ x'G5

 cGtl/Ifsf] b"/L k|sf; jif{df gflkG5

 k|sf; jif{sf] PsfO nDafO xf]
 k|sf;n] Ps ;]s]08df # nfv ls ld b"/L kf/ u5{
A.U – Astronomical Unit
 1A.u eg]sf] s] xf] < ;"o{ / k[YjL ljrsf] cf};t b"/L
 gIfqdf; eg]sf] s] xf]<
 rGb|dfn] k[YjLsf] k'/f Ps kl/qm|d0f ug]{ @& lbg & 306f $# ldg]6
!!=% ;]s]08 ;do nufpG5 h;nfO{ gIfq df; elgG5
 rGb|df; eg]sf] s] xf]<
 Ps k'l0f{df b]lv csf]{ k'l0fdf ;Ddfsf] calw @( lbg !@ 306f $$
ldg]6 @=* ;]s]08nfO{ rGb|df; elgG5
 leqL u|xx? s'g s'g x'g
 z'o{ / d+un u|x ljrsf] u|x ;a} leqL u|x x'g
a'w,z'qm,k[YjL,d+un
 aflx/L u|x
 leqL u|x eGbf afx]ssf] ;a} u|x aflx/L u|x x'g
j[x:ktL,zgL ,c?0f ,a?0f
 cfsf/sf] lx;fjdf u|xx? -
j[x:ktL,zlg,c?0f,a?0f,k[YjL,z'qm,d+un,j'w
 l56f]l56f] 3'Dg] / /]l8of] t+/u 5f8g] tf/f ; kN;f/ xf]
 rGb|dfsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kxf8 M 8flkmn lks
 ;"o{sf] k|sf; k[YjL ;Ddf cfOk'Ugf slt ;do nfU5 M * ld @) ;]s]08
  k[YjLaf6 b]]lvg] ;"o{kl5sf] ;a}eGbf rlDsnf] tf/f –l;l/c; -8u:6f/ xf]
,o;sf] csf]{ gfd 8u :6f/ xf]

z'o{
 k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] tf/f z'o{ xf]
 z'o{nfO{ cfkm\gf] cIfdf kl/qm|d ug]{ @% lbg % 306f ;do nfUb5
 cToflws tfk / xfO8f«]hg Uof; a9L x'gfn] Go'lSno/ km\o'hg eO/xG5
;f]lx k|lqmaf6 tfk / k|sf; pTkGg eO/xG5
 z'o{ k[YjLeGbf !)( u'0f 7'nf] 5
 z'o{ k[YjL ljrsf] b'/L sl/j !$ s/f]8 ** nfv ls dL 5
 z'o{nfO{ x]g{ k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ x]ln:sf]k elgG5 eg] z'o{sf] ljls/0f
gfKg] oGqnfO{ kf/fx]lnof]ld6/
 z'o{nfO{ x]g{ k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ x]ln:sf]k elgG5 eg] z'o{sf] ljls/0f
gfKg] oGqnfO{ kf/fx]lnof]ld6/ elgG5
 z'o{sf] k|sfz k[YjL;Ddf cfOk'Ugf * ldg]6 @) ;]s]08 nfUb5
 z'o{sf] cfsif{0f zlQm k[YjLsf] eGbf @* u'0f a9L 5 ,To;}n] k[YjLdf !
lsnf]u|fd ePsf] a:t' z'o{df @* lsnf]u|fd x'G5
 z'o{sf ;txdf snf wAaf b]lvG5g h;nfO{ umbra elgG5
 z'o{sf] ;txsf] rlDsnf] 3]/fnfO"{ penumber elgG5
 z"o{df kfOg] UofF;x? qmdz+
 xfO8f]hg
 lxlnod
 clS;hg
 sfj{08fOcS;fO8
 cfO/g
 a'w Mercury
 ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] u|x ,
 z'o{ af6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] u|x
 ;a}eGbf w]/} tfkfGt/ ePsf\ u|x
 a'w u|xnfO{ z'o{sf] kl/qm|d0f ug]{ ** lbg nfU5
 h;nfO{ a'w u|xsf] ! aif{ dflgG5
 a'w u|xsf] z'o{sf] kl/qm|df ult $* ls ld k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5
 h'g ;do a'w a'w u|xnfO{ cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf nfUg] ;do %^=^% lbg u|xsf] ! lbgsf]
dflgG5
 cIfdf e|d0f ubf{ ;w} Ps}efu z'o{ lt/ kmls{/xg] x'gfn] Psfkl6 tftf] / csf]{kl6 lr;f] u|x
a'w u|x xf]
 a'w u|xdf ;j{k|yd k7fPsf] cGtl/Ifofg d]l/g/ !) xf] -!(&# gf]e]Da/ #_
 a'w u|xnfO{ kl/qm|df ug]{ k|yd ofg d];]Gh/ xf]
 z'o{bo cl3 b]lv z'o{ c:t ;Ddf cfsf;df rlDs/xg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ Morning star
klg elgG5
 a'w u|xdf ePsf] Ps 7'nf] vf8\nnfO{ Sofnf]l/; af]l;g elgG5
z'qm u|x
 k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhhssf] u|x z'qm u|x xf] .
 z'qm u|xn] z'o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ nfUg] ;do @@$=& lbg .
 z'qm u|xnfO{ cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf nfUg] ;do @$# lbg .
To;}n] o; u|xdf aif{ eGbf lbg nfdf] x'G5 .
 ;a}eGbf nfdf] lbg ePsf] u|x .
 z'qm u|xsf] z'o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ ult #% lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 a}1flgsx?n] cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] klxnf] u|x .
 z'qm u|xnfO{ /x:odoL u|x klg elgG5 .
 o; u|xnfO{ k|]d / ;'Gb/tfsL b]jL klg elgG5 .
 z'qm u|xdf k7fPsf] klxnf] ofg d]l/g/ @ xf] .
 ;a}eGbf tftf] u|x z'qm u|x xf] .
  zf}o{d08nsf] ;a}eGbf tftf] / /ftsf] ;dodf ;a}eGbf rlDsnf] u|x z'qm u|x xf] .
 z'qm| u|xsf (^ k|lt;t sfj{8fcS;fO8 5 tftf] u|x .
k[YjL
 z'o{af6 t];|f] glhssf] u|x .
 z}fo{d08nsf] kfrf}F 7'nf] u|x .
 k[YjLsf] Ps dfq pku|x rGb|df /x]sf] 5 .
 dfgj a;f]af; ePsf] Ps dfq u|x .
 rGb|dfaf6 k[YjL;Ddf k|sfz cfOk'Ugf !=# ;]s]08 ;do nfU5 .
 rGb|dfsf] cfkmg} k|sf; gePsf] kTtf nufpg] JolQm Uoflnlnof] Uofn]nL x'g .
 k[YjLn] z'o{qmf] kl/qmdf ug]{ #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $%=%! ;]s]08 nfUb5 .
 k[YjLsf] z'o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ ult #) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLnfO{ cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf nfUg] ;do @# 306f %^ ldg]6 $=)( ;]s]08 .
 rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf nufpg @& lbg & 306df $# ldg]6 !!=$& ;]s]08 nfUb5 .
 k[YjL klZrd lbzfaf6 k'jf{ tkm{ 3'Db5 .
 lbg / /ft a/fa/ x'g] ;donfO{ ;Dkft @! dfr{ / @# ;]K6]Da/ sf lbg lbg / /ft a/fa/
x'G5 .
 k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf 6f9fFsf] u|x a?0f xf] .
 k[YjLaf6 b]lvg] ;a}eGbf rlDsnf] tf/fnfO{ 8u :6f/ elgG5 .
 cf}l;b]lv k'l0f{df ;Ddfsf] cjlwnfO{ rGb|df; elgG5 .

d+un u|x
 zf}o{d08nsf] ;ft}F 7'nf] u|x .
 z'o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{ nfUg] ;do ^*^=(* lbg .
 d+un u|xsf] z'o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{ ult @$ ls dL k|lt ;]s]08 .
 d+un u|xnfO{ cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf slt ;do nfU5
@$ 306f #& ldg]6 @@ ;]s]08
 d+un u|xdf slt pku|x 5g @ , kmf]df]; ,l8df];
 d+un u|xsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r'/fsf] gfd s] xf]M cf]nDk; df]G;, !$ lsld
 d+un u|xdf k|If]k0f ul/Psf] klxnf] ofg efOlsª !
gf/f 4/f ;g !(&^ h'nfO{ @) df cjt/0f ul/Psf]
  o;nfO{ /ftf] u|x klg elgG5


j[x:ktL
 zf}o{d08nsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] u|x h;nfO{ King of the planet klg elgG5
 j[x:ktL u|xn] z'o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{ !!=*^ aif{ nfUb5
 o; u|xsf] z'o{nfO{ kl/qm|df ug]{ ult !# ls dL k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] 5
 o; u|xnfO{ cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf ( 306f %% ldg]6 #) ;]s]08 nfUb5 ,h;nfO{ ;a}eGbf
5f]6f lbg ePsf] u|x klg eGg] ul/G5
 o;df &( j6f pku|x /x]sf] 5
 zf}o{d08nsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] pku|x u]lgd]8 o;} u|xsf] pku|x xf]
 ;a}eGbf ef/L u|x ,;a}eGbf a]un] 3'Dg] u|x
 pRrf ?kdf xfO8f«]hg / lxlnod Uof; kfOG5

zlg u|x
 zf}o{d08nsf] bf];|f] 7'nf] u|x ,
 z'o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ nfUg] ;do @(=$^ aif{
 z'o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ ult !) ls dL k|lt ;]s]08
 cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf nfUg] ;do !) 306f !$ ldg]6
 kx]Fnf] u|x ,;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ u|x,l/ªn] 3]l/Psf] u|x
 pku|x *@ j6f,
 6fO6fg ;a}eGbf 7'nf] pku|x xf] eg] kmf]jf] ;a}eGbf ;fg' pku|x xf]
 6]ly;,OG;]nfO8;,l8ofg,/f]cf,l66fg cflb o; u|xsf] pku|x x'g
 o; u|xdf pRrf ?kdf xfO8f«]hg Uof; kfOG5
 o; u|xdf k'u]sf] klxnf] ofg lkcf]g6 !! xf]
 o; jfo'd08ndf Pdf]lgof / ldy]g Uof; kfOG5 of] u|x Uoflnlnof] n] kTtf nufPsf x'g

c?0f u|x
 zf}o{d08nsf] t];|f] 7'nf] ux
 z'on{ fO{ kl/qmdf ug{ nfUg] ;do *$ aif{
  z'o{nfO{ kl/qm|df ug]{ ult ^=$ ls dL,
 c?0f u|x cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf nfUg] ;do
 !& 306f !$ ldg]6
 Xl/of] /+usf] u|x,h'lk6/sf] xh'/jf,c;kmn tf/f
 k'j{af6 z'o{sf] kl/qm|df ug]{ u|x,
 c?0f u|x s;n] kTtf nufP
 jlno{d xz]{n !&*! Dffr{ !#
 pku|x @& -,Pl/on,ld/f08f,l66flgs,cflDa|n,cf]j]/g cflb o; u|xsf] pku|x x'g
 o; u|xdf *% k|lt;t xfO8f«]hg Uof; kfOG5
 o; u|xdf k'Ug] klxnf] ofg ef]ofªu/ @ xf]
 o; u|xdf z'o{ klZrd af6 pbfpG5

a?0f
 z'o{af6 ;a}eGbf 6f9fFsf] u|x
 !*$^ df hf]xfg ufn] kTtf nufPsf
 z'o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ nfUg] ;do
 !^$=( aif{
 z'o{nfO{ kl/qm|df ug]{ ult %=^ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08
 cfkmgf] cIfdf 3'Dgf nfUg] ;do !^ 306f
 !$ pku|x 5g,cfkmgf pku|xn] ljkl/t lbzfaf6 k|l/qmdf u5{g
 Hfnb]jtfsf] u|x

u|x0f
z'o{u|x0f
 z'o{,k[YjL / rGb|df Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf kg]{ hfbf ;'o{af6 cfPsf] k|sfz rGb|dfn] 5]Sbf
k[YjLdf 5fofF kg'{nfO{ z'o{u|x0f elgG5 z'o{ u|x0f nfUbf z'o{sf] klZrd efuaf6 u|x0f ;'?
x'G5
 z'o{ u|x0f cf}Fl;sf] lbg nfUb5
 u|x0f ;lsgf ;fy z'o{ c:t x'g'nfO{ u|:ttf elgG5
rGb| u|x0f
 z'o{ / rGb|dfsf] ljrdf k[YjL kg]{ uO{ z'o{ af6 cfPsf] k|sfz k[YjLn] 5]Sbf rGbdfdf 5fofF
kg'[{nfO{ rGb| ux|0f elgG5
 of] k'l0f{dfsf] lbg nfUb5
 k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd slt /x]sf] 5 @% l8u|L ;]
 cGtl/Ifaf6 x]bf{ k'YjL lgnf] xl/of] /ªsf] b]lvG5
 k[YjLdf hf8f] / uld{x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf]<
 k[YjL ^^=% l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf 9lNsgf uO slxn] pt/L uf]nf4 / slxn] blIf0fL uf]nf4 z'o{sf]
glhs jf 6f9f x'gfn]
 k[YjLsf] pTktL ;f}o{d08naf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] ljrf/ /fVg] lj4fg akmg x'g
 ! A.U eg]sf] s] xf]<
 z'o{ / k[YjL ljrsf] b'/L
 k[YjL cfkmgf] cIfsf] klZrdaf6 k'jf{ tkm{ 3'Db5

ljZjsf] e'uf]n
 e'uf]n Geography zAb lu|s efiffsf] Geographine af6 lnPsf] xf]
 e'uf]n zAbsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ug]{ JolQm O/f6f]:y]lgh x'g
 pgnfO{ e'uf]nsf] lktf eg]/f klg lrlgG5
O/f6:y]lghsf] of]ubfgx?
 O/fG6]:y]lghsf] u/]sf] of]ubfgx?
  k[YjLsf] k|yd a}1flgs gS;f
 clws aif{sf] cawf/0f
 k[YjLsf] kl/wL kTtf nufpg'
 z'o{ / k[YjL ljrsf] b'/L
 k[YjLsf] sIfsf] e'msfO kTtf nufP

 e'uf]nsf] gofF vf]h ePsf] !* cf}F ztflAbdf

 cfw'lgs e'uf]n ljBfsf] ;+:yfks s;nfO{ dflgG5 . sfn{ l/6/
 jtf{dfg dfgj e'uf]nsf] ljsf; s'g ztflAbdf ePsf] xf]
!( cf}F ztflAbdf
 Jftf{dfg dfgj e'uf]nsf] lktf eg]/f s;nfO{ lrlgG5
Hfd{gsf km|]8l/s /fh]n
 Cartography eGgfn] dfglrq ljBf the art of map a'lemG5
 ;fdflhs e'uf]nsf] ljsf; slxn] ePsf] dflgG5
!( cf}F ztflAbdf
 ;fdflhs e'uf]n zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|yd JolQm s] x'g <
Plnl; l/Sn'h

dxfb]z
 k[YjLsf] ;txsf] hldgn] 9fs]sf] s'n e'efu @(=@ k+|lt;t
 hne08f/n] cf]u6]sf] e'efu &)=* k|lt;t
 ljZjdf & dxfb]z /x]sf] 5g h'g lgDgf cg';f/ 5g If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df qmdz
Pl;of,clkm|sf pt/ cd]l/sf ,b cd]l/sf,cG6s{l6sf,o'/f]k ci6\]lnof

ljleGg dxfb]zsf] ljz]iftfx?

Pl;of
 lj;dtfsf] dxfb]z jf ljljBtfsf] dxfb]z
 hg;Vof tyf If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dxfb]z
 ef}ule{s ?kdf ;a}eGbf sfG5f] dxfb]z
 ljZjsf] ulx/f] uN5L cfGw uN5L
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L kfgL kg]{ 7fp r]/fk'GhL{ ef/t
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf pRr kj{t ;u/dfy
 ;a}eGbf 7'nf] e'kl/j]i7Lt b]z sfhsf:tfg

clkm|sf
 cWofF/f] jf sfnf] dxfb]z,
 e'dWo] /]vfn] ljrdf sf6]sf] dxfb]z
 pRr ;d:ynLsf] dxfb]z
 eflif{s ljljBtfsf] dxfb]z
 gfOn glbsf] pbud:yn leS6f]l/of tfn
 ;+;f/sf] lrl8ofvfg cflb gfdn] lrlgg] dxfb]z
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;x/f d?e'ld ePsf] dxfb]z

pt/ cd]l/sf
 gofF ;+;f/ pkgfdn] lrlgn]
 klZrdL uf]nfb{sf] dxfb]z
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ;d'GbL lsgf/f ePsf]
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L uld{ 8]y EofnL
 e'kl/j]li7t b]z gePsf] b]z
 k|fo ;a} k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOg] dxfb]z
 !$(@ df ls:6f]km/ sf]nDa;n] kTtf nufPsf
blIf0f cd]l/sf
 klIf+x?sf] dxfb]z
 ljZjsf] cUnf] :yfgdf /fhwfgL nfkh af]lnleof /x]sf] dxfb]z
 ljZjsf] cUnf] em/0f P0h]n fem/0f (&( ld6/ e]g]h'onf
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{tdfnf Pl08h kj{tdfnf & b]zdf km}lnPsf]
 ljZjsf] blIf0fsf] ;x/ k'G6fPl/gf; lrnL ePsf] dxfb]z

cG6fs{l6{sf
 ;a}eGbf lrl; dxfb]z
 Dfgj a;ff]af; gePsf] dxfb]z
 Kl5Nnf] dxfb]z
 lxdrfb/ dxfb]z ,blIf0f uf]nfb{df bw';]sf] dxfb]z

o'/f]k
 k|fofbLksf] kgL k|of4Lksf] dxfb]z,
 dfgj ;Eotfdf cuf8L ePsf] dxfb]z
 klZrdL uf]nfb{sf] dxfb]z
 d?e'dL gEfPsf] dxfb]z
 e'dWo /]vfn] g5'g] dxfb]z

ci6]«lnof
 s+uf?sf] dxfb]z,6fk'sf dxfb]z,kftfnf s'jfsf] dxfb]z,
 ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z,cfwf efu d?e'dLn] 9fs]sf] dxfb]z
 ;a}eGbf a9L pg pTkfbg ug]{ dxfb]z
ljZjsf] s'n e' efusf] If]]qkmndf dxfb]zx?n] cf]u6]sf] e' efu
If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df s'n
k[YjLsf] / k|lt;t
 Pl;of 8.7

clkm|sf 6.0

p cd]l/sf 4.8

b cd]l/sf 3.49

cG6f{l6sf 2.79

o'/f]k 1.99

ci6]lnof 1.68

Dfxfb]zx?sf] xfrf] ,,7'nf] efx?

dxfb]z xfrf] e' efu 7'nf] tfn 7'nf] lxdglb k|d'v kj{t 3fF;] d}bfg
dfnf gfd
Pl;of d[t ;fu/ lrNsf l;ofr]g lxdfnog :6]k;
clk|msf n]s c;fn leS6f]/Lof lslnd P6nf; e]N8
Gh/f]
p cd]l/sf 8]y EofnL ;'k]l/o/ xjf{8 /SsL k|]o/L
b cd]l/sf peninsula df/f sfOjf k]l/6f] P08Lh kDkfh

valdes d]l/gf]

cG6fs{l6sf j]G6n] ;j ef]:tf]8 NofDa6{ PN;jy{

o'/f]k Sofl:kog 6\ofl/kkbg +e6gfhf]s'n cfNkf; :6]Kk]
ci6]«lnof cfO{; cfO/f x8{ u|]6l8ef 8fpG;
cfONof08
tfn
s;n] s] kTtf nufP
 ci6]lnof SofK6]g h]D; s's, ;g !&^*
 cd]l/sf lqmi6f]km/ sf]nDa; ,;g !$(@
 cG6{sl6{sf SofK6]g h]D; s's ;g !&&#
 Go'lhNof08 t;dfg ,;g !^$@
 Eff/t ef:sf] l8 ufdf
 cd]l/sf lqmi6f]Dkm/ sf]nDa;
 ptl/ w'j{ /f]j6{ lkof/] ;g !))(
 blIf0f w'j{ Pd08 ;]g ;g !(!!
 a|flhn k]6f]« cNdf/]h ;g !%))

dxf;fu/x?
 k[YjLdf slt dxf;fu/ 5g ,
% ,k|zGt,lxGb| cfG4, s'd]? ;'d]?
 k[YjLdf kfgLn] 9fs]sf] efu &)=*&
 dxf;fu/;DalGw cWofg ug]{ zf:qnfO{ cf]l;ofgu|kmL elgG5
 z'o{sf] ls/0f ;d'Gb|df slt ld6/ ulx/fO{ ;Ddf hfG5 <
^)) ld6/

dxf;fu/ cf}ift ulx/fO{ If]qkmn k|lt;t

k|zfGt $#)) $^
cfGw #&)) @(
lxGw #()) @)=%
S'd]? @$)) &
;'d]? !*)) $
dxf;fu/x?sf] uO/fO{
dxf;fu/ ;a}eGbf ulx/f] 7fpF uO/fO{ ld cffsf/
k|zfGt Dfl/of 6]|\Gr !!&&^ lqe'h cfsf/
cfGw k'6f]{l/s lbk (@)) P; cfsf/
lxGb| Hfef 6]Gr &$%)
S'd]? :of08 ljr j[tsf/
;'d]? Dff]ln lbk ^^)* j[tsf/

ljleGg glbsf] pbud tyf ljno :yfg

glb pbud :yn ljno :yn

gfOn leS6f]l/of tfn e' dWo] ;fu/

cd]hg Pl08h kj{t cfGw dxf;fu/
ldl;l;kL Onf:sf tfn d]lS;sf] vfl8
6]D; sf6';cf]08 kxf8 pt/L ;fu/
8]Go'j cfNkf; ANofs l;
OGb; s}nfz c/a ;fu/
u+uf u++ªuf]lq A+fufnsf] vfl8
ef]Nuf aNbfO{ kj{t Sof;lkog ;fu/
Xfªxf] Do'gn's kxf8 lKf/fOsf] vfl8
a|dfxk'q Dfg;;/f]j/ a+ufnsf] vfl8
d/]{ ci6]{lnog kxf8 Sofl:kog ;fu/
ljZjsf] ;j]{fRr kj{tdfnf
 gfd b]z prfO{ ld
 dfpG6 Pe/]i6 g]kfn **$*
 dfpG6 s] 6' kfls:tfg *^!!
 sGr+hª3f g]kfn *%*^
 n]fT;] g]kfn *%!^
 dsfn' g]kfn *$^#
 rf]o' g]kfn *@)!
 Wf}nflu/L g]kfn *!^&
 dgf:n' g]kfn *!^#
 gfuf kj{t kfls:tfg *!@%
 cGgk'0f{ g]kfn *)(!
 u];]/a'|d klxnf] kfls:tfg *)^^
 af\]|8 lks kfls:tfg *)$^
 u];]/a'|d bf];|f] kfls:tfg *)#%
 l;;fkfªdf rLg *)@&

ljZjsf] s]xL k|d'v kj{tdfnf / ltgsf] b]z

 kj{t dxfb]z b]z
 lxdfno kj{t Pl;of g]kfn,ef/t,lrg,kfls:tfg,e'6fg
 lxGb|s'z Pl;of kfls:tfg,ckmufg:yfg
 sf/sf]/d Pl;of kfls:tfg,ckmufg:yfg,rLg,ef/t
 /lSsh p cd]l/sf cd]l/sf ,Sofg8f
 cfNk; o'/f]k :jh/Nof08,km|fG;,O6nL,ci6«Lof
 P6nf; clkm|sf, 6\o'g]lzof ,d]f/Ssf]

lj:jsf s]xL cGt/fli6«o l;dgfx?

 gfd ljefhg
 8o'/0] 8 kfls:tfg / ckmufg:yfg
  d'To' /]vf cd]l/sf / lnljof ljrsf] ljjflbt /]vf
 l;hkm|]6 hd{g / km|fG; larsf] /]vf
 bz uhf g]kfn / ef/t ljrsf] l;df
 38 parallel pt/ / blIf0f sf]l/of
 49 parallel cd]l/sf / Sofg8f

lj:jsf] s]xL k|d'v b]zx?sf] ef}uf]lns gfd

ljleGg b]zsf] pkgfdx?  ;+;f/sf] kmf]S;f] 8G8f]g]l;of
 gx/x?sf] e'ld g]b/Nof08  OGb]0| fLsf] b]]z blIf0f
 k'8\sfsf] b]z g]b/Nof08 clkm|sf
 kfgLd'lgsf] b]z g]b/Nof08  lal;{osf] ;x/ Nxf;f ltAat
 lrlgsf] ef8f] So'jf  Oltxf;sf] atL o'gfg u|L;
 gfO{nsf] vf8L OlhK6  hf]uLsf] b]z blIf0f sf]/Lof
 r6\ofªsf] b]z e'6fg  o'/f]ksf] lj/fdL 6ls{
 Pl;ofsf] lj/fdL lkmlnlkG;  cd/ ;lxbx?sf] ;x/ /f]d
 clkm|sfsf] d'6' a'?08L  xhf/f}+ xfltsf] b]z nfcf];
 ;'of]{bosf] b]z hfkg  ;ft 6fk'x?sf] gx/ d'DafO{
 k'j{sf] df]tL l;+xk'/  o'/f]ksf] sf/vgf a]lNhod

 s+ªu?sf] b]z c:6]«lnof

 xL/fsf] 6fk' ax/fOg
 u?8sf] b]z cNjflgof
 efUodfgL b]z c:6]l« nof
 o'/f]ksf] v]n d}bfg l:jh/Nof08

 ;ft kxf8x?sf] ;x/ /f]d

 ;]tf] xfltsf] b]z yfONof08
 gfOn glbsf] pkxf/ OlhK6
 clkm|sfsf] d[t d'6' rf8
cjl:ylt,cIf+z,b]zfGt/,cGt/fli6«o ltly /]vf / ;do
w'|j

 w'|j @ k|sf/sf] x'G5g, pt/L w'|j / blIff0f w'|a

 k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 lvlrPsf] pt/ blIf0f lvlrPsf] sflNklgs /]vfsf] dflyNnf] 5]p pt/L w'|j
xf]
 k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pt/ blIf0f lvlrPsf]sfNkgLs /]vfsf] tNnf] 5]pnfO{ blIf0f w'|a elgG5
 blIf0f w'|j kTtf nufpg] JolQm /f]N8 Pd08;]g -;g !(!!gj]{ sf gful/s _
 blIf0fL w'|j k'Ug] klxnf] g]kfnL /ljGb| If]i7
 k[YjLsf] blIf0fL w'|ljo If]qnfO{ s'd]? kb{5
 pt/L w'|j kTtf nufpg] JolQm /j{6 lkof/L - ;g !()( cd]l/ls gful/s
 pt/L w'|jLo If]qnfO{ ;'d]? If]q elgG5
 blIf0L w'|j eGbf pt/L w'|j lr;f] x'G5
 k[YjLn] z'o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ultnfO{ kl/qmd0f jf jflif{s ult elgG5
 k|To]s lbg k[YjL cfkngf] cIfdf klZrdaf6 k'j{lt/f 3'Dg] ultnfO{ kl/e|d0f jf b}lgs ult
elgG5
e'dWo] /]vf tyf cIf+f;
 e'dWo /]vfn] k[YjLnfO{ pt/L tyf blIf0f w'|jdf ljefhg ub{5
 k[YjLnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug]{ u/L k[YjLsf] dWo] efudf k"j{ klZrd lbzftkm{
lvlrpsf] sfNkgLs /]vfnfO{ e'dWo /]vf elgG5
 e'dWo /]vf;+uf ;dfgfGt/ x'g] ul/ k[YkLsf] k"jf{ klZrd lvlrPsf] /]vfnfO{ cIf+z /]vf
elgG5 oL /]vfx? !*) a6f x'G5g
  ;a}eGbf nfdf] cIf+z /]vf e'dWo /]vf xf]
 e'dWo /]vfnfO{ ) l8u|L cIf+z /]vf klg elgG5
 cIf+z /]vfx? ) l8uL| b]lv () l8u|L ;Ddf x'G5g
 e'dWo /]vLo If]qdf k|sfz l;wf kg]{ x'gfn] cGo 7fpFsf] eGbf uld{ x'G5
k|To]s cIf+z /]vfljrsf] b'/L !!! ls ld
 c+Iffz /]vfx? !*) j6f x'G5g
 e' dWo] /]vfaf6 pt/tkm{ () j6f / blIf0ftkm{ () j6f ul/ !*) x'G5
 !+ l8u|L cIfzdf !!! lsdL km/s k5{
 ;a}eGbf nfdf] cIf+z /]vfnfO{ e' dWo /]vf elgG5
 e' dWo /]vfn] $ dxfb]zsf !# b]znfO{ 5'G5
 b cd]l/sf # OSjf]6/,sf]nlDjof,a|flhn
 clkm|sf & ;fcf]tf]d P08 lk|G;Lk,Uofj]fg,sª\uf],8] l/ sª\u] ,o'uf08f,s]Gof,;f]dflnof
 Pl;of @ dflNb;,O08f]gf]l;of
 ci6«]lnof ! lsl/jf6L
 23 ½° pt/L cIf+znfO{ ss{6 /]vf elgG5
 23 ½° blIf0fL cIfz+nfO{ ds/ /]vf elgG5
 66½° pt/L cIf+znfO{ ;'d]? j[t elgG5
 66½° blIf0fL cIf=nfO{ s'd]? j[t elgG5
cIfz /]vfx? !.! l8u|Lsf] km/sdf x'G5g
 cIf+z /]vfx? s:tf x'G5g <
k'0f{ j[tsf/ vfn] x'G5g
 cIf+z /]vfsf] dbtn] s] kTtf nufpgf ;lsG5 < s'g} klg :yfgsf] b'/L / xfjfkflg

ljZjsf] k|d'v ef}uf]lns b]z tyf ;x/ pkgfdx?

pkgfd b]z ,7fpF
;+;f/sf] 5fgf] kfdL/sf] k7f/ ltAat
;bfjxf/ ;x/ /f]d ,O6nL
;ft kxf8x?sf] ;x/ /f]d O6nL
«r6\ofªsf] b]z E'f6fg
;ft 6fk'x?sf] gx/ d'DafO{ ef/t
lrlgsf] ef8f]F So'fjf
dxnx?sf] ;x/ snstf
n8fs'x?sf] b]z g]kfn
kf]ksf] ;x/ ,cd/ ;lxbx?sf] ;x/ /f]d ,O6nL
cWofF/f] dxfb]z clkm|sf
dlGb/sf] ;x/ sf7df08f}F
;]tf] xfltsf] b]z Nffcf];
Xhf/f}F xfltsf] b]z yfONof08
kljq e'ld h]n;'/d Oh/fon
;a}eGbf klxnf ;'of{bo / ;'o{c:tsf] b]z Go'lhNof08
lk/fld8sf] b]z OlhK6
;'g / lx/fsf] b]z blIf0f clkm|sf
km];gsf] ;x/ K]l/;
o'/f]ksf] sf/vgf a]lNhod
o'/f]ksf] lj/fdL 6ls{
o'/f]ksf] v]nd}bfg :jLh/Nof08
;+;f/sf] kmf]S;f] 808f]gf]l;of
u?8sf] b]z clNjlgof
OlGBl0fsf] b]z blIf0f clkm|sf
lxGb| dxf;fu/sf] df]tL >L+nsf
k'8\sfsf] b]z g]b/Nof08
 efUodfgL b]z ci6]«lnof
kfgLd'lgsf] b]z xNof08
Pl;ofsf] lj/fdL lkmlnlkG;
dWo/ftdf ;'o{bo x'g] b]z gj]{

!=# g]kfnsf] e'uf]n

g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmn !$&!*! ju{ lsld - %^*@& ju{ dfOn _ of] If]qkmn @)#^ ;fnaf6 sfod
ePsf]
 ;'uf}nL ;GwL k'jf{ g]kfnsf] If]qkmn @)$(!& ju{ lsld lyof] / k'j{ klZrd nDafO{ !@**
lsld . ;'uf}nL ;GwL ;g !*!^ dfr{ # df ePsf] lyof] .
 ;'uf}nL ;GwL x'bfF g]kfnsf] /fhf uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfx lyP eg] k|wfgGqL led;]g yfkf
lyP
 g]kfnsf] k'j{ klZrd nDafO{ / afXo b]zsf] l;dgf
 k'j{ klZrd nDafO{ cf};t **% lsld
 pt/ blIf0f rf}8fO cf};t !(# lsld
 rf}8fO a9Ldf @$! / 36Ldf !$% lsld
 g]kfnsf] afXo b]z ;+ufsf] l;dgf
 g]kfnsf] s'n cGt/fli6«o l;dgf @(@^ lsld
 ef/t;+ufsf] l;dgf !^() lsld - !)%) dfOn _
 lrg ;+ufsf] l;dgf !@#^ - &^* dfOn_
g]kfnsf] rf/ lbzfsf l;dfgfx?
 k'j{df , ef/tsf] klZrd j+ufn / l;lSsd /fHo
 klZrddf , ef/tsf] ptf/v08f
 pt/df , ltAat
 blIf0fdf ljxf/ / pt/ k|b]z
g]kfnsf] rf/ laGb'
 k'jfL{ ljGb' tfKt]h'ªsf] n]n]k
 klZrdL ljGb' sGrgk'/sf] bf]wf/f
 pt/L ljGb' x'Dnfsf] Rofªnf
 blIf0f ljGb' emfkfsf] nf]bfjf/L
 g]kfnn] cf]u6]sf] e' efu
 ljZjsf] s'n e'efu )=)# k|ltlt
 Pl;ofsf] s'n e'efu )=# k|lt;t
 blIf0f Pl;ofsf] @=&* k|lt;t
 ef/tkl5 ;a}eGbf glhssf] b]z a+unfb]z @& lsld
 l;dfgf g5'Psf] bf];|f] glhssf] b]z e'6fg #@ lsld
 g]kfn/sf] ;d'Gb|;+ufsf] b'/L
 a+ufnsf] vf8L !!@& lsld - &)) dfOn 6f9f /x]sf] 5
g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do
 bf]nvf lhNnfsf] uf}/Lz+sf/ lxdfn -&!#$ ld _nfO{ sf6]/f uPsf] *^ l8uL| !% ldg]6 k'lj{
b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/ dflg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5
 of] lj; @)$@ j}zfs ! b]lv nfu' ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf] ;do lu|gjLrsf] ;do eGbf % 306d $% ldg]6 rnfv /x]sf] 5
 ljZjsf] k|dfl0fs ;do ;g !**$ gf]e]Da/ ! df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf] lhNnfn] rLg / ef/t 5'g]
 rLgnfO{ 5'g] !% lhNnf ,rLgnfO{ dfq 5'g] !#
 ef/tnfO{ 5'g] @& lhNnf ef/tnfO{ dfq 5'g] @%
 b'j}nfO{ g5'g] #& lhNnf b'a}nfO{ 5'g] @ lhNnf - tfKn]h'ª,bfr'{nf_

 g]kfnsf] k|b]z / ltgn] 5'g]. g5'g] b]z

 g]kfnsf] $ j6f - k|b]z g !, afUfdtL,u08sL,;'b'/klZr_ k|b]zn] ef/t tyf rLg b'j}nfO{
5'G5
 k|b]z @/ % n] ef/t dfq 5'G5 eg] s0f{nL k|b]zn] rLgnfO{ dfq 5'G5
xfn g]kfnsf] :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgf
 :yfgLo txsf] s'n ;+Vof &%#
 dxfgu/kflnsf ^
 sf7df08}f,nlntk'/ ,e/tk'/,kf]v/f n]vgfy, lj/f6gu/ / lj/uGh
 pkdxfgu/kflnsf !!
 w/fg,O6x/L,hgsk'/,sn}of,l;d/f,x]6f}8f,a'6jn ,3f]/lx,t'nl;k'/,g]kfNuGh ,wgu9L
 hDdf gu/kflnsf ;+Vof @&^
 ufpFkflnsf ;+ªVof $^)
 hDdf j8f ;+Vof ^&$#
 gu/kflnsf ljlxg lhNnf %
k'jL{ ?s'd,/;'jf ,dgfª,d':tfª,x'Dnf

 Ps dfq ufpF kflnsf ePsf] lhNnf lrtjg

 ufpF kflnsf ljlxg lhNnf @ sf7df08f}+ / eQmk'/
 ;a}eGbf w]/} :yfglo tx ePsf] lhNnf sg xf]<
 ;nf{lx @) j6f
 !* j6f :yfgLo tx ePsf] lhHhf s'g xf]<
 wg'iff / ;Kt/L
 !& j6f :yfgLo tx ePsf] lhNnf s'g xf]<
 l;/fx / df]/ª
 If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dxfgu/kflnsf
 kf]v/f n]vgfy $^$=@$
 sfG5f] dxfgu/kflnsf lj/uGh dxfgu/kflnsf
 ;a}eGbf w]/} lhNnf;+uf l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] lhNnf
 s'g xf]<
l;Gw'nL !) lhNnf
( lhNnf dsjgk'/
 sd lhNnf;+uf l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] emfkf,bfr'{nf / sGrgk'/ @.@ lhNNf;+uf
 lxdfn kfl/sf lhNnf eg]/f dgfª / d':tfªnfO{ lrlgG5
 h;nfO{ a[li6 5fofsf] lhNnf klg elgG5 <
 lrg / ef/t b'a} ;+uf l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] lhNnf
 tfKn]h'ª / bfr'{nf xf]
g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L :yfgLo tx ePsf] lhNnf ;nf{xL @) j6f !! gu/kfnLsf ,( uf=kf
 ;a}eGbf a9L ufpkflnsf ePsf] lhNnf wflbª !! j6f
 ;a}eGbf a9L gu/kflnsf ePsf] lhNnf /f}tfx6 !^ j6f
 ;a}eGbf sd :yflgo tx ePsf] lhNnf k'j{ ?s'd # :yflgo tx
 ;a}eGbf sf :yflgo tx ePsf] k|b]z , k|b]z g !- !#&_
 ;a}eGbf sd :yflgo tx ePsf] k|b]z ,s0fnL k|b]z -&( _
 @ j6f pkdxfgu/kflnsf ePsf] lhNnf # j6f lhNnf ;'g;/L ,af/f / bfª

g]kfnsf] /fhlgts tyf k|zf;lgs ljefhg

 lnR5jLsfndf !# If]q
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxfsf] ;dodf !@ If]q
 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffsf] ;dodf ^( PsfOdf
 led;]g yfkfsf] ;dodf #( lhNnfdf
 /0fsfnsf] ;dodf #% lhNNffdf
 @)!* a}zfs ! ut] !$ c~rn &% lhNnf
 @)@( h]i7 !# $ ljsf; If]q
 @)#& c;f]h @^ % ljsf; If]q
 @)&@ c;f]h # & k|b]zdf
:yfgLo txsf] lja/0f
If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ufpFkfnLsf / gu/kflnsf

qm+=z ufpFkflnsf gu/kflnsf

! gfDvf x'Dnf zLtu+uf c3f{vfrL

@ d'u'd sfdf{/f]u d'u' cf7lj;sf]6,klZrd ?s'd

# ktmfªn'ª ,tfKn]h'ª lqo'uf ,pbok'/

$ r'dg'a|L uf]/vf ;f]n' b'ws'08f ;f]n'Da'

% V'Da' kf;fªNofd' ;f]n'v'Da' sdndfO{ l;Gw'nL

If]qkmndf ;fgf] ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf

qm,,z ufpFkflnsf Gfu/kflnsf

! k/jfgLk'/ ,af/f eQmk'/ eQmk'/

@ od'gfdfO{, /f}tfx6 dWok'/ l7ld

# b'uf{ eufjtL /f}tfx6 sLlt{k'/ sf7df08f}

$ lj>dk'/ af/f 6f]vf ,sf7df08f}

% k|;f}gL af/f uf}/ /f]tfx6

 If]qkmndf 7'nf] dxfgu/kfnLsf kf]v/f ,pkdxfgu/kflnsf 3f]/xL

 If]qkmndf ;fgf] dxfgu/kfnLsf nnltk'/ ,pkdxfgu/kfnLsf g]kfnuGh
 Hfg;Vofdf 7'nf] dxfgu/kflnsf sf7df08f} ,pkdxfgu/kflnsf hgsk'/
 g]kfnsf] ljleGg lhNnfsf] ljz]iftfx?
 g]kfnsf] h:tf] gS;f ePsf] lhNnf , afUn'ª
 g]kfnsf] h:tf] gS;f ePsf] b]z , kf]r'{un
 pt/ lxdfnob]lv blIf0f dxfef/t;Ddf km}lnPsf] lhNnf , wflbª
 pt/ lxdfnb]lv blIf0f r'/] If]q;Ddf km}lnPsf] lhNnf , l;Gw'kfNrf]s
 ef/t h:t} :j?k ePsf] lhNnf ;+v'jf;ef
  ;fts'08fsf] lhNnf , /;'jf
 ;ft tfnsf] lhNnf , sf:sL
 ;a}eGbf a9L kfgL kg]{ 7fpF sf:sLsf] n'Dn]
 sfG5f] lhNnf , k"lj{ ?s'd
 w/} U'fDaf ePsf] lhNnf ;f]n'v'Da'
 !@ j08fn / !* v08fnsf] lhNnf ,;'v]{t
 g]kfnsf] tfhdxn ,/fgLdxn kfNkf
 g]kfnsf] >L+n+sf ,sf]lz6Kk' sf7df08f}F
s]lx cUnf kj{tx?
lxdfno If]q tyf ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kj{t , ;u/dfy **$* ld
 dxfef/t kj{tsf] cUnf] kj{t , z}n'ª bf]nvf
 r'/] kj{tsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kj{t , ufj{f s}nfnL !*&@ ld
 ljleGg glbsf] lrgf/L
 u+uf:jf?k gfdn] lrlgg] glb , sflnu08sL
 sf}df/L:jf?ksf] gfdn] lrlgg] glb ,dfbL
 jf}i0fjL:j?ksf] gfdn] lrlgg] glb , ;]tL
 rqm|sf/ glb eg]/f lrlgg] glb , sfnLu08sL
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf pRrf :yfgaf6 aUg] glb ,c?0f
 Pp6} gfdn] b'O{ lt/ axg] glb , /fKtL
 pQ/jflxgL eg]/f lrlgg] glb , sd{gf;
g]kfndf lxdfnx? cf/f]xgsf] nflu slxn] v'Nnf ul/Psf] xf] < ;g !($(
ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyaf/] hfgsf/L
prfO{ **$*=*^ld -@()#! lkm6 _
 cal:ytL ;f]n'v'Da'sf] v'Da' kf;fª Nofd' ufpkflnsf j8f g $
 ;u/dfy ;g !*%@ df kTtf nfu]sf]
 r'r'/fsf] If]qkmn & ld
 dfpG6 Pe/]i6 gfds/0f ;/ hh{ Pe/]i6 !*^%
 ;u/dfy afa'/fd cfr{o ;g !(%^
 /fhgfy l;+sGb/ / t]hlj/ a'9fyf]sLn] !% cf}F r'nL
 lrlgof efiff rfdf]nf]ªdf
  t];|f] w'j{ pkgfd lbOPsf] dfOsn su{
 ;u/dfysf] cfwf/lzlj/ %#%^ ld
 @& l8u|L %( ldg]6 pt/L cIfz / *^ l8u|L %% ldg]6 k'lj{ b]zfGt/
 ;u/dfy cf/f]xg
 k|yd k|of; ;g\ !(@! hh{ Dofnf]/L
 b];|f] k|of; ;g !(@@
 t];|f] k|of; ;g !(@$
 rf}yf] k|of; ;g !(##
 kfrf}+ k|of; ;kmn ;g !(%# d] @( ,lj; @)!) h]i7 !^
P8d08 lxnf/L Go'h/Nof08 / t]lGhª gf]uf]{ z]kf{
 cf/f]xg ug]{ k|yd kqsf/ :6fOg P]l;d
 ;u/dfy cf/f]xg ug]{ k|yd dlxnf
 h'Gsf] tfa]O hfkg ;g !(&% d] !^
 s'df/L kmGtf]ª rLg ;g !(&% d] @&
 jf08fTsL ljh ;g !(&* cS6f]a/ !^
 ;u/dfy cf/f]xg ug]{ k|yd dlxnf
 kf;fª Nofd' z]kf{ ;g @)%)a}zfs !)
 pgn] k|yd k|of; eg] ;g !(*) df u/]sf] lyOg
 ;u/dfy cf/f]x0fsf] qmddf ;j{k|yd Hofg u'dfpg] AolQm zdz]/ k'g x'g
 ;u/dfy w]/} k6s r9g] dlxnf nfSkf z]kf{ x'g & k6s
 ;u/dfy cf/f]lxx?n] ;g @)!$ clk|n !* lxdklx/f]df kl/ !* j\hgfsf] Hofg uPsf]
lyof] h;nfO{ sfnf] lbg eGg] ul/G5 <
 lxd lrt'jf cfªl/tf z]kf{
 lxdtf/f afa'l5/L z]kf{
 lxdfnsf] 5f]/L kf;fNofd' z]k{
 lxd lrtjfsf] uf]7fnf] 8f 3gZofd u'?ª
 lxd ;/bf/ ,;f]gfd l5/Lª z]kf{
 lxd af3F ,t]lGhªu gf]u}{ z]kf{

\
;u/dfy cf/f]xLx?sf] ufpF bf]nvf lhNnfsf] uf}/Lz+sf/ a]lbª ufpF ljZjd} cf/f]lxx?sf]
ufpF elg lrlgG5
g]kfndf /x]sf] k|d'v lxdfnx?
 ;u/dfy **$*=*^
 sGr+h+uf *%*^
 Nxf]T;] *%!^
 dsfn' *$^#
 rf]o' *@)!
 wf}nflu/L *!^&
 dgf:n' *!^#
 cGgk'0f{ *)(!

g]kfndf /x]sf] k|d'v lxd lxd>[vnf

sGrgh+uf
ofn'ªsfª sGrgh+uf
ls/ft r'nL
kflye/f lxdfn
;u/dfy ,g'K;] ,dsfn',h;Daf,zflGt dxfn+u'/
lzv/,
dsfn' dsfn'
uf}/Lz+s/ /f]Njflnª
ef}/j 6fs'/ h'un
cGgk'0f{ ,dfR5fk'R5] cGgk'0f{
g]kfn rLg ljrsf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s gfsfx?
lhNnf gfsf
tfKn]h'ª cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf
;+v'jf;ef lsdfyfªsf
l;Gw'kfNrf]s sf]bf/L ,tftf]kfgL
uf]v{ nfs]{ e~Hofª
/;'jf /;'jfu9L
x'Dnf lxN;f
bfh'{nf l6+sf/
bf]nvf nfdfau/
d':tfª NxfDfGyfª

jg ;Dkbf
g]kfndf kfO{g] jgnfO{ % efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5
!_pkf]i0f ;bfjxf/ jg !@)) ld ;Ddfsf] prfO{
@_ ;dzLtf]if0f ktem/ jg, !@)) b]vL @!)) ld ;Ddfsf] jg
#_sf]0fwf/L jg @!)) b]vL ##)) ld ;Ddfsf] jg
$_ n]sfnL jg ##)) b]vL %)))) ld ;Ddfsf] jg
%_6'08f jf lxdfnL jg %))) eGbf dflysf] jg
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&^.&^ cg';f/ jgsf] ca:yf

ljZjsf] s'n e' efusf] #)=* k|lt;t jg If]q /x]sf] 5

rLg tyf blIf0f Pl;of d'n'sn] s'n jgsf] !*=^ k|lt;t 9fs]sf] 5
l5d]sL d'n'ssf] jg If]qsf] ca:yf
b]z jg If]q
e'6fg &@=$(
g]kfn $)=$- $=$ a'6\ofg If]q kb{5
 >L+nsf ##=))
rLg @@=!)
ef/t !!=$%
a+unfb]z !)=(^
ckmfufg:yfg @=!)
kfls:tfg !=*%

g]kfndf k|lQm JolQm )=@ x]S6/ jg / !!! ?v kb{5

 xfn g]kfndf @) j6f ;+/lIft If]q
 !@ /fli6«o lgs'Ghf
 ! aGohGt' cf/If –sf]lz6Kk'_
 ! lzsf/ cf/If 9f]/kf6g

aGohGt'sf] ;Vof
 cg{f $$! -@)!* cg';f/_
 u}+8f ^$% -@)!$ cg';f/_
 s[i0f;f/ @$) -@)!( cg';f/_
 3l8ofn @!( -@)!* cg';f/_
 ;|f]q jg tyf afta/0f dGqfno @)&%
 cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&%.&^
 /fli6«o lgs'Ghfx?
 G]kfndf sltj6f /flgc? 5g !@
 G]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf sfG5f] /flg k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'Ghf xf]
 /fli6«o lgs'Ghf ,cf/If0f,;+/If0f If]q cflbn] cf]u6]sf] e' efu @#=#( k|lt;t
gfd :yfkgf If]qkmn cjl:yt lhNnf d'Vo ljZ]iftfx?
ldtL
lrtjfg /flg @)#) (%@=^# lrtjfg,dsjgk'/,k;f{, g]fkfnsf] klxnf],Psl;u]
gjnk/f;L uf}8f,kf6] af3,lrtn ,/t'jf
/f/f /flg @)#@ !)^ d'u',h'Dnf G]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] /flg,
lxdfn' efn'
Alb{of /flg @)#@ (^* Alb{of s[i0f;f/sf] nflu k|ll;4,
;u/dfy @)#@ !!$* ;f]n'v'Da' ljZjsf] ;j]{Rr :yfgdf /x]sf]
/flg
nfª6fª @)#@ @)#@ /;'jf,g'jfsf]6,l;Gw'kfNr Xfa|] /ftf] kf08sf nflu k|l;4
f]s
z] kmf]S;'08f] @)$) #%%% 8f]Nkf,d'u' g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
/flg
vKtf8 /flg @)$@ @@% 8f]6L,aemfª,c5fd,afh'/ h+unL s's'/sf nflu k|l;4
f
dsfn' a?0f @)$( !%)) ;+v'jf;ef,;f]n'v'Da' h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn]
/flg dxTjk'0f{
lzjfk'/L /flg @)%* !%) sf7df08f},l;Gw'kfNrf]a Wjf;f] lrtjfsf] nflu k|l;4
s,g'jfsf]6,wflbª
afFs] /flg @)^& %%) afFs],;Nofg,bfª Af3sf] nflu k|l;4
z'Snfkmf6 @)&# #)% sGrgk'/ /flg G]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] 3f;]
/flg d}bfg ePsf]
k;f{ /flg @)&$ ^@&=#( lrtjfg,dsjfgk'/,k;f{

 If]kmnsf] cfwf/df 7'nf]af6 /fgf] /flg

 z] kmf]S;'08f],nfª6dª,dsfn'j?0f,;u/dfy /flg,alb{of,lrtjfg,k;f{ /flg z'Snfkmf6
,afs]F,vKtf8,l;jfk'/L,/f/f /flg
 hn;|f]t
 ljZjsf] s'n hn;|f]tsf] g]kfnn] @=@& k|lt;t cf]u65 .
 ;fgf 7'nf ul/ g]kfndf ^))) glbgfnf /x]sf] 5
 g]kfnsf] glbx?sf] jlu{s/0f
 klxnf] :t/sf] glb
 lxdfnoaf6 pTktL eP/f lg/Gt/ ?kdf axg] glb
 ;Ktsf]zL,;Ktu08sL,s0f{nL
bf];|f] :t/sf] glb
 dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLjf6 pTktL eO{ lg/Gt/ jxg] t/f
 lxpbfdf 36g] ,h:t} d]rL ,jfudtL
t];|f] :t/sf] glb
 r'/] kxf8af6 pTktL eO{ axg] / lxpbfdf ;Sg]
 d}gfjlt ,jqmxf xlb{gfy
 g]kfndf /x]sf k|d'v glb

gbL ;d]6]sf] If]q nDafO{ / ljB't ;fxos glbx? 7'nf] ;fxos

pTkfbg
cf};t k'jf{ b]lv klZrd / ;fgf]
Ifdtf
hnk|jfx ;fxos
;Ktsf]zL k'j{df &@) @@))) d] tdf]/,c?0f,b'wsf]zL, 7'nf]
sGr+ghuf jf
lsdL lnv',tfdfsf]zL, c?0f
b]vL klZrd
nfd6fª ;'gsf]zL,OGb|jtL ;fgf]
lxdfn
hnk|jfx lnv'
!%^$
So';]s
;Ktu08sL k'j{df nfd6fª ##* lsdL @!))) lqz'nL,a'9Lu08sL 7'nf]
klZrdf
hnk|jxf d] jf b/f}bL,d:of{bL,dfbL sfnLu08sL
wf}nflu/L
!&!# ;]tL ,sfnLu08sL ;fgf]
So';]s lqz'nL
 s0f{nL wf}nflu/L b]lv %)& #@))) ;fgf]e]/L,7'nf]e]/L
Jof;
lsdL d] jf d'u' 7'nf] x'Dnf
lxdfn s0f{nL,ltnf,x'Dnf s0f+{nL
hnk|jxf
s0f{nL,a'9Lu+uf
;fgf] ltnf
!#!^ ,;]tL

glbsf] l;rfO{ Ifdtf

 ;Ktsf]zL ##))) ju{ ls dL
 ;Ktu08sL @^))) ju{ lsdL
 s0f{nL $())) ju{ lsdL
ef/t k|j]z u/]kl5 ljleGg glbsf] gfd
glb gfd
sf]zL bfdf]b/ sf]bfnf]
sGsfO{ ljl/u+ sljx? sGsfO{ uP
d]rL dxfgGb d] df d]rL hfgL n
s0f{nL 3fF3/ s xfF hfg] _ 3f / xfF p:t}
aaO{ ;/o' a; ;u}F aaO hfpnf
dxfsfnL zf/bf d zf/bf gbL hfg]

ljleGg glbsf] pbud:yn tyf ;+:s[lt gfd

  ef]6 –ltAat df d'n ePsf glbx?
 z'q ,ctf;' t tf sf nL eP5pm
 c?0f,tdf]/,;'gsf]zL,tfdfsf]zL,s0f{nL

glb ;+:s[t gfd pbud:yn

d:of{ªbL lztk|ef bfdf]b/ lxdfn
c?0f dxfk|ef ltAat
;]ltu08sL z'Snfu+uf cGgk'0f{ lxdfn
;'gsf]zL z'e>fjf ltAat
s0f{nL k+~r]Zj/L ltAat
lemd|'v wdf{jtL uf]}d'vL
lnv' x]du+uf /f]Njlnª
b/f]}bL ljZjwf/f a'b| lxdfn
/fKtL clr/fjlt
OGbjlt ;Toaflxlg h'un lxdfn
a'9Lu08sL o;f]wf/f

laleGg lhNnfdf /x]sf] em/0fx?  g'jfsf]6 km'ªkm'ª

 tfKn]h'ª  wflbª u+uf hd'gf
l6ktfn,Onfd8fF8f  kfNkf a}s'07] em/0f
 tfKn]h'ª Xoft'ª  DofUbL ?K;] em/0f
 cf]vn9'ªuf kf]snL ,/ftf]df6]  8f]Nkf ;'lnu9 em/0f
 pbok'/ cf]8l/vf]nf aemfª ;]lt glbsf]
em/0f
 vf]6fª lbk'ª
g]kfnsf] s]xL e~hfofªx?

uf]/vf lhNnf  rf rfa's

 d}of ,Uofnf,yfnf _ z'q  l6 l6ktfn
 vf vfªnf]
 d} d}nf6 l;rª  lem lemG;fª
 of of08f]n  3f 3fªnf
 yf yfkn]  zv'jf;ef
 Uof Uofnf  k]f/f pl5ef
 kf] kf]k6L
 nf nfs]{
 /f /funf
x'Dnf  P pDas
 lrnf rfnf];  l5 l5/rf]ef
 lr lrnfd  ef ef6ef]6lg
 nf nfKr]
 rf rfªnf
 nf] nf]n'ª
 ; ;k]{
8f]Nkf
slkdf ofv'cfd]Hof
d':tfª
 sf sfªs'ª
rfkmf5fk
 lk lk08'
 rf rfªr'dL
 df dfl/d
 kmf kmfªkm'ªnf
 of ofgfª
 5f 5f6fª
 v' v'ª
k kr]{ Sod
 cf cf/l/d
 d] d]ªnf
tfKn]h'ª  Hof Hofªr]
rfl6vf lemwf
yfk c?
  l6sf/ bfr'{nf  gfªkf ;f]n'v'Da'
 dfg] vf]6fª  p/fO{ aemfª
 7fªgf bf]nvf
 gfDhf d'u'
s'g 7fpFdf s] kfOG5
vfgL kfO{g] :yfgx?
r'g9+'uf rf]ef/,e}+;],uf]bfj/L,wgs'6f
DofUg];fO{6 bf]nvf , pbok'/ ,jfUn'ª
:n]6 aGbLk'/,afUdtL,n''lDagL,u08sL
l;;f u0f]z lxdfn ,k'mnrf]sL,afUn'ª
kmnd km'nrf]sL,7f];] s'n]vfgL
;'g sflnu08sL,a'9Lu08sL,;'gsf]zL
g'gvfgL d':tfª yfsvf]nf
dfj{n uf]bfj/L,dxfef/t kj{tsf] ljleGg :yfg
sf]Onf bfª,;Nofg ,lrtjg
;f]8f ;Nofg ,8f]6L
lj/]g'g /;'jf ,:ofk'ma]zL
k]6f]«lnod g]kfnuGh,b}n]v
cu|fv ;'Gb/Lhn ,HofdL/]

g]kfnsf k|d'v e~hfªx?

lhNnf e~Hofªx?
tfKn]h'ª rfj's ,l6ktfn
;+v'jf;ef kf]kl6 ,pDas,ef6ef]6gL
 l;Gw'kfNrf]s em'df,sf]bf/L
;f]n'v'Da' gfªkf
Uofnf / nfs]{ uf]/vf
8f]Nkf ul/d,lk08',ofnf
gfDhf d'u'
x'Dnf nfKr],rfªnf,;k]{
bfr'nf l6sf/

g]kfnsf] s]xL k|d'v l;rfO{ cfof]hgfx?

aFfs] l;S6f l;rfO{ cfof]hgf
Ko'7fg n'ª\u|Ldf8L l;rfO{
kfNkf cuf{nL l;rfO cfof]hgf
?kGb]xL dr{j/ l;rfO cfof]hgf
jlb{of /fhfk'/f l;FrfO{ cfof]hgf
slkna:t' jf0fu+uf l;rfO{ cfof]hgf
?kGb]xL ltgx' l;rfO{ cfof]hgf
s}nfnL df]xgf l;rfO{ cfof]hgf
;Kt/L rGb|gx/ l;rfO{ cfof]hgf
;nf{xL h'4gx/ l;rfO cfof]hgf
&& lhNnfsf] gofF jlu{s/0f
 :yflgo ;/sf/ ;Grfng P]h\g @)&$ cg';f/ g]kfnsf] lhNnfnfO{ % efudf jlu{sf
ul/Psf] 5
 lxdfnL lhNnfx? @! Jf6f
 kxf8L lhNnfx? @* j6f
 leqL dw] zsf lhNnfx? & pl;dlrgbf;'
 t/fOsf] lhNnfx? !* j6f
 sf7df08f} pkTosf # lhNnfx?

g]kfnsf] s]lx 7'nf] tyf ;fgf]

 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dlGb/ hfgls dlgb/ wg'iff
 :t'kf af}Fb :t'kf
 sf7sf] 9f]s /flgdxn kfNkf
 9f]sf gf/folxl6 b/jf/
 G]fkfnsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf]
 s]xL wfdx?
 wg'ifwfd wg'iff
 j}hgfywfd a}t8L
 k/z'/fd wfd 88]nw'/f
 ;tf;Lwfd emfkf
g]kfndf /x]sf wfld{s :yn / ltgsf] lhNnfx?
 uf];fOs'08f /;'jf  u+uf hd'gf wflbª
 knf~rf]s eujlt sfe|f]  sfuj]gL d':tfª
 blIf0fsfnL sf7df08f}+  l;4afAaf dlGb/ l;Gw'nL
 xn];L dxfb]j v]f6fª  sflnGrf]s bf]nvf
 rGb|gfy h'Dnf
 l5Ggd:tf eujlt ;Kt/L  :ju{b'/L Ko'7fg
 ;tf;Lwfd emfkf  a'9f;'Aaf ;'g;/L
 ljGWofafl;gL sf:sL  vKtf8 8f]6L
 hfgsL dlGb/ wg'iff  7fs'/4/f alb{of
 d'lQmIf]q d':tfª  z}n]Zj/L 8f]6L
 dfOkf]v/L Onfd  b]jwf6 tgx'
 e'6g b]ljsf] dlGb/ dsgk'/  b]jLwf6 g'jfsf]6
 b]ptL aHo}+ ;'v]{t  afu]Zj/L aFfs]

ljZjsf] Oltxf;
d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotf ,
 l;Gw'3fF6Lsf] ;Eotf ,ld> ;Eotf o'gfgL ;Eotf
 /f]dsf] ;Eotf ,jf]ljnf]gsf] ;Eotf
 Oltxf; zAbsf] pTktL s'g efiffaf6 ePsf] xf]<
o'gfgL efiffsf] Historia
 l;Gw' 3fF6Lsf] ;Eoftf l;Gw' / /fjL glb
 d];f]kf]6fdLod ;Eotf l6lu|; / o'qm]6;
 /f]dg ;Eoftf 6fOa/
aif{df #^% lbg x'g] dfGotf / Sofn]G8/sf] lgsfNg] /f]dg ;Eotfsf] b]g xf]
! 306fnfO{ ^) ldg]6 / ! ldg]6nfO{ ^) ;]s]08 ljefhg ug]{ sfo{ j]ljnf]gsf]
;Eotfdf ePsf] xf]<
  /fhgLlt ,bz{gdf ljz]if of]ubfg u|Ls ;Eotfdf
 d];f]kf]6fldof ;Eotf Ok' #%)) af6 ;'? ePsf] xf]
 l;Gw' 3fF6Lsf] ;Eotf Ok' @%)) af6 ;'? ePsf] xf]
 o'gfgL ;Eotf ;'?jt Ok' !@)) jf6 ePsf] xf]
 /f]dsf] ;Eotfsf] ;'?jt Ok' !))) af6 ;'? ePsf] xf]
DofUgfsf6f{
 DofUgfsf6f{ eGgfn] s] nfO{ a'lemG5
 a]nfotL gful/ssf] :jtGqtfsf] k|yd j8fkq
 DofUgfsf6f{ slxn] hf/L eof] <
;g !@!% h'g !%
 o;df x:tIf/ ug]{ /fhf sf] x'g <
/fhf hf]g l4lto,
 DofUgfsf6f{df slt wf/f /x]sf] 5
^# wf/f
 DofUgfsf6f{ kf08'lnlk s;n] tof/ u/]sf x'g <
:6]kmg afª6g
 k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfg'g cg';f/ b08 lbOg] 5 eGg] DofUgfsf6f{ s'g
wf/fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 <
wf/f #(
 DofUgfsf6f{sf] d'nk|lt s'g efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5 <
Nofl6g efiff
 DofUgfsf6fnfO{ ;+z]wg ul/ k'0f{tf lbOg] x]g/L t[tLo x'g .
 Dfgj clwsf/sf] klxnf] lnlvt b:tfj]h xf] DofUgfsf6f{
  DofUgfsf6f{sf] kl/df0f :j?k k|rngdf cfPsf] l/6 s'g xf]
aGbL k|TolIfs/0f
cfBf]lus s|flGt
 cf}Bf]lus s|flGt slxn] ePsf] lyof]<
;g !&^)- !*$)
 cf}Bf]lus sf|lGtsf] ;'?jt a]nfotaf6 ePsf] lyof]<
 cf}Bf]lus sflGt k|Zrft ;dfhdf k'lh{klt ju{ / dhb/' ju{sf] :yfkgf
x'gf k'Uof]<
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtnfO{ oflGts qmflGt klg elgG5 <
 cfw'lgs km\ofl6\ k4ltsf lktf elg s;nfO{ lrlgG5 <
 l/r{8 cfs{/fO{6
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt k|Zrft s'g ju{sf] pbo eof]<
 k'FhLklt / dhb'/ ju{

km|fG;sf] /fHoqmlGt
 km|fG;sf] /fHoqmlGt slxn] eof]<
o ;g !&*(
 km|fG;sf] /fHo qmlGt x'bf ToxfFsf] /fhf sf] lyP<
n'O{ ;f]x|f}F
 km|fG;sf] /fHo qmflGt s] gfdn] k'sfl/G5 <
af}l4s qmflGt
 km|fG;sf] /fHo qmflGtsf] k|d'v gf/f s] lyof]<
;dfgtf :jtGqtf / eft[Tj
 ?;f] gePsf] eP km|fG;sf] /fHoqmflGt x'g] lyPg of] egfO{ s;sf] xf]<
jf]gfkf6{
 e|:6 rr{nfO{ gi6 ul/b]pm s;sf] egfO{ xf]< ef]Nt]o/
 dflg; :jtGq hGdG5 t/f ;j{t ;fªnfn] afFlwG5 <
?;f]
  km|fG;df /fhfn] !&% aif{ ;Ddf gaf]nfPsf] / ;g !&*( d] % af]nfPsf]
a}7s gfd s] xf]<
:6]6 hg/n
 n'O{ !^ cf} d'To' clw af]n]sf] jfSo s] lyof]<
 d]/f] /utn] km|fG;sf] ;d[l4sf] sf/0f agf]; /fHo cd/ /xf];
 d g} /fHo x'F of] egfO{ s;sf] xf] < n'O{ rf}wf}F
 n'O{ ;f]x|f}FnfO{ slxn] d[To'b08 lbOof]< ;g !&(# hgfj/L @!
 n'O{ !^ cf} sf] kfnfdf /fhfn] hgtfnfO{ ljgf cleof]u lu/km\tf/ ug{
kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ s] elgG5 <
little de chachat
 dxf/fgL PG6f]g]6nfO{ slxn] d[To'b08 lbO{of] < ;g !&(# cS6f]a/ !^
 km|fG;df /fHoqmlGt x'g'cl3 ;+;bdf slt ;bg lyof]<
# ;bg ,
 km|fG;sf] ;+;bnfO{ s] elgGYof] < :6]6 hg/n
 klxnf] ;bgsf] gfd kbfl/ lyof] eg] o;df slt ;b:o lyP<
#)*
 bf];|f] ;bgsf] gfd s'nLg ju{ lyof] / oxfF @%* ;b:o lyP<
 t];|f] ;bg ;j{;fwf/0f lyof] hxfF ^@! ;b:o lyP

k|yd ljZj o'4 ;DalGw hfgsf/L

k|yd ljZj o'4sf] yfnlgsf] k|d'v sf/0f s] lyof]<
 cli6«ofsf /fgs'df/ cfs{8\o's kml8g]G6 / pgsf] kTgL ;f]lkmof af]l:gof
w'Dgf uPsf] lyP ,@* h'g !(!$ df ;/foh]ef] e|d0fdf Ps
k[ystfafbLsf] cfqmdfdf dfl/P,o; 36gfsf] lhDdf cli6«ofn] ;lj{ofdfly
nufof] cli6«odn] ;lj{ofdfly k'/f ug]{ g;Sg] vfnsf] ;t{ /fVof] / To;sf]
l7s ! dlxgf kl5 cli6«ofn] ;lj{ofdfly cfqmdg u/]/f k|yd ljZj o'4
;'? ePsf] lyof]
  k|yd ljZj o'4 slxn] ;dfKt ePsf] lyof]<
!(!* gf]e]Da/ !!
 k|yd ljZj o'4af6 pbo ePsf zltmzfnL /fi6« s'g s'g x'g
cd]l/sf / hfkg
 k|yd ljZj o'4df k|ToIf ?kdf slt /fi6« ;xefuL lyP<
#@ /fi6«
 k|yd ljZj o'4df @ ;d'x eP/f /fi6«x? n8]sf lyP
w'/L /fi6« PlS;; kfj/ h;df hd{g,cli6«of ,xu+]/L,6ls{
h;nfO{ ;]G6/ kfj/sf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5
 ;lDdlnt u'6 Pln; kfj/ a]nfot,cd]l/sf,hfkg O6nL nufPt @* /fi6«
Pln;sf] g]t[Tj a]nfPtn] u/]sf] lyof] eg] PlS;;sf] hd{gn] u/]sf] lyof]
g]kfnn] To; ;dodf Pln;nfO{ jf a]nfot kIfnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof]<
k|yd ljZj o'4sf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] k|wfdfGqL rGb| zdz]/ lyP eg] g]kfnn]
aa/ zdz]/sf] g]t[Tjdf ;]gf k7fPsf] lyof]<
 k|od ljZj o'4 !%^! lbg rn]sf] lyof]
 k|yd ljZj o'4sf] ;dodf hd{gsf /fhf s}hn ljlnod l4tLo lyP /
pgL ul4 Tofu ul/ g]b/Nof08 uPsf lyP
 k|yd ljZj o'4df ;s}eGbf a9L Iflt ePsf] /fi6« hd{gL xf]
 e;]{lnhsf] ;lGw slt cjlwsf] nflu ePsf] lyof]< @) aif{
 e;]{lnh ;lGw sf] ;+uf ePsf] lyof] < a]nfot
l4tLo ljZj o'4 ;DalGw ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L
 l4tLo ljZj o'4sf] ;'?jt ! ;]K6]Da/ !(#( df ePsf] lyof]<
 l4tLo ljZj o'4sf] d'Vo sf/0f k|yd ljZj o'4df ePsf] e;]{Olnh ;lGw
dflgG5
 l4tLo ljZj o'4sf] ;'?jt hd{g4f/f kf]Nof08dfly cfqmdgaf6 ;'? ePsf]
xf]
 o;df ;]G6/ jf PlS;; kfj/ cGt/ut hd{g ,O6nL ,hfkg lyP
 Pln; kfj/df a]nfot,cd]l/sf ,?;,km|fG; cflb lyP
 l4tLo ljZj o'4sf] ;dodf hd{gsf] g]t[Tj lx6n/n] u/]sf lyP
 eg] O6nLsf] g]t[Tj a]lg6f] d';f]lngLn] u/]sf lyP
 lx6n/sf] hGd eg] cli6«ofdf ePsf] lyof]
  l4tLo ljZj o'4sf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP<
 >L # h'4 zdz]/
 l4tLo ljZj o'4 k|Zrft zlQmzfnL /fi6« aGg k'u]sf /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g
<
 cd]l/sf / ?;
 l4tLo ljZj o'4df ;a}eGbf klxnf cTd;dk0f{ ug]{ /fi6« s'g xf] O6nL
!($#
 ;a}eGbf kl5 hfkg @ ;]K6]Da/ !($%
 lx6n/n] slxn] cfTd;d{k0f u/] #) clk|n !($%
 hd{gLn] & d] !($% df cfTd;d{kg u/]sf] xf]
 cd]l/sfn] hfkgsf] lx/f]l;df df ^ cui6 !($% df little boy / (
cui6 !($% df gfuf;flsdf fat man gfd u/]sf] b'O ad v;fn]sf]
lyof]
 & l8;]Da/ !($! Df hfkgn] kn{xf/j{n dfly cfqmd0f k|Zrft cd]l/sf
o'4df efu lnPsf] xf]
 hd{g ;]gfn] @@ h'g !($! Df ?;dfly cfqmd0f u/sf] lyof],
 lx6n/n] aGbL ca:yfdf n]v]sf] k':ts d]/f] ;+ª\3if{ xf]
 l4tLo ljZjo'4df leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg] g]kfnL
 uh] 3n] nfn a yfkf g]q a yfkf ,efg'etm u'?ª,ydfg u'?ª,t'n a k'g
 uGh' yfkf,z]/ a yfkf, nl5dg u'?ª,cd/l;x /fO{

cd]l/ls :jtGqtf ;+ªu|fd

 a]nfosf] pklgj]zaf6 :jtGqtf x'gfsf] nflu cd]l/sL gful/sn] u/]sf]
;+ª3if{
 +cd]l/sL ;+jtGqtf ;+ª\uf|d slxn] k|f/De ePsf] lyof]<
!( clk|n !&&% b]lv !&*# ;Ddf * aif{
 s'g ;lGwn] cd]l/sf :jtGqtf o'4sf] cGTo ePsf] lyof]<
e;f{Onsf] ;lGw
  e;f{nfOnsf] ;lGw slxn] ePsf] lyof]<
# ;]K6]Da/ !&*# a]nfot / cd]l/sf ljr
 :jtGqtf cd]l/sfsf] k|yd /fi6«klt sf] x'g < hh{ jfl;ª6g
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf o'4sf] gf/f s] lyof]< ls :jtGqtf ls d[To' b]pm
 cd]l/sfn] slxn] gofF ;+ljBfg nfu' ul/of]<;g !&*(

ef/tLo :jGqtf ;g !*%& b]vL !($&

 ef/lto :jtGqtfsf] k|yd sbd s'g xf] !*%& sf] l;kfxL ljb|f]x
 ef/tLo :jtGqtfsf] # o'ux?
 pbf/jfbL o'u ;g !**% !()%
 pu|afb o'u ;g !()^ !(!*
 ufGwL o'u !(!( !($&
 ;g !(@) ufGwLsf] g]t[Tjdf c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jt
 ef/t :jtGqtfsf] qmddf uf]Nd]r ;Dd]ng sxfF ;Dk0f{ ePsf] xf],
 n08g
 ef/t / kfls:tfg 5'66f5'6} /fHo 3f]ifgf la|l6; ;+;bn] slxn] u/]sf] xxf]<
 ;g !($& h'nfO{ !^
 Kfls:tfg slxn] :jtGqtf eof] !($& cu:6 !$
 ef/t slxNo} :jtGqtf eof] !)$& cu:6 !%
 dxfTd ufGwLsf] xTof #) hgfj/L !($*
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;

gfd Zf;g aif{ k|yd /fhf clGtd /fhf Zf;g s]Gb|

Zf;s
uf]kfnj+zL %@! e'Qmdfg oIf u'Kt dftf lty{
*hgf
dlxifkfn !!! j/l;+x e'jg l;+x zv\d'n
# hgf
ls/ftsfn %@^ onDa/ u:tL uf]s0f{
#@ hgf
lnR5jLsfn *)) aif{ hob]j k|yd Hfosfdb]a

s]xL lnR5jLsfnsf] zAb tyf kbx?

 Dfxf;j{b08gfos , K|fwfgGofofwLz
 ;j{b08gfos GofofwLz
 b08gfos k|x/L k|d'v
 dxfanfWoIf k|d'v ;]gfklt
 k|wfg u|fd k|zf;s
 cdfTo dGqL :tl/o clwsf/L
 e6 l;kfxL
 ;fdGt k|zf;s
 k|ltxf/ b/jf/ x]g]{ JolQm
 uf]TdLs ;]gf gfos
ef6 gfos ;]gfWoIf
lnR5jLsfndf kg]{ k~r ck/fwx?
!_ rf]/L ug'{ @_xTof ug'{ #_/fhbf]|x
$_k/:qLudg %_ck/fwdf ;3fpg'
lnR5jLsfnsf $ clws/0f
!_ s'y]/ clws/0f , /fh:j ;+sng ,hUuf vl/b ljlqm x]g]{ c88f
@_dfNrf]s clws/0f , ljaxf k/kfr's] tyf ;Dkfltsf] Joa:yfkg
#_ln+uan clws/0f , s'nf] / vfg]kflg ;DalGw sfo{sf] Joa:yfkg ug]{ c8\8f
$_z'NnL clws/0f ,k~rck/fw ;DalGw d'4f x]g]{ c8\8f
lnR5jLsfnLg s]xL k|zf;lgs OsfOx?
 ljifo , lhNnf :t/Lo k|zf;lgs PsfO{
 u|fd ;fgf] ufpFnfO{ a'emfpg] gfd
 tn 7'nf] ufpFnfO{ a'emfpg] gfd
 k/dfzg k~rvtsf] d'b|f x]g]{ lgsfo

lnR5jLsfnsf s/x?
 lqs/ , efu,ef]u ,s/
 s[ifL pTkfbgdf nfUg] s/, efu
 kz'kfngdf nufOg] s/ ef]u
 Jofkf/df nufOg] s/ s/
 Kofhdf nufOg] s/ kf08'ns/
 t]ndf nufOg] s/ t}ns/
 sk8fdf nufOg] s/ r}ns/
 e};Ldf nufOg] s/ dNns/
 k;ndf nufOg] s/ cfkg s/
dNnsflng kb tyf lgsfox?
 rf}tf/f k|wfgdGqL
 cdfTo dGqL ;/xsf] kb
 9fNkf s'nf] gx/ cflbsf] /]vb]v ug]{ c8\8f
 k~r;d'Gro ;fgf ltgf em} emu8f x]g]{ :yflgo a'9fkfsfsf] ;d'x
 ljifo lhNnf
 ef/bf/ k/dfg
 peo ;}lgs clwsf/L
 rl/bf/ cg';Gwfg clws[t
/f0fsfnLg k|d'v k|zff;lgs c8\8fx?
k|zf;lgs c8\8f ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sdx?
s'df/L rf]s cfDbfgL / vr{sf] n]vfkl/If0f ug]{ lgsfo
d'n'sL aGbf]a:t c8\8f b]zsf] k|;f;g ;Grfng / lgl/If0f
sdf08/L lstfjvfgf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] AolQmut lja/0fsf]
clen]v /fVg] c8\8f
d'G;Lvfgf k//gi6« dfldnf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ c8\8f
ljGtLkq lgS;f/L c8\8f Gofo;DaGwL ;j]{Rrf c8\8f
kfgL uf]Zjf/f /f0fx?nfO{ b'w,blx,Wo' ,kflg cflb Joa:y
fug]{
lkkf uf]Zj/f /f0fx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ s'NnL ,>lds
pknAw u/fpg]
v8u lgzfg c8\8f >L+ # ;lrjfno . k|wfgdGqL sfo{no
wd{ srx? ei6frf/ ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ /f0fsfnLg
c8\8f
Xflh/ uf]Zjf/f sd{rf/Lsf] xflh/ hfFrg]

rk/f;L c8\8f ;8s ,3/ agfpg]

 5]e8]n c8\8f ;fj{hlgs lgdf0f{ / dd{t Aoa:y ug]{
e08f/vfn 9's'6L ;+s6sfnsf] ca:yfsf] nflu egL /sd
hDdf ug]{ sfo{no
tf]kfvfg Xftxltof/ agfpg]
u'7L srx/L u'7L hUufsf] nfut /fVg] / o;sf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{
rk/f;L c8\8f s}lbx?nfO{ ;8s lgdf0f{sf] sfo{ u/fpg]
t]hf/gfy sd{rf/LnfO{ /ds ;fkl6 lbg]
km/dfo;L c8\8f cltly ;Tsf/sf] sfd ug]{
gubL c8\8f k|wfgdGqLsf] cfDbfgL hDdf ug]{
;/fkmvfg ;6fxL ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{
km/f;vfg /fhkl/jf/ tyf /f0fx?sf] ljx]df ;fdfg
Joa:ygf ug]{
sF8]n rf]s ;'g ,rfbLsf] u/uxgf agfpg]
P]g vfgf P]g sfg'g th'df ug]{ c8\8f
h++uL aGbf]a:tf c8\8f ;}lgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ c8\8f

s'g d'b|f s;n] lg:sf;g u/]

 hfjf hok|sfz dNn
 u0f+s u'0fsfdb]j
 rfbFLsf] d'b|f dlxGb| dNn
 rf/s'g] d'b|f k|tfn dNn
 dfg+s dfgb]j
 k0f / k'/f0f g/]Gb| b]j
 ;'gsf] c;lkm /0faxfb'/ zfx
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ljho jf Plss/0f cleofgdf slxn] sxfF ljho eP <
 g'jfsf]6 lj; !*)! c;f]h !%
 sfe|] lj; !*!^ k}if
 dsgk'/ lj; !*!( eb|f (
 lslt{k'/ klxnf] k|of; lj; !*!$
 lslt{k'/ b];|f] k|of; lj; !*@!
 lslt{k'/ ljho lj; !*@@ r}q #
 sf7df08}+f lj; !*@% c;f]h !#
 nlntk'/ lj; !*@% c;f]h @$
 etk'/ lj; !*@^ d+lz/ !
 ljhok'/ lj; !*#!
g]kfn Plss/0fsf] ;dodf s;n] sxfF lj/utL eP<
 sflh sfn' kf08] sLlt{k'/ !*!$
 sflh t'nf/fd kf08] sLlt{k'/ !*!$
 ;/bf/ elQm yfkf b]pyn
 sfhL gog/fh lzx c6df]8f
 k/z'/fd yfkf ;dgk'/

s'g 36gfdf s;n] kf]n vf]n]sf lyP<

 e08f/vfn{ kj{ ljho/fh kl08t
 ds} kj{ /fdxl/ clwsf/L,ef]h/fh hf]zL
 nfO{a|]l/ kj{ /fdrGb| clwsf/L
 #* ;fnsf] kj{ pt/Wjfh clwsf/L
 k|r08 uf]v{f kj{ nId0f/fh
 k|hf kl/ifb sf08 /fdhL hf]zL

g]kfn Plss/0fsf] ;dodf s;n] sxfF lj/utL eP<

 sflh sfn' kf08] sLlt{k'/ !*!$
 sflh t'nf/fd kf08] sLlt{k'/ !*!$
 ;/bf/ elQm yfkf b]pyn
  sfhL gog/fh lzx c6df]8f
 k/z'/fd yfkf ;dgk'/

;lGw , s s; ldtL X:tIf]/

;Dem}tf ljr
s]?ª g]kfn @ h'g !&*( g]kfn, ad a= zfx,=====
ltat lj;!*$^ ltAat,6]d' nfdf =====
j]qfjlt g]kfn, % cS6f]a/ !&(@ g]kfn ,axfb'/ zfx
;lGw ltAat lj; !*$( c;f]h
g]kfn / @ l8;]Da/ !*!% lj; g]kfn ,uh/fh ld> @* gf]=
!*&@ !*!%
;'uf}nL O:6
Nffu' ;g !*!^ dfr{ # Oi6 ,a|f8 zf
;lGw OlG8of
sDkgL @ l8 !*!%
yfkyln g]kfn dfr{ !*%^
;lGw ltAat !(!@ ,r}q !

!*^) sf] g]kfn / Oli6 ! gf] !*^) g]kfn, h+uaxfb'/ /f0f

;lGw OlG8of
Oi6 hh{ :ofDh]
d}qL ;lGw g]kfn a]nfot @@ l8 !(@# g]kfn,rGb| zdz]/ hj/f
lj; !(*) kf}if ^ a] 8An' Pkm l6
sf]zL ;Dem}tf g]kfn ef/t @% clk|n !(%$ g]kfn, df]xjL/ zdz]/
lj; @)!!a}zfs !@ ef/t,u'nhf/Lnfn gGb\
 Uf08s ;Dem}tf g]kfn ef/t $ l8 !(%( g]kfn, ;'j0f{ zdz]/
lj; @)!^ d+ªl;/ !( efgt , eujfg ;xfo
dxfsfnL ;lGw g]kfn @( h+ !((^ g]kfn k|sfz rGb| nf]xgL
ef/t lj; @)%@ ef/t , k|0fj d'vhL{

lgdf0f{ tyf lgdf{tfx?

 s}nfzs'6 ejg cz'jdf{
 g'jfsf]6sf] ;ft tn] b/jf/ k[YjLgf/fof0f zfx
 j;Gtk'/sf] g}ftn] b/jf/ k[YjLgf/of0f zfx
 etmk'/sf] %% Eofn] b/jf/ e'kltGb| dNn
 sf7df08}sf] /flg kf]v/L k|tfk dNn
 hufltk'/ b/jf/ x/L zfx
 l;xb/jf/ rGb| zdz]/
 gf/foflxl6 b/jf/ jL/ zdz]/
 aa/dxn rGb| zdz]/
 afnfh'sf] @! 3f/f hok|sfz dNn
 tn]h' ejflgsf] dlGb/ dx]Gb| dNnf
 kz'klt dlGb/ k|r08 b]j
 sf7df08f} ;x/sf] :yfkgf u'0fsfdb]j
 nnLtk'/sf] :yfkgf jL/b]j
 s'df/L dlGb/ hok|sfz dNn
 blIf0fsfnL k|tfk dNn
 ljZj?k dlGb/ h+uaxfb'/ /f0f
 kfNkfsf] gf/fo0f dlGb/ cd+/l;x yfkf
 kfNkfsf] /fgLdxn v8\uaxfb'/
k|tfk dNnsf] sfo{x?
 xg'dfg,sfe}/j, /fgLkf]v/L,blIf0fsfnL k|tfjsf emf]s
 gf;f,g/l;+x,;'Gb/L,sfnL,k|tfksf] rf]s
 e08fnvfn ,u'x]Zj/L logs} af]6
 ;]tf] dlR5Gb|sf] /yofqf rnfPsf] lbgsf]
 zlQmzfnL k|tfkn] !% efiff a]Ny]{
 8f]nf lemsfO{ ljaxf ul/ jfj' s}b u/]
 ## aif{ zf;g ul/ b]z rnfP

u'0fsfdb]j sfo{x?
 OGb|,nfv],lxn],s[i0f >[ªe]/L hfqf
 Sfi7d08k,d?;tn,eb|sfnLsf] ofqf
 sflGtk'/df dfgj /flv s'df/Lsf]

/f0f k|wfgdGqL tyf ltgsf] of]ubfg

!_ h+ujxfb'/ /f0f lj; !()# b]vL !(## ;Ddf
of]ubfgx? ,
 lj; !(!) df d'n'sL P]g k|sfzg
 #% aif{ k'u]sf] claaflxt 5f]/LnfO{ klg c+z lbg] Aoa:yf
 lj; !(!) c;f]h @& df b/jf/ :s'nsf] :ykgf
 lj; !()* df lu4] k|];sf] :ykgf
@ /0f]4Lk l;+x lj; !(## b]lv !($@
of]ubfgx?
 kfqf]sf] k|sfzg
 dfnf]kf]t p7fpg] gofF aoa:yf
 g]kfndf x'nfs 3/sf] :yfkgf
 t]hf/y c8\8fsf] :ykgf
# jL/ zdz]/
lj; !($@ b]vL !(%& ;Ddf
cfkmgf sfsf /0f]4Lk l;+xsf] xTof u/]/f k|wfgdFqL ePsf
of]ubfgx?
 g]kfndf df]6/ r9\g] klxnf] AolQm
 306f3/,jL/ c:ktfn,gf/fo0flx6L b/jf/sf] lgdf0f{
 gfdsf] k5f8L ha/f n]Vgf ;'?
 b/jf/ :s'ndf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 5f]/f5f]/L k9\gf kfpg] Aoa:yf
 dlxnf lzIffsf] ;'?jt
$_b]j zdz]/ lj; !(%& b]vL !(%* ;Ddf !!$ lbg
b]j zdz]/nfO{ wgs'6] /fhf eg]/f klg lrlgG5
/f0f sfndf sd ;do k|wfgdGqL ePsf] AolQm
of]ubfgx? ,
 uf]/vfkqsf] k|f/De - !(%* a}zfs @$
 ;/sf/L ljbfsf] Joa:yf
 ;/sf/L sfdsfh !) . % ah] lgwf{/0f
 ph'/L k]6Lsfsf] Joa:yf
 lbpF;f] !@ ah] tf]k k8sfpg] Aoa:yf
% _ rGb+| zdfz]/ lj; !(%* b]vL !(*^ ;Ddf
 lkm:6] dxf/fhf
 d]l6«s kf; ug]{ klxnf] /f0f k|wfgdGqL
 /f0fc?nfO{ P,lj,l; ju{df ljefhg u/]sf
 P ju{ cGt/ut , ljjflxt If]qL k6\6Lsf h]7L dxf/fgLaf6 hGd]sf z'4 ;Gtfgx?
pgLx? K|fwfgdGqLsf] /f]nqm|df x'Gy]
 lj ju{ cGt/ut{ , bf];|f] ljjflxt /fgLaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgx? pgLx?n] sf7df08f}sf]
hg{{]n ;Ddf x'gf kfpy]
 l; ju{ /vf}6L jf cljjflxt kTgLaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgx? pgLx? Sf7df08f}F aflx/fsf]
hg]{n ;Ddf
 of]ubfgx?
  g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf0f{ u/]sf
 lj; @)^* ;fndf hgu0fgf ;'?jt u/]sf
 lj; !(&& df ;lt k|yfsf] cGTo
 lj; !(*! df bf; k|yfsf] cGTo
 g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lah'nL aQLsf] Aoa:yf - kmlkª hnljB't pTkfbg ;'? !(^*
 lqrGb| sn]hsf] :ykgf
^_ eLd zdz]/ lj; !(*^ b]vL !(*( ;Ddf
of]ubfgx?
 zlgaf/ ljbf lbg] rng
 ;/sf/L sfo{no !) -$ sfod
 g'g / skf;df eG;f/ 5'6sf] Aoa:yf
 rv{ k|rf/df /f]s
&_ h'4 zdz]/ lj; !(*( b]vL @))@
 of]ubfgx?
 sd{df/LnfO{ k]G;g lbg] Aoa:yf
 lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldnsf] :ykgf
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] a}ª\s g]kfn a}s sf] :ykgf !(($
 ;b/ lrl8ofvfgsf] :ykgf !((*
 sfuhL gf]6sf] k|rng
 P; Pn l; af]8{sf] :ykgf
 3/df /]l8of] /fVgf kfpg] Aoa:yf
 cf}Fwf]lus af]8{sf] :yfkgf cflb
*_ kbd zdz]/ lj; @))@ b]vL @))% ;DFdf
?Gr] k|wfgdGqL
of]ubfgx?
 :s'nsf] lktf
 G]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljBfg hf/L
 k|f}9 lzIffsf] Joj:yf
  sGof kf7zfnsf] :ykgf
 d /fi6«sf] gf]s/ x' eg]sf
(_ df]xg zdz]/ lj; @))% b]vL @))* ;Ddf
clGtd /f0f k|wfgdGqL
k|hftGq :yfkgf kl5sf] k|yd k|wfgdGqL
k|yflds lzIffsf] k|/De
/fli6«o cfly{s ;ldtL u7g

g]kfnsf] ;dflhs tyf ;+:s[tLs ca:yf

wd{
lxGb' wd{ j0f{>d Joa:yf cg';f/ dflg;sf] pd]/
a|x\drf{o>d hGdb]vL @% aif{;Ddf afNoca:yf
u[x:yfg>d @% b]vL %) aif{ ;Ddf o'jfca:yf
jfgk|Zyfg>d %) b]vL &% ;Ddf k|}f9 ca:yf
;Gof;f>d &% b]vL !)) ;Ddf j'4f ca:yf

laleGg wd{sf] wfld{s u|Gy,k|jt{s,wfld{s:ynx?

wd{ k|j{ts u|Gy Wfld{s ;Dkfbfox?
:yn
lxGb' >m[lif d'lgx? j]b,k'/fg, dlGb/ Zff}j,j}i0fj
lutf
Af}f4 l;4fy{ uf}td lqlk6s ljxf/,:t'k lxgofg/
dxfof/
O;fO{ lh;; qmOi6 jfOan rr{ /f]dg
 luhf{3/ Sofyf]lns
lzv u'? gfgs u'? u|Gy u'?4f/ csflnbn
O:nfd k}uDa/ df]x:db s'/fg Dl:ht l;of / ;'GgL

ox'FbL Xh/t d';f s}jfn cUgL dlGb/ sjfnf

h}g dxflj/ Jfrgd[t h}g lbufDa/

lxGb' wd{
 lxGb' wd{sf] !* k'/f0fdWo] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k'/fg :sGw k'/f0f
 ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k'/f0f clUg k'/f0f xf]
 lxGb' wd{ ljZjsf] k|lrg / t]>f] 7'nf] wd{
 lxGb' wd{ j}lbs / ;gftg wd{
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] lxGb' wd{sf] dlGb/ cª\sf]/ef6 sDaf]l8of
 lqb]j, a|Dx -lgdf0f{stf{_, lji0f' –kfngstf{_
 dx]Zj/ -;+xf/stf{
 rf/ o'ux? ;To,q]qf,4fkf/ / sln
 s'g o'u slxn] ;'? eof]<
 ;To o'u , cIfo t[tLo j}zfv z'Snf t[tLo
 q]tfo'u , sflt{s z'Snf gjdL
 4fk/o'u , efb| s[i0f qof]bzL
 Slnno'u , k}fif cf};L
 Rf/ pkj]b j]bx? , >[uj]b,oh'j]{b,;fdj]{b,cy{j]b
 k~rfd[t ,ufO{sf] b'w,bxL,Wo",dx/ ;Vv/
kz'kltgfysf] % d'vx?
 k"j{tkm{sf] d'v tTk'?if -1fg_
 klZrdtkm{sf] d'v ;Bf]hft -;Dklt_
 pt/tkm{ d'v jfdg –bDktL_
 blIf0ftkm{ d'v cwf]/
  dflytkm{sf] d'v Ozfg

s]xL k|d'g b]jL b]jtf / ltgsf] axfg

 b]jtf axfg  ch'{gsf] wg' uf08Lj
 dxfb]j gGbL ;f9]  b]jtf axfg
 u0f]z d';f]  jfo' d[t
 od/fh /fFuf]  od'gf s5'jf
 ;/:jtL xfF;  zgL lu4f
 OGb| P]/fjt  clUg af]sf]
 lji0f' u?8  b'u{f af3
 nIdL nf6f]sf];]/f]  kfjtL{ l;+x
 e}/j s's'/

b]jtfsf] c:q

 s0f{sf] wg' ljho

 lzjsf] wg' lkgfs
 lji0f'sf] wg' ;f/ª
 lji0f'sf] v8\s gGbs
 o'lwli7s z+vf cgGtljho
 s[i0fsf] z+v kf~rhGo
 xg'dfgsf] ubf nf]x:tDe
 /fdrGb|sf] wg' cuhuj
 ch'{gsf] z+vf b]jbt
a'4 wd{
 a'4sf] hGd O{=k' %^#
 lktf ;'2f]wg
 dftf dfofb]jL
 u[x Tofu @( aif{
 j+z zfSo
 kTgL ozf]wf/f
 g'xfPsf] kf]v/L k'isf/L0fL
 pkb]z kfnL efiffdf
 lv/ ksfP/f v'jfpg] dlxnf ;'hftf
  ;f/lysf] gfd 5Gbs
 Eljiojfl0f ug]{ s}l80o
 3f]8fsf] gfd sGys
 wfdx?
 n'lDagL a'4sf] hGd:yn
 af]wuof a'4n] a'4Tj k|fKt u/]sf] 7fpF
 ;f/gfy a'4n] k|yd k6s pkb]z lbPsf]
 S'zLgu/ a'4n] dxfkl/lgj{0f k|fKt u/]sf] 7fpF
 J}fzfnL clGtd pkb]z
ljxf/x?
 :joDa' dxfljxf/ g]kfn  a'4sf] % /ª\sf] cy{
 ljqmdlznf ljxf/ ef/t  ;]tf] a'4sf] bfFt
 tIflznf ljxf/ kfls:tfg  /ftf] a'4sf] /ut
 tfd|flznf >L+nsf  lgnf] a'4sf] z/L/
 :j0f{lznf yfONof08  kx]nf] cl:twft'
 lqlk6s ltAat  sn]hL a'4sf] cGt:s/0f
a'4 wd{sf ci6fª\lus dfu{
 ;Dos b[li6 ;Todf ljZj; ug]{
 ;Dos ;+sNk dfgl;s tyf g}lts ljsf;sf] k|of;
 ;Dos jfl0f g/fDff| s'/f, em'7f s'/f gjf]Ng]
 ;Dos hLjLsf g/fd|f] Jofkf/ Jofa;fo gug]{
 ;fDos k|of; ;'wf/sf] af6f]df cu|;/ /xg]
 ;Dos :d[tL /fd|f] s'/fnfO{ dxTj lbg
 ;Dos ;dflw d[To'nfO{ ;xh ?kdf lng]
rf/ ;To efgfOx?
 ;+;f/df b',v 5 jf ;+G;f/df g} b',v xf]
 b',vsf] sf/0f 5g
 b',v lg/f]wsf] pkfP 5
 b',v lg/f]wsf] pkfP ci6fª\uLs dfu{ xf],
a'4sf] k~r zLnx?
 ;To em'6f] slxNo} gjf]Ng'
 clx+zf lx+;f slxNo} gug'{
 c:t]o slxNo} rf]/L gug'{
 k/:qLudg lgif]w cfkmgL kTgLafx]s ;Dks{ g/fVg'
 dB lgif]w dWokfg,w'd|fkfg gug'{
O:nfd wd{sf gfdhx?
 ljxfg k|fKt sfn kmlh/
 lbp;f] dWofGx hf]x/
 ltg ah] lt/ c;|
 ;GWof sfn 3fd c:tfpg] a]nf du/La
 /flt O;f
ljleGg kj{ slxn]
 dftftLy{ cf}zL j}zfs s[i0f cf};L
 a'4hoGtL j}zfs z'Snf k'l0f{df
 gfuk~rdL ;fpg z'Snf k~rfdL
 36:yfkgf cflZjg z'Snf k|ltkbf
 sf]hfu|t cflZjg z'Snf k'l0f{df
 nIdL k'hf sflt{s s[i0f cf}zL
 uf]j{wg k'hf sflt{s z'Snf k|ltkbf
 efOl6sf sflt{s z'Snf l4tLo
 dxflza/fqL kmfu'0f s[i0f rt'b{lz
 kmfu' k'l0f{df kmfu'0f z'Snf k'l0f{df
 tLh efb| z'Snf t[tLo
 /fdgjdL r}q z'Snf gjdL
 cIfo t[lto j}zfs z'Snf t[tLo
 u'? k'l0f{df ciff9 z'Snf k~rdL
 >m[lif k~rdL efb| z'Snf k~rdL

;+:s[tL ,hfthftL
ljleGg hftsf] k'/f]lxtx?
yf? e/f{ If]qL kl08t,k'/f]lxt
r]kfª kfF8] lnDa' km]bfªdf
/fO{ 8f]kf g]jf/ u'efg',b]pefh'
u'?ª Wofa|] lh/]n gfS;f]
tdfª nfdf .jf]kf] 5GTofn ef~hf
lwdfn dflem
;'g'j/ gf;f]
  g]kfnL kqklqsfx?sf] ;j{k|yd ;Dkfbsx?
 g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] klqsf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg df]lt/fd e6\6
 ;'wf;fu/ bLAob]j kf08] !(%%
 uf]/vfkq g/b]j kf08] lj; !(%*
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] klqsf cfjfh l;l4r/0f If]i7 lj; @))&
 sflGtk'/ of]u]z pkWofo
b /fOlhª g]kfn a?0f zdz]/ hj/f
;flxTosf/ k|yd s[lt
dfwj lwld/] gjdGh/L lj; !(($
efg'eQm cfr{o Jffnsf08f
Jfns[if0f ;d d'6'sf] Joyf
l;l4r/0f If]i7 pe{;L
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f k'0f{dfsf] hnwL
ejfgL leIf' Uf'0fs]z/L
Kf/;d0fL k|bfg j]nfotsf] syf
/d]z ljsn u/La syf
Hfok[YjLjxfb'/ l;x cIf/fs+dfnf
n]vgfy kf}8\on lzz'af]wgL
df]lt/fd e6\6 uh]Gb| df]If
eLdlglw ltjf/L d]/f] aof;L uhn
  s;nfO{ slt >L k|of]u ul/G5 ,
 >L ! ;Gtfg / ktL ,kTgLnfO
 >L @ cfkm\gf sfdbf/nfO{
 >L# cfTdLo ldqnfO{
 >L $ zq'kIfnfO{
 >L % /fhfnfO{
 >L ^ cfdf,a'af / u'?nfO{
 >L !)* ;dfGt .of]uL
 >L !))* z+s/frfo{nfO{
 hgu0fgf @)^* ;fn cg';f/ k|d'v hfthftL
hfthftLx?nfO{ lgDgf kfrF efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5
pGgt ;d'x @ g]jf/ / ysfnL
nf]kGd'v ;d'x !)
s';'08f,ags/Lof,/fp6] ,;'/]n xfo' /fhL ,ls;fg n]Krf,d]r] / s'zjl8of
clt l;dfGts[t ;d'x !@
dflem,l;o/,Nxf]dL,y'bf/,wfg's,r]kfª,;tf/,emfu8,yfdL,af]6],bg'jf/ ,a/fdf]
l;dfGts[t ;d'x @)
;'g'j/,yf?,tdfª,e'h]n,s'dfn sf]r],uGufO{ ,lwdfn,ef]6],b'/fO,tfhk'l/of,kx/L tfKs]uf]nf
8f]Nkf],km|L,d'ufnL,Nxf]kf,b'/f ,afn'ª
;'ljwf jl~rt ;d'x !%
u'?ª, du/ /fO{,lnDa',5]/f]jg,tfªa],tLgufpn],jfxufpn],dflkm{nL,z]kf{,ofSvf,5GTofn
,lh/]n,Jof;L,xofNdf]

Nxf];f/
 u'?ª td' Nxf];f/ kf}if !%
 tdfª ;f]gfd Nxf];f/ df3 z'Snf k|ltkbf
 zf]kf{ UofNjf] Nxf];f/ kmfu'g z'Snf k|ltkbf
  ljleGg efiffsf] klxnf] rnlrq
 yf? efiffsf] klxnf] lhte't
 tdfª efiffsf] ;]d/L 5f]/ªg
 lnDa' efiffsf] g'dfªkm'ª
 /fO{ efiffsf] ;fofa'ª
 g]jf/L efiffsf] lzn'
 u'?ª efiffsf] gfdf:of Gx]/L
 lwdfn efiffsf] plg{
 zf]kf{ efiffsf] vfª\uL
 g]kfnL efiffsf] ;To xl/rGb\
 ;+:s[t efiffsf] u'? blIf0f

s]xL k|d'v hftL / ltgsf] ljz]iftfx?

lh/]n hftL
 kfNbf]s zAb s'g lh/]n hftL;+uf ;DalGwt 5
 lh/]n hftLsf] d'Vo b]jtf kflye/f xf]
 lh/]n hftLsf] d'Vo a;f]af; bf]nvfsf] lh/L / h'u'
 lh/]nx?n] cfk'mnfO{ lhkf{ eGb5g
 lh/]nsf] k'/f]lxtnfO{ gfS;f] elgG5
 lh/]nsf] emfFlqmnfO{ s] elgG5 < kmf]Daf]
xfo' hftL
 xfo'sf] k|d'v rf8 b]jnL k'hf xf]
 xfo'x?sf] k|d'v JolQmnfO{ dem'jf elgG5
 xfo'x?sf] k|d'v a;f]af/ sfe]| / /fd]5fk
 xfo'x? cfk'mnfO{ ls/fFt j+zsf] dfGb5g
 xfo'x?nfO{ b]jfnL k'hf hf]/ dlxgf kmfu'gdf ljhf]/ dlxgf df3df dgfOG5
/fp6] hftL
 h+undf a:g] sGbd'n vfP/f hLljsf ug]{ hftL /fp6] xf],
 nf;nfO{ ab/ dfg]{ hfndf a]/]/f uf8g] rng /fp6] hftLdf /x]sf] 5 <
 /fp6]sf y/ /fpt / ;fpt uf/L @ ksf/sf 5g,
  /fp6]n] af]Ng] efiffnfO{ vfDrL elgG5 ,
 /fp6]sf] gfOs]nfO{ dfgaxfb/ elgG5 ,
 /fp6]nfO{ lkm/Gt] hfltsf ?kdf lrlgG5 M
ljleGg hftLsf] k|d'vnfO{ s] elgG5 <
 /fp6] dfgaxfb'/  lwdfn b]plgof
 tdfª d'NdL  ;tf/ dflemx8fd
 yf? eNdG;f  u'?ª lrjf
 NxfdL lkDa'  emfFu8 efOhg
 dflem ldhf/
efifefifL
g]kfnL efiffsf] cfwlgs sfn slxn] af6 ;'? ePsf] xf]<
lj; !(%* af6
g]kfnL efifnfO{ eftsf] ;+ljwfgn] slt cf} cg';'lrdf /fv]sf] 5 ,
* cf}=
g]kfnL efiffsf] k|lrg clen]v lj; !)#* /fhf bfd'kdnsf] ;dosf] clen]v
xnGt alx:sf/ cfGbf]ng s;n] rnfPsf lyP<
/fddl0f cf=lb lj; !(^%
Efm{/fjflb cfGbf]ng lj; @)!# gf}nf] cfGbf]ng
Efiff cg'jfb kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf lj; !(($
g]kfnL efiffdf Jofs/0f n\Vg] k|yd g]kfnL sf] x'g
jL/]Gb| s]z/L cfof{n
;flxTo
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;a}eGbf k|yd /rgf s;nfO{ dflgG5 <
;'jfgGb| bf;n] n]v]sf] sljtf k[YjLgf/fof0f zx
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf; qmd
k|yflds sfn lj; !*)! b]vL !($) ;Ddf
dfWofdLs sfn lj; !($! b]vL !(&$ ;Ddf
cfw'lgs sfn lj; !(&% kl5
g]kfnL ;flxTodf uB sljtfsf] ;'?jt uf]kfn k|zfb l/dfn
k|ylds sfnsf ;flxTosf/x? sf] sf] x'g <
efg'eQm cfr{o
g]kfnL zflxTosf] dfWoflds sfnnfO{ s] sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 < ljsf; sfn
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|ylds sfnnfO{ s] sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pTyfgsfn
/fNkmf cfgbf]ng slxn] ePsf] xf]<
@)@#
c/jL efiffdf cg'lbt ePsf] klxnf] s[tL s'g xf]<
p;sf] nf]Ug] / lj/fnf]
hfkgL efiffdf cg'jfb ePsf] klxnf] s[tL s'g xf]<
;]tf] af3
slj lz/f]d0fL n]vgfy k}f8]nn] d[To'ko{Gt kfPsf] k'/:sf/ s'g xf]<
lqe'jg k|1f k'/:sf/ lj; @)@^
;a}eGbf w]/} efifdf cg'jfb ePsf] g]kfnL ;flxlTos s'tL s'g xf]<
sfnf] z'o{
ljleGg ;flxTosf/x?sf] pkflw
pkflw gfd
cflbsfjL Efg'eQm cfr{o
Dxfslj nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6f
/fi6«slj dfwa k|;fb lwld/]
o'u slj l;l4r/0f If]i7
cfFz'slj zDa' k|;fb 9'ªugf
Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL Afa'/fd cfr{o
t/n slj Kml8Gb| g]kfn
:j/ ;d|f6 gf/fo0f uf]nkf
jfrg lz/dl0f Gf/fo0f k|;fb kf]v/]n
Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL + Affa'/fd cfr{o

ljleGg efiffsf] ;j{If]i7 ;lxTosfx?

cª\u]hL Z]fS;lko/
hd{g u]6]
aªufnL /laGb|gfy 6}uf]/
O6flnog bftF]
g]kfnL nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6f
efg'eQm cfr{o,n]vgfy kff]8]n
km/fl; z]v;flb
;+:s[t sflnbf;
lxGbL t'nl;bf;
s]xL k'/:sf/x?
dbg k'/:sf/
 dbg k'/:sf/sf] 3f]ifgf @)!@ c;f]h !)
 ljt/0f ;'? lj; @)!# ;fnaf6
 ;j]{k|yd kfpg]
 ;Todf]xg hf]zL,lrt/~hg g]kfnL an/fd hf]zL
 k'/:sf/ ljt/0f gu/]sf] aif{
 lj; @)#! / @)##
 dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] ljb]zL gful/s kmfb/ ljlnod
 xfn of] k'/:sf/sf] /flz $ nfv /x]sf] 5 M
 hubDaf k'/:sf/
 :yfkgf lj; @)$%
 k|yd ljh]tf gf/fo0f uf]kfn

/f]dg Dofu;]; ljh]tf g]kfnLx?

 dx]zrGb| /]UdL -;g !((&
 e/tbt sf]O/fnf -;g @))@
 8f= ;'Gb's ?Ot - ;g @))^
 dxfjL/ k'g - ;g @))&
 zlQm ;d'x -;g @)!#

snf
 snf cGt/ut{ lrqsnf,d'lt{snf / a:t'snf
 g]kfn nlntsnf ;+3sf] :yfkfgf slxn] ePsf] xf]
 df6f]sf] d'lt{ lgdf0f{ ug]{ snfnfO{ 6]/fsf]6f elgG5
 g]kfnL snfsf] cGwfsf/ o'u /f0fsflng ;do
 g]kfnL snfsf] :j0f{ o'u eGgfn] dWoo'unfO{ lrlgG5
lrqsnf
 ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k|lrg snf lrqsnf xf]
 g]kfndf lrqsnf lelqPsf] lnR5ljsfndf xf]
 g]kfndf lrqsnfsf] ljsf; !# cf} / !$ cf} ztfAbLlt/ ePsf] xf] ,
 sk8fdf agfOg] lrqnfO{ k}feflrq elgG5
 d08n lrq s;/L agfOG5,
 lardf s'g} lrGx jf a:t' rf/} lt/ b]jtf /x]sf x'G5g
 k6lrq s;/L agf?OG5
 ljrdf d'Vo b]jtf / j/Lk/L ;fxos b]jtfx? /fv]/f agfOG5
d'lt{lrq
 g]kfnsf] k|df0fLs ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] d'lt{ dfgb]jsflng jfdg lqljqmdsf] d'lt{
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] d'lt{ s'g xf]
ljZj?ksf] d'lt{
 cUnf] d'lt{ xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] sfnef}/a
cfw'lgs d'lt{sfnsf] ;'?jt slxn] af6 ePsf] dflgG5
lj; @))& ;fn
 g]kfnsf] j:t'snfdf s'g s'g z}nLx? kfOG5g
Kofuf]8f,lzv/ r}To,u'Dah lu|s cflb
 tNn} tnf ePsf] w'lksf] af6 em} sf]0fwf/L
 Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] ;'?jt slxn] ePsf] dflgG5
 !# cf} ztfjbL ,;'?jt eg] hfkgaf6
 g]kfnL Kofuf]8f z}nLnfO{ s;n] rLg k/\ofPsf lyP< c/lgsf]
 Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lgld{t g]kfnsf] pTs[i6 gd'gfx?
rfFu'gf/fof0f dlGb/,dfgu[x,s}nfzs'6,eb|lwaf;
 5fgf]ljlxg kxf8sf] r'r'/f] h:tf] ul/ dflylt/ ;f3'/f] / r'Rrf] k/]sf] j:t'snfsf]
z}lnnf?O{ lzv/ z}nL elgG5
 Kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/,dxfa}4 dlGb/
 :t'kf z}nL
 tnlt/ km's]sf] / dfly aGb lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] Ps dfq uh'/ ePsf] z}ln
 a}f4gfy, :joDe'
;a}eGbf k'/fgf] :t'k kf6gsf] c;f]s :t'k
 xfn g]kfndf sfod /x]sf] lje'ifg P]g s'g xf]<
 lje'if0f P]g @)^$,@)#$ ;fpg #@ af6 sfo{Gjog
kbfljx? slt k|sf/sf x'G5g
$ g]kfn /Tg,/fi6« uf}/j,/fi6«bLk,cfnªsf/
lje'ifg slt k|sf/sf] x'G5g ,
# dfgkbfjL,cnªsf/,kbs
dfgkbfjL $_ k|sf/
cn+sf/ -( _k|sf/
kbs -!#_ k|sf/

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ca:yf

s[ifL
5}6f}+ /fli6«o s[ifL u0fgf
 s[ifL uf0fgf ;'? @)!* ;fnaf6 ePsf] xf]
 ;'? lj; @)^* k';
 gf/f s[ifL ljsf;sf] d'n cfwf/ kf/f}+ s[ifL uf0fgf ;fsf/
 klxnf] r/0f t/fO{ / kxf8sf %( lhNnf
 bf];|f] r/0fdf lxdfnsf !^ lhNnf
 u0fgf , !),!) aif{sf] km/sdf ul/G5
 5}7f}+ /fli6«o s[ifL u0fgf cg';f/ ;a}eGbf s[ifL of]Uo e'ld df]/ª,emfkf,;'g;/L,;nfxL{
l;/xf
 ;a}eGbf sd s[ifLof]Uo lhNnf dgfª,d':tfª,8f]Nkf /;'jf x'Dnf
  g]kfndf s[ifL of]Uo e'dL !&=( k|lt;t /x]sf] 5,
 h;dWo] lxdfndf %=^ k|lt;t,kxf8df #@=% k|lt;t / t/fO{df ^!=( k|lt;t s[ifLof]Uo
e'dL /x]sf] 5
 g]kfndf e'dL ;'wf/ sfo{qmd slxn] af6 nfu' ePsf xf]<
 la; @)@! ;fnaf6
 g]kfnddf @) aif{ bLw{sfnLg s[ifL ljsf; of]hgf slxn] b]vL nfu' ul/Psf] xf]< lj;
@)%$
 g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] k|d'v aflnx? s] s] x'g <
 wfg ,ds},ux'F ,sf]bf] ,hf},kmfk/
 s[ifL k|wfg d'n'sdf k|ltJolQm s[ifL of]Uo e'dL slt )=!( x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 t/f g]kfndf of]
b/)=^) x]S6/ /x]sf 5
 g]kfnsf] k|d'v gub]afnL s] s] x'g <
 ;gkf6,pv',;'tL{,t]nxg
 Wffg v]tLsf nflu pkof]uL df6f] kfuf] df6f]
 ;'tL{ v]ltsf nfuL pkof]uL df6f] anf}+6] df6f]
 @)&# ;fndf nfu' ul/Psf] !) aif{ k|wfgdGqL s'ifL cfw'lgs kl/of]hgf cGt/ut{ lgDgf
lhNnfd lgDgf s'/f 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5
 k|b]z g ! emfkf wfg
 k|b]z g @ af/f df5f
 k|b]z g # sfe]| cfn'
 k|b]z g $ sf:sL t/sf/L
 k|b]z g % bfª ds}+ ]
 k|b]z g ^ h'Dnf :ofp
 k|b]z g & s}nfnL ux'

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg
k|ltkfbs hfkgsf] df]l/lxuf] lx/fdf6';
;g !(&( k|ltkfbg ul/ ;g !(*) af6 sfo{Gjfog
g]kfndf ;g @))^ df b]nvfaf6 ;'?
lrof
 lj; !(@) af6 Onfddf lrof v]tL ;'? ul/Psf]
  @)#( ;fndf /fhf lj/]Gb|n] wgs'6f,Onfd,t]xy'd / emfkfnfO{ lrof If]q 3f]ifgf
 lj; @)!^ df a'ws/0f l6 :6];gsf] :yfkgf
pBf]u
 g]kfn pBf]u kl/ifbsf] u7g lj; !((#
 g]kfndf wf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgudsf] :ykgf lj; @)!^
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf klxn] :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]u lj/f6gu/ h'6ldn lj; !((# df :yfkgf
ePsf] xf]
 afnfh' / kf6g cf}wf]uLs If]qx? s'g of]hgfsf] b]g xf]
 bf];|f] of]hgf
 g]kfndf k|rfnLt cf}Bf]uLs lgtL s'g xf]<
 cf}Bf]uLs gLlt @)^&
 cf}Bf]uLs gLlt cg';f/ Joa;fonfO{ slt k|sf/df jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 < ( k|sf/
 g]kfndf pBf]usf ;:yfks s;nfO{ dflgG5 <
 h'4 zdz]/
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] jfl0fHo a}s s'g xf]<
 g]kfn a}s lnld6\8
 cf}Bf]uLs gLlt @)^& n] pBf]usf] ca:yfsf]] cfwf/df lhNnfx?nfO{ s;/L jlu{s/0f
u/]sf] 5
 ! clt ljsfl;t If]q @# lhNnf
 @= cltsd ljsfl;t If]q !$ lhNnf
 #=sd ljsfl;t If]q @$ lhNNff
 a9L pBf]u ePsf lhNnfx?
 ?kGb]xL,sf7df08}+,df]/ª,;'g;/L ,k;{ ,af/f
 ;fgf pBf]u % s/f]8 ;Ddf l:y/ h]yf
 Dfemf}nf pBf]u % s/f]8 b]vL !% s/f]8 ;Ddf
 7'nf pBf]u !% s/f]8 eGbf dfly
 g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] lglhs/0f slxn] af6 ePsf] xf] <
 5|}7f}+ of]hgf b]vL
g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] gfd / :yfkgf ldlt
cf}Bf]lus gfd :yfkgf ldlt lj;
Affnfh' cf]Bf]lus If]q @)!^
X]6f}+8f cf}Bf]lus If]q @)@)
Kf6g cf}Bf]lus If]q @)@)
w/fg cf}Bf]lus If]q @)@(
g]kfnuGh+ cf}Bf]lus IF]fq @)#)
kf]v/f cf}Bf]lus If\q @)#!
a'6jfn cf}Bf]lus If]q @)#@
eQmk'/ cf}Bf]lus If]q @)#%
jL/]Gb|gu/ cf}Bf]lus If]q @)#*
Wgs'6f cf}Bf]lus If]q @)$!
/fhlj/fh cBf]lus If]q @)$$

Jofkf/
Jofkf/ 3f6f eg]sf] s] xf]<
 lgof{t Jofkf/ eGbf cfoft Jofkf/ a9L x'g' Jofkf/ 3f6f xf]
 g]kfn Jofkf/ Ps[sLt /0fgLlt @)!) slxn] ;fj]{hlgs ePsf] xf]< @)^& c;f/ !)
 g]kfnn] >d ;Dem}tf u/]sf] b]zx?
 stf/,o'PO{,ax/fOg,hfkg,b sf]/Lof,Oh/fon,hf]8{g
 g]kfnn] xfn;Ddf ljkf ;Dem}tf u/]sf] d'n's
 km|fG; @ d] !(*#
 hd{g @) cS6f]a/ !(*^
 a]nfot @ dfr{ !((#
 df}l/;; # cu:6 !(((
  lkmgNof08 # km]a'c/L @))(
 ef/t @! cS6f]a/ @)!!
 CRADIT sf8{sf] k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] a}s ,lxdfno a}s
 ATM k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] a}s , Pe/]i6 a}s
ko{6g
 xfn ko{6gsf] ;/b/ a;fO{ !@=^ lbg
 g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qn] canDag u/]sf] gLlt v'Nnf / pbf/ ko{6g
 g]kfndf ko{6g cfpg'sf] d'Vo pb]Zo dgf]/Ghg,kbofqf,kjf{t/f]xg tyf lty{ofqf
 ko{6g k|jw{gsf nfuL xfn;Ddf dgfPsf aif{x?
 g]kfn e|d0f aif{ !((*
 uGtJo g]kfn aif{ @))@.)#
 g]kfn ko{6g aif{ @)!!
 n'lDagL e|d0f aif{ @)!@
 dGqLkl/ifbn] @)^* kf}if @* ut] ko{6g cleofg aif{ @)!# b]vL @)@) 3f]ifgf u/]sf] 5
h;df s'g aif{df s'g 7fpFdf dgfOG5
 l;:g] hnhfnf 9f]/kf6g s0fln ko{6g aif{ @)!#
 ljx]b ldlynf ;xn]if ko{6g aif{ @)!$
 lj/f6 d]rL kxf8L ko{6g aif{ @)!%
 ?? kf]v/f cGgk'0f{ dgf:n' ;Ddf ko{6g aif @)!^
 l;d}|g sf7df08} nfª6fª ko{6g aif{ @)!&
 c?0f ;u/dfy ko{6g aif{ @)!*
 lr;fkfgL vKtf8 /fd/f];g ko{6g aif{ @)!(
 cfGtl/s e|d0f tyf gful/s p8\ofg aif{ @)@)
 g]kfndf xfn k|rngdf /x]sf] ko{6g gLlt ko{6g gLlt @)^%
 ljZj ko{6g lbjz slxn] dgfOG5 < ;]K6]Da/ @&
 g]kfndf ko{6g k|x/Lsf] Joa:yf slxn] u/]sf] xf]< @)#% ;fn
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf w]/} ko{6g kbofqf ug]{ If]q cGgk'0f{ ;+/If0f If]q
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] ko{6s =, ;d|f6 czf]s
 The great himalayan trail sf] hgsf/L
 nDafO{ $%)) lsdL
 g]kfnleq !&)) lsdL
 hf]8g] Dofgdf/ ,ltAat,e'6fg ,ef/t ,g]kfn ,kfls:tfg
oftoft
 g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs oftoftsf] ;fwgsf] k|of]u lj; !((^ af6 ePsf] xf].
  g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] -@)!#_ /fhdfu{ lqe'jg /fhdfu{ xf]
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /fhdfu{ dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ xf]
 sf7df08}+ rqmkysf] nDafO{ @&=@ lsld / k|:tfljt aflx/L rqmkysf] nDafO{ &@ lsdL
/x]sf] 5
 sf7df08}+ t/fO{ hf]8g] kmf:6\ 6«ofsf]sf] lznGof; @)&^ sflt{s @# ut] ePsf] xf] h;sf]
nDafO{ &^ lsld /x]sf] 5

s]ansf/
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] s]jnsf/ dgsfdgf s]jnsf/ /x]sf]5
 ;+~rfng @)%% d+lz/ @ ut] /x]sf] 5 ,
 bf];f| ] rGb|lu/L /x]sf] 5 eg] t];f|] bf]nvfsf] sflnGrf]sdf /x]sf] 5

/f]kj]
 lgdf0f{ sf7df08}+ b]lv x]6f}8f;Ddf
 :yfkgf @)@).@)@!
 nDafO{ $@=@ lsdL /x]sf] 5
 ;xof]u cd]l/sf
dx]Gb| /fhdfu{
 :yfkgf lj; @)!( a}zfs ! gjnk/f;Lsf] uf}8fsf]6df pb3f6g
 nDafO{ !)@&=^& lsld
 a9L b'/L gjnk/f;L
 5'Psf] lhNnf @! t/fO{ !( / kxf8 @
 g5f]Psf] t/fOsf] lhNnf k;f{
 5'g] kxfl8 lhNnf dsjfgk'/ / c3f{vfFrL
 /fhdfu{ nDafO{ ;xof]u b]zx?
 d]rL b]vL 9Ns]a/-@%^_ ;Ddf ef/t
 9ns]a/ b]vL kyn}of-!)(_ ;Ddf ?; ;/sf/
 kyn}of b]vL x]6f}+8f -@^_;Ddf g]kfn ;/sf/
 x]6f|}8f gf/fof0f3f6 -*!_ Pl8jL
 gf/fo0f3f6 j'6jn !!^ a]nfot
 j'6jn sf]xnk'/ jgaf; -$$%_ ef/t ;/sf/
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /fhdfu{x?
  lqe'jg /fhdfu{ lj; @)!#
 dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ lj; @)!(
 c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ lj; @)@)
 l;4fo{ /fhdfu{ lj; @)@!
 k[YjL /fhdfu{ lj; @)@$
 s'g /fhdfu{ s'g lhNNffdf ;a}eGbf w]/} km}lnPsf] 5
 lqe'jg /fhdfu{ dsjfgk'/
 k[YjL tgx'
 l;4fy{ :ofªhf
 dx]Gb| gjfnk/fl;
Pl;ofg xfOj] gDa/
 dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ A2
 lqe'jg /fhdfu{ A5
 c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ A5
 k[YjL /fhdfu{ A41
 lz4fy{ /fhdfu{ A48
xjfO ;]jf
 g]kfndf ;j]{k|yd xjfohxfh cat/0f u/]sf] lj; @))^ j}zfs !!
 xfn;Ddf xjfO ;Dem}tf ePsf] d'n's slt 5g <
 $)
 Xfn g]kfndf slt ladfg:yn ;+~rfngdf 5g <
 #%
 lqe'jg ljdg:yndf slxn] h]6 ljdfg cjt/0f u/]sf] xf]<
 @)@# kmfu'g @%
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] ljdfg:yn lj/f6gu/ ljdfg:yn &@ dL
 g]kfnsf] bf];|f] xfrf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ljdfg:yn
 hgsk'/ ljdfg:yfn &* ld
 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ljdfg b'3{6gf slxn] ePsf] xf] <
 lj; @)!& sflt{s @)
 g]kfn gful/s p8\ofg ;+3ªsf] ;b:o slxn] ePsf] xf] <
 @( h'nfO{ !(^)
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf prfOdf /x]sf] ljdfg:yn :ofªaf]r] ljdfg:yn -#&$* _
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;Ff3'/f] ljdfg:yfn s'g xf] <
 lh/L bf]nvf !* ld rf}8fO{
  g]kfnsf] xjfOhxfhsf] sf]8 g slt xf] (N
 l4kIfLo xjfO{ ;Dem}tf xfn $) b]z;+uf ePsf] 5
 ;'?jt ;g\ !(^#
 k|yd ef/t
;+~rf/
 ;dfrf/ klqsfsf] ;'?jt rLg
 X'nfssf] :ykgf lj; !(#% g]kfn x'nfs 3/
 Uf]f/vfkq slxn] k|sf;gdf cfPsf] xf]<
 lj; !(%* a}zfs @$
 /]l8of] g]kfnsf] :ykgf @))& r}q @)
 g]kfn b'/ ;+~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :ykfgf slxn] ePsf] xf]< lj; @)#@ c;f/ !
uf]/vfkq ;DalGw s]xL hfgsf/L
 klxnf] k|sf;g lj; !(%* a}zfs @$
 xKtfdf @ k6s lj; @))) c;f]h @(
 xKtfdf # k6s lj; @))# kf}if *
 b}lgs ?kdf k|sflzt @)!& kmfu'g &
 ax'efifdf k|sf;g @)^$ c;f]h !
 /+lug ?kdf lj; @)%( c;f/ !

 ;+~rf/ k|ljlw
 g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'?jt lj; !(&)
 g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 df]jfOn ;]jfsf] ;'?jt
 lj; @)%^
 STD ;]jfsf] ;'?jt lj; @)$@
 g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] ;'?jt ;g !(($
 g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;'?jt ug]{ sDkgL s'g xf]<
 ds{Gg6fOn sDkgL
 g]kfn 6]lnsdn] l;l8PdPsf] ;]jf ;'? lj; @)^@ df3 @#
 Od]nsf] ;'?jt ;g !(^& cd]l/sf
 Pkm Pd /]l8of]sf] :ykgf lj; @)%@
 g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :ykgf lj; @)$! df3 !&
 /]l8of] 6]lnlehgsf] lgoldt k|;f/0f
 lj; @)$@ k'; @&
  ljljl;n] g]kfnL ;]jf ;+~rfng ;g !(^& h'g &
lzIff
@)^* sf] hguf0fgfg';f/
;fIf/tf b/ ^%=( k|lt;t
k'?if ;fIf/tf &%=! k|lt;t
dlxnf ;fIf/tf %&=$ k|lt;t
a9L ;fIf/tf sf7df08f} *^=# k|lt;t
sd ;fIf/tf /f}tx6 $!=&
sf7df08}f pkTosf aflxnf v'n]sf] klxnf] ljZjljBfno s'g xf]<
7fs'//fd sn]h ,jL/uGh
@))& ;fndf g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf b/ slt lyof]<
@ k|lt;t
cGt/fli6«o ;fIf/tf lbjz slxn] dgfOG5 <
* ;]K6]Da/
g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;fIf/ uf=lj=; x]Dhf sf:sL -@)&)
klxnf] ;fIf/ lhNnf nlntk'/

g]kfndf /x]sf ljZj ljBfnox?

ljZjljBfnosf] gfd :yfg :yfkgf lj;
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sf7df08}+ @)!^
g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZj ljBfno bfª @)$#
sf7df08f}+ ljZjljBfno sfe|] @)$*
k'jf{~rn ljZjljBfno lj/f6ggu/ @)%)
 kf]v/f ljZjljBfno sf:sL @)%%
n'lFDagL ljZjljBfno ?kGb]xL @)^@
;'b'/klZrd ljZjljBfno dx]Gb|gu/ @)^*
s[ifL tyf jg ljZjljBfno lrtjg @)^*
dWoklZrd ljZjljBfno ;'v]{t @)^*
g]kfn v'Nnf ljZjljBfno Nlntk'/ @)&#

Hfnljw't
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] hnljw't cfof]hgf s'g xf]<
 kmlk{ª hnljw't cfof]hgf lj; !(^*,%)) lsnf]j6
 g]kfnsf] 7'nf] hnljw't cfof]hfgf s'g xf]< sflnu08sL P !$$ d] jf
 lglh If]qsf] nuflgdf ;DkGg klxnf] hnljw't cfof]hgf lvDtL hnljw't cfof]hgf ^) d]
jf
 ljZjsf] a9L prfOdf /x]sf] hnljw't cfof]hgf
 yfd] hnljw't cfof]hgf ^) ls= jf
 g]kfnsf] bf];|f] hnljw't cfof]hgf s'g xf]<
;'Gb/Lhn lj; !((@
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;:tf] hnljw't cfof]hgf lrldn] hnljw't cfof]hgf /x]sf] 5 h'g k|lt
o'lg6 @=!(

g]kfndf ;+~rfngdf /x]sf] s]xL k|d'v hnljw't cfof]hgf

cfof]hgf Ifdtf d] jf :yfg ;xof]u
Sflnu08sL P !$$ :ofªhf Pl8lj
dWod:of{ªbL &) ndh'ª hd{gL
d:of{ªbL ^( tgx' hd{gL / ljZj a}s
s'n]vfgL ! ^) dsjfgk'/ ljZj a}s
 s'n]vfgL @ #@ Dfsjfgk'/ hfkg

of]hgf ;DalGw
 ljZjdf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?jt ;g !(@* ?;
 ljZjsf] klxnf] of]hgf kfkltn]sf
 of]hgf cfof]usf] :ykgf slxn] ePsf] xf]< lj; @)!#
 g]kfndf k|yd of]hgfsf] yfnflg @)!# ;fndf ePsf] xf] ,
 k|yd k~r+alif{o of]hgfsf] s'n cg'dflgt vr{ slt lyof]< ## s/f]8
 jf:tljs vr{ eg] @! s/f]8 $$ nfv ePsf] lyof]<
 s'g of]hgf s] qmo{qmd
 j}b]lzs ;fxotf k|fKt of]hgf k|yd of]hgf
 b]zJofkL s[ifL u0fgf bf];|f] of]hfgf
 k|b]lzs ljsf;sf] cawf/0f 5}6f}+ of]hgf
 Go'gtd cfwf/e't cfa:oftf k'/f ug]{ 5}6f}+ of]hgf
 ;+:yfut lglhs/0fsf] cawf/0f 5}6}+f of]hgf
 nIo eGbf a9L cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n u/]sf] 5}6f}+ of]hgf
 afta/0f ;+DalGw cawf/0f 5}7f}+ of]hgf
 e' pkof]u gLlt nfu' ePsf] 5}7f}+ of]hgf
 ul/jL lgaf/0f k|d'v pb]:o agfPsf] of]hgf gjf} of]hgf
 j}b]lzs C0f lng ;'? @)!& ,!* af6
 Jofkf/ ljljlws/0f kfFrf} of]hgf
 clwstd / Go'gtd /sd ljlgof]hgf kfrf}F of]hgf
 ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cawf/0f kfr}f+ of]hgf
 ljs]lGbs/0fsf] cfTd;fy ;ft}Ff of]hgf
 ;'zfgsf] cawf/0f gjf}F of]hgf
 k|yd k6s gfkmf ah]6 k|:t't cfa @)##.#$
 ck]lIft j[l4b/ / ;fdfGo j[l4b/sf] cjwf/0f bz}f of]hgf
 ljsf;sf] k"j{fwf/x?
s[lif
 g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] k|d'v vfBg aflnx?
wfg,ds},ux',sf]bf] / hf}
 g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g]{ k|d'v gub] aflnx?
;fgkf6,pv',;'lt{ / t]nxg
 g]kfnsf] s'n e'efsf] !&=(& k|lt;t e'ld s[lifof]Uo /x]sf] 5
 !% cf} of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq cg';f/ ^)=$ k|lt;t dflg; s[lifdf cfj4 ePsf
5g eg] @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ &#=( k|lt;t dflg; s[lif k]zfdf lyP
 s[lifk|bfg d'n'sdf k|ltJolQm )=!( x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo e'ld x'g'k5{ eg] g]kfndf
)=^* x]S6/ /x]sf] 5
 g]kfndf !) cf} / !! cf}F of]hgfsf] cjlBdf s[lif bzs dgfOof] eg] lj; @)%$
df @) aif{ lb3{sflng s[lif of]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] xf]
 g]kfndf e'ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu' @)@! ;fnaf6 nfu' ul/of] eg] @)^! ;fndf
/fli6«o s[lif gLlt hfl/ ul/of]
 lrof v]tL
 g]kfndf !(@) df Onfdaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] lrof v]tL lrof ljsf;
lgudsf] :ykgf lj; @)## df ePsf] xf]
 g]kfnsf] % lhNnf emfkf,Onfd,kfrFy/,t]Xy'd / wgs'6fnfO{ /fhf
lj/]Gb|n] lj; @)#( ;fndf lrof If]q 3f]ifgf ul/Psf] xf]
  ljZjsf] klxnf] gub]jfnL eg]/f lrofnfO lrlgG5 / g]kfnsf] t/fO{
If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] lrofnfO{ l;l6l; lrof / lxdfnL If]qdf pTkfbg
x'g] lrofnfO{ cyf]{8S; elgG5
 emfkf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} lrof pTkfbg x'g] lhNnf xf] eg] a}zfs
!% df lrof lbjz dgfOG5
 skmL v]tL
 g]kfndf skmLsf] ;'?jt @)!! ;fndf u'NdL lhNnfsf] cfkrf}/af6 ;'?
ePsf] xf]
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L slkm pTkfbg x'g] lhNnf sfe|]knfGrf]s bf];|f]
lhNnf :ofªhf /x]sf] 5
 ljZjdf skmLsf] 3/ elg Olyof]lkofnfO{ lrlgG5 ,w]/} skmL pTkfbg ug]{
b]z a|flhn / vkt ug]{ b]z lkmgNof08 /x]sf] 5
 x/]s aif{ @)^@ ;fn af6 d+lz/ ! df skmL lbjz dgfOG5 eg] !% cf}
skmL lbjz @)&^ df dgfPsf] lyof]
 /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf
 @)!* ;fnaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] s[lif u0fgf !).!) aif{sf] cGt/df ul/G5
 5}6f|}F /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf @)^* kf}if b]lv @)^( c;f/ ;Ddf ul/Psf]
u0fgfsf] d'n gf/f s[lif ljsf;sf] d'n cfwf/ kf/f} s[lif u0fgf ;fsf/
eGg] lyof]
 @ r/0fdf ;DkGg ePsf] u0fgfdf klxnf] r/0fdf t/fO{ / kxf8sf] %(
lhNnf / bf];|f] r/0fdf lxdfnsf] !^ lhNnfsf] ul/Psf] lyof]
 o; u0fgf cg';f/ df]/ª,emfkf,;nf{xL l;/fx / ;'g;/L a9L s[lifof]Uo
e'ld ePsf] lhNnfx'g eg] dgfª,d':tfª,8f]Nkf, /;'jf / x'Dnf ;a}eGbf
sd s[lifof]Uo e''ld ePsf] lhNnf xf]
 s[lif u0fgf @)^* cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L l;+lrt If]q ePsf] lhNnf
af/f,sf]z] afnL ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg x'g] lhNnf bfª ,gub] jfnL a9L
pTkfbg x'g] lhNnf ;nfxL /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf a9L t/sf/L afnL
pTkfbg x'g] lhNnf Onfd /x]sf] 5
 Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg OVOP
  ;g !(&( hfkgsf] dfl/lxtf] lx/fdfNy'n] ;'? u/]sf] Ps ufpF Ps
pTkfbg sfo{qmd g]kfndf eg] ;g @))^ df ;'? ul/Psf] xf]
 bf]nvf lhNNffdf nf]Qmf pTkfbgaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] sfo{qmd xfn ;DDf
$@ lhNnfdf ;+~rflnt 5
 @)&! c;f]h !@ df ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] nf]uf] eg] nf]uf] lgdftf{
gjHof]lt ;'j]bL /x]sf 5g

 k|wfgdGqL s[ifL cfw'lgs kl/of]hgf
 cf=j @)&#.&$ af6 nfu' ul/Psf] !) aifL{o sfo{qmd g]kfnsf] &
k|b]zsf] ljleGg lhNnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu;+uf ;DaGw
sfod ul/ sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ul/Psf] 5

 k|b]z g ! emfkf-wfg_,@ af/f-dfR5f_# df sfe|]- cfn' _ $ df sf:sL -
t/sf/L To:tf} %df bfª -ds} _k|b]z ^ h'Dnf -:ofp_ / k|b]z & s}nfndf
df -uxF'_ pTkfbg ul/g] ePsf] 5
 @)&$ df yk ul/Psf s]lx lhNnfx? wg'iff dfR5f,l;GwnL -h'gf/ _/
88]Nw'/fdf cfn' pTkfbg ul/g] ePsf] 5

 @)^! ;fnjf6 x/]s aif{ c;f/ !% df wg lbj; dgfOG5 eg] @)&^ ;fndf
!^ cf} wfg lbj; dgfPsf] lyof] eg] @)&^ ;fnsf] gf/f wfg v]ltdf k|ljwL
/ oGqLs/0f ,rfdfn cfotdf Go'gLs/0f
 rfn' cfly{s aif{ @)&%. &^ df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg
@^=(* k|lt;t /x]sf] 5 eg] cl3Nnf] aif{ of] b/ @&=%( lyof]
 g]kfndf vf]N;fsf] ;'g eg]/f lrlgg] gub]afnL cn}rL xf] eg] hLljt ;'g eg]/f
of;f{u'DafnfO{ lrlgG5 eg] xfn g]kfndf !# k|hfltsf of;f{u'Da kfOG5g /
#*)) ld b]vL ^))) ld pFrfOdf kfOg] of;f{u'Daf
 pBf]u
 lj; !((# d+lz/ ( df pBf]u kl/ifbsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] eg] g]kfnsf] klxnf]
pBf]u lj/f6gu/ h'6ldnsf] :ykgf klg !((# c;f/ #) df ePsf] lyof] x/]s
aif{ d+lz/ ( df pBf]u lbj; dgfOG5
 g]kfndf klxnf] cf}Bf]lus gLlt lj; @)!& df 3f]ifgf ul/of] eg] xfn g]kfndf
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& nfu' 5 of] hf/L @)^&.@.@ ePsf] xf] / no pay for no
work principles nfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf]
 ;a}eGbf klxnf] / w}/}nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg] cf}Bf]lus If]q afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q xf]
eg] If]qkmndf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] x]6f}F8f cf}Bf]lus If]q,If]qkmndf ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
wgs'6f cf}Bf]lus If]q / xfn;Ddf ;a}eGbf kl5 :ykgf ePsf] /fhlj/fh
cf}Bf]lus If]q xf]
 @)@@ ;fnaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] cf}Bf]lus u0fgf !) cf} cf}Bf]lus @)&) sf] @)&!
c;f]h !@ df glthf ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] lyof] h;df ^$ lhNnfdf pBf]ux?
/x]sf] 5g eg] ?kGb]xL,sf7df08f}F ,df]/ª,k;f{ / af/f pRr pB]fu ePsf] lhNnf
x'g.
 ljZdf ;j{k|yd gLlhs/0f ;DaGwL cjBf/0f lk6/ 8'
s/n] ;g !(*) df NofPsf x'g eg] g]kfndf gLlhs/0f ul/Psf] klxnf] ;+:yfg x'g
xf]<
 hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vgf @)&) ;fndf vf/]h ul/of] eg] lj36g ul/Psf] ;+:yfg
oftoft ;:yfg xf]
 s]GbL}|o tYofªs ljefun] u0fgf u/]sf] k|yd /fli6«o cfly{s u0fgf @)&% a}zfs
! af6 h]i7 #! ;Ddf u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof]
 k|yd /fli6«o cfly{s u0fgf @)&% cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L Jofj;flxs ;+:yfg ePsf]
lhNnf sf7df08f} / k|b]z # /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd Jofj;flxs ;+:yfg ePsf]
lhNnf df]/ª xf] eg] k|b]z s0f{nL /x]sf] 5
 xfn g]kfndf /x]sf #* j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdWo] cfly{s ;j]{If0f &%.&^ cg';f/
@^ j6f gfkmf / !! j6f 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5
 xfn g]kfndf /x]sf #* j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdWo] !& j6f ;/sf/sf] k'0f{
:jfldTjdf ,!& clws+fz :jfldTjdf / $ j6f cflzs :jfldTjfdf /x]sf] 5

ko{6g
 ko{6gsf nflu v'Nnf tyf pbf/ gLlt lnPsf] g]kfn, g]kfndf ;g @)!* cg';f/
a9L ko{6s cfpg] % d'n'sf qmdz ef/t,lrg,cd]l/sf,>L+nsf / a]nfot /x]sf]
5
 g]kfndf ko{6gsf] xfO{ l;hg eg]/f cS6f]a/ dlxgf, nf] l;hg eg]/f gf]e]Da/ /
ckm l;hg eg]/f dfr{ dlxgfnfO lrlgG5
 g]kfnn] ;g @)@) b]vL #) ;Ddfsf] nflu ko{6s bzs 3f]ifgf ul/Psf] 5 eg]
;g @)#) ;Ddf jflif{s %) nfv ko{6s leq\ofg] 3f]ifgf ul/Psf] 5
 lehg @))% ko{6g If]q ;+uf ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] cjBf/0f tfsf;L
ldofxf/f /x]sf 5g
 ;g @)!* df k|lt ko{6s cf};t a;fO cjlw !@=$ lbgsf] /x]sf] eg] ,k|ltlbg
k|lt ko{6s $$ 8n/ vr{ /x]sf] 5
 ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu dgfOb} cfPsf] aif{x?
 g]kfn e|d0f aif{ !((*
 uGtJo g]kfn aif{ @))@.)#
 g]kfn ko{6g aif{ @)!!
 n'lDagL e|d0f{ aif{ @)!@
  cfGtl/s w'dlkm/ aif{ @)&#
 g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) - :yflut

 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ko{6g gLlt @)%@ xf] eg] g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf] :ykgf @)%%
k'; !^ df ePsf] xf] xfn g]kfndf ko{6g gLlt @)^% nfu' 5
 ;g !(*) b]vL x/]s aif{ ;]K6]Da/ @& df ko{6s lbj; dgfOG5
 ;g !(*# df x]S6/ ;]jfnf]; nf:s'/]g n] Osf] 6'l/hd ;DaGwL cjBf/0f g]kfnn]
5}7f}F of]hgfaf6 cjnDag u/]sf] xf]
 ;/sf/n] @)&% ebf}df ;ft} k|b]zdf gofF ko{6lso uGtJo 5gf]6 u/]sf] 5 h'g
 k|b]z ! Onfdsf] ;Gbsk'/
 k|b]z @ wg'iffsf] wg'iffwfd
 k|b]z # dsjfgk'/sf] s'n]vfgL
 k|b]z $ sf:sLsf] k~rf;]
 k|b]z % slkna:t'sf] lgUnLxjf
 k|b]z ^ d'u'sf] /f/f
 k|b]z & s}nfnLsf] efbufpF
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] ko{6s eg]/f ;d|f6 czf]snfO{ lrlgG5 eg] cGtl/Ifsf]
klxnf] ko{6s eg]/f 8]lg; l66f]nfO{ lrlgG5

oftoft
 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ;fj{hlgs oftoftsf] k|of]u lj; !((^ df ePsf] xf] eg] klxnf]
oftoft dGqL eb|sfnL ld> x'g
 rLg ;/sf/n] @)@* ;fndf lgdf0f{ ;'? ul/ @ aif{df ;DkGg ePsf] sf7df08f}
lelq rqmky sf] nDafO{ @&=@ ls ld / k|:tfljt aflx/L rqmkysf] nDafO{ &@
lsld /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfndf klxnf] kN6f sfnf]kqf] ul/Psf] ;8s lqe'jg /fhky xf] eg] pkTosf
aflx/fsf] klxnf] ;8s cDn]uGh ledkm]bL ;8s v08f xf]
 %! lsld sf] hgsk'/ hogu/ /]n ;]jf !((# df :yfkgf ePsf] xf]
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&^.&& cg';f/
 dWokxfl8 /fhdfu{ !*&( lsld
 x'nfls /fhdfu{ !&(@=$ lsld
  sflnu08sL sl/8f]/ $#% lsld
 s0f{ln sl/8f]/ @*) lsld
 sf]lz sl/8f]/ !^@ lsld
gful/s p8fog ;DaGwL ;'lrx?
 cGt/fli6«o p8fg eg]{ g]kfnL jfo';]jf # j6f
 g]kfndf p8fg eg]{ cGt/fli6«o sDkgL #) j6
 l4klIfo xjfO ;]jf ;Dem}tf ePsf] b]z $)
 cGt/fli6«o ljdg:ynsf] ;+Vof !
 ;a} d}f;ddf ;+~rfng x'g] ljdfg:yn #%
 ;+~rfngdf /x]sf] ljdfg:yn #@
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] /fhdfu{ dx]Gb| /fhdfu{
 lznfGof; , @)!( a}iffs ! /fhf dx]Gb|n]
 nDafO{ !)@&=^& lsld
 /fhdfu{n] 5'g] lhNnf @!
t/fOsf] !( ,kxf8sf] @
 Xf]rf] efu ;'g;/L &! ld
 cUnf] efu k':k aFfs] ($) ld
s'g v08fdf s'g b]zsf] ;xof]u
dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ nDafO{ ;xof]u b]zx?
 d]rL b]vL 9Ns]a/-@%^_ ;Ddf ef/t
 9ns]a/ b]vL kyn}of-!)(_ ;Ddf ?; ;/sf/
 kyn}of b]vL x]6f}+8f -@^_;Ddf g]kfn ;/sf/
 x]6f|}8f gf/fof0f3f6 -*!_ Pl8jL
 gf/fo0f3f6 j'6jn !!^ a]nfot
 j'6jn sf]xnk'/ jgaf; -$$%_ ef/t ;/sf/

Pl;ofg xfO{jodf g]kfnsf] /fhdfu{x

 dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ A2
 c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ A5
 lqe'jg /fhdfu{ A5
  k[YjL /fhdfu{ A41
 l;4fy{ /fhdfu{ A48

lj1fg k|ljlw
ljleGg ljwfsf] lktf
j}1flgssf lktf yf]d; cNaf Pl8;g
lj1fgsf lktf cNa6{ cfOi6fOg
cfw'lgs ef}lts zf:tsf] lktf cfOHofs Go'6g
/;fogzf:qsf] lktf /f]j6{ jf]on
lrlsT;fzf:qsf] lktf lxkf]qmfO6;
;dfhzf:qsf] lktf cui6 sfD6]
cy{zf:qsf] lktf cfbd l:dy
e'uf]nsf] lktf O/]G6]:yf]lgh
Oltxf;sf] lktf X]/f]8f]6;
ljw'tsf lktf dfOsn km/f8]
j+z0f'sf lktf u]u|/ d]08n
dfgj e'uf]nsf lktf km|]8l/s /fh]n

j}1flgs pks/0f / ltgs sfd

 NofS6f]ld6/ b'wsf] ;'4tf kl/If0f ug]{ oGq
afOgf];s'n;{ 6f8fsf] a:t' glhs NofO{ k|i6 b]vfpg] oGq
sDkf; ;'O lbzf;'rs oGq
Pld6/ ljw't t/ªu
Plgofld6/ jfo'sf] ult
kf/f]ld6/ pRr tfknfO{ gfKg] oGq
km]bf]ld6/ ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] oGq
kf]lnu|fkm e'm7f] kTtf nufpg] oGq
8fOgfdf] olGqs zlQmnfO{ ljw't zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ oGq

lj1fgsf] ljleGg ;fvfx? gfd

Pgf6f]dL dfgj zl//sf] /rgf
af]6fgL Afg:ktLsf] cWofg
Kofyf]nf]hL /f]usf] cWofg
l;;df]nf]hL e'OrfFnf]sf] cWofg
Osf]nf]hL K|fofa/0fsf] cWofg
P:6f]gf]dL cGtl/Ifsf] cWofg
cf:6f]nf]hL X88Lsf] cWofg

ljleGg ef}lts kl/df0f / PsfOx?

  e'sDk /]S6/
:s]n
 Wjlgsf] lta|tf
 rfk
8]l;jn
kf:sn
 law't wf/fsf] zlQm PlDko/
 sfo{,zlQm ;fdYy{
 n]G;sf] zlQm 8foK6/
h'n
 an Go'6g
 ;fdYy{ j6

s;n] s] cflj:sf/ u/]

cflj:sf/ s;n]
8fOgfdf] dfOsn km/f8]
6]lnlehg h] Pn a]o8{
ydf{]ld6/ Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL
P6d ad c6f] xfg
/]l8od Dof8d So'/L

ljleGg cGt/fli6«o sDkgLsf] Founder,CEO tyf :yfkgf

Company Founder CEO E date

Google n}/L k]h ;'Gb/ lkrfO{ 1998

 ;lu{ lj|g
Microsoft lan u]6\; ;Togf/fof0f 1975
Gf8]nf
Whats App a|fog P]S6g h}g sfd 2009
h}g sd
Amazon h]km a]hf]; h]km a]hf]; 1994

Yahoo 8]le8 lkmnf] 1994

Apple :6Le hFA; l6d s's 1976

Facebook dfs{ h's/au{ dfs{ h's/au{ 2004

Alibaba h}s df 8lgon emfu+ 1999

Youtube hfleb sl/d ;'hfg jf]h;sL 2005

l:6e r]g
Samsung ln a]n r'n lsd ls gd 1938

s] sf] l8hfOg/ sf] xf]

 n'lDagL ljsf; u'?of]hgf ,s]Ghf]  xjfO6 xfpp; , h]D; x'jg
6fªu]  Olkmn 6fj/ , u':tfd
 gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ , ljkm{g Os]n
 l;+xb/jf/ s'df/l;x  a]nLla|h , ljlnod 8L
/f0f a]n
 s0f{nL k'n , :6fog g]g  caf aGg] w/x/f , lji0f' kGyL
qmd ljsf;,j+z0f'
d08]nn] k|of]udf NofPsf] lj?jf s'g xf] , s]/fp
d08]nfsf] lzbfGtx?
k|jntfsf] lgod
n}ªlus z'4tfsf] lgod
:jtGqtfsf] lgod
lkmgf]6fOk eg]sf] s] xf]< lhgf]6fOk eg]sf] s] xf]<
hLjx?df jflx/L ?kdf b]lvg] u'0f ] hLjx?sf] lelq ?kdf b]lvg] u'0f
b'O lhjx?nfO{ qmz u/fpbf klxnf] j+zdf b]vf kg]{ dftflktfaf6 ;/L cfPsf] u'0fnfO{ s] elgG5
< k|jn u'0f
klxnf] j+zdf b]vf gkg]{ / cGo j+zdf b]vf kg]{ u'0fnfO{ n'Kt u'0f elgG5 <
/f]usf] jlu{s/0f
lhj0f' ljif0f' k|lhj0f' of}g /f]u rd{/f]u s[ld /f]u
nx/] vf]sL X]kf6fOl6; cf}nf] ;'hfs s'i7/f]u XfltkfOn]
Ifof/f]u 7]pnf /f]u, lel/ªuL bfb r'gf{
s[i7/f]u OGkmn'PGhf cfp PrcfO n'tf] h'sf
Eofs't] ljkm/ sfnfhf/ le ,P8; uf]nf]
DofbHjf/f] /]ljh h'sf
Go'df]lgof bfb'/f lkmt]
X}hf xf8] h'sf
wg'i6+sf/ ?3fvf]sL c+s'z]
h'sf
s] sf] sldn] s'g /f]u nfUb5
sld /f]u
le6fldg P /tGwf]
Vit B1 j]/Lj]/L

Vit c :sle

Vit b Dflg;sf] d'v tyf cf]7df 3fpF cfpg]

cfof]l8g unufF8 ,;':t dgl:ytL
Vit K sdL /ut a9L aUg]

Vit c sdL 3fp lgsf] gx'g]

;'s]gf; sfa]{fxfO8]«6 / k|f]l6g
km's]gf; k|f]6Lg
holjof]hg z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd ePsf

le6fldgsf] /;folgs gfd  jfof]l6g B7

 /]l6gf]n le6fldg P  Ogf]l;6f]n B8
 Yffoldg le6fldg B  ;fogf] sf]jfn]ldg B12
 /fofjf]kmnf]ljg B2  P:sflj{s C
 lgofl;g B3  Sofl;km]/f]ng D
 k]G6f]y]lgs B5  6f]sf]km]/n E
 kfol/8S;Lg B6  Jffof]l6g H
s]xL /f]u nfUg] ls6f0f' tyf vf]kx?
/f]u ls6f0f' vf]kx?
bfb'/f ldhN; efO/; ldhN; EoflS;g
x}hf lelj|of] sn]/f sn]/f EoflS;g
kf]lnof] PG6]/f] efO/; kf]lnof] yf]kf
Ifo/f]u dfOqmf]AofS6]l/od aL=;L =hL
Xf]k6fOl6; aL x\kf6fO6L aL X]k6fOl6; aL
efO/; EoflS;g
wg'i6sf/ Sofl:6l8od l66fgL 6L=6L
6fOkmO6 ;fNdf]g]nf 6fOkmL 6fOkmfO8
EoflS;g
nx/vfsL af]l8{6]Nnf 8L=kL=6L
Eofs't] /f]u sf]l/g] AofS6]l/og 8L=kL=6L

j}1flgs pks/0f / ltgs sfd

NofS6f]ld6/ b'wsf] ;'4tf kl/If0f ug]{ oGq
afOgf];s'n;{ 6f8fsf] a:t' glhs NofO{ k|i6 b]vfpg] oGq
sDkf; ;'O lbzf;'rs oGq
Pld6/ ljw't t/ªu
Plgofld6/ jfo'sf] ult
kf/f]ld6/ pRr tfknfO{ gfKg] oGq
km]bf]ld6/ ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] oGq
kf]lnu|fkm e'm7f] kTtf nufpg] oGq
8fOgfdf] olGqs zlQmnfO{ ljw't zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ oGq

lj1fgsf] ljleGg ;fvfx? gfd

Pgf6f]dL dfgj zl//sf] /rgf
af]6fgL Afg:ktLsf] cWofg
Kofyf]nf]hL /f]usf] cWofg
l;;df]nf]hL e'OrfFnf]sf] cWofg
Osf]nf]hL K|fofa/0fsf] cWofg
P:6f]gf]dL cGtl/Ifsf] cWofg
cf:6f]nf]hL X88Lsf] cWofg
ljleGg ef}lts kl/df0f / PsfOx?
 e'sDk /]S6/ :s]n
 rfk kf:sn
 sfo{,zlQm ;fdYy{ h'n
 an Go'6g
 ;fdYy{ j6
 Wjlgsf] lta|tf 8]l;jn
 law't wf/fsf] zlQm PlDko/
 n]G;sf] zlQm 8foK6/
s;n] s] cflj:sf/ u/]
cflj:sf/ s;n]
8fOgfdf] dfOsn km/f8]
6]lnlehg h] Pn a]o8{
ydf{]ld6/ Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL
P6d ad c6f] xfg
/]l8od Dof8d So'/L

/f;folgs tTjx? / ltgsf] cflj:sf/

tTjsf] gfd cflj:sf/
xfO8f«]hg Pr s}ljlg8;
lxlnod Nff]s]o/
gfO6f]«hg 8]lgon
clS;hg h] lki6n]
;f]l8od 8]jL
DofUg]l;od 8]jL
u'?Tjsif{sf] l;4fGt Go'6g
k/df0f' jd c6f] xfg
XjfO hxfh /fO6 j|b{; jf]nle/ / ljne/
/]l8of] Dffsf]{lg
Sofd/f Hf];]km lgof;L
SofNs'n]6/ Kff:sn
6]lnkmf]g Uf|fxfd a]n
;fOsn d]s ldng
kfl/l/:ytLs k4lt / afta/0f
lbuf] ljsf;
 lbuf] ljsf;sf] cawf/0f ;g !(*) sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] .
 dflg;sf] jt{df0f cfj:otf / rfxfgf kl/k'lt{sf nfuL eljiosf k':tfsf] cfj:otf;+uf
;Dem}tf gu/L ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt pkof]u g} lbuf] ljsf; xf]
 ;g !(*# df ul7t a'|6Nof08 cfof]usf] cWoIf tTsfnLg gj]{sf] k|wfgdGqL u|f] xfn]{d
a'|6Nof08 lyOg
 a'|6Nof08n] lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/efiff s] lbPsf] 5
 eljiosf lk9Lsf cfa:oftfx?nfO{ vnn gk'\/\ofO{ jt{df0f k':tfsf cfj:oftf kl/k'lt{ ug'{
g} lbuf] ljsf; xf]
 a'|6Nof08 cfof]usf] u7g ;g !(*# l8;]Da/ df ePsf] xf]
 a'|6Nof08 cfof]un] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] ;g !(*&
 a'6Nof08 cfof]un] a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] gfd xfd|f] ;femf elj:o /x]sf] 5
 g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cawf/0f nfu' ePsf] cf7f}F of]hgfaf6
 lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu nfu' ePsf] k|yd /0fgLlt /fli6«o ;+/If0f /0fgLlt ;g !(**
 ;g !((@ df a|flhndf ePsf] ;Dd]ngnfO{ s] gfds/0f lbPsf] 5 k[YjL ;Dd]ng
 k[YjL ;Dd]ngn] kfl/b u/]sf $ ljifox?
 Hf}ljs ljljBtf
 Ph]08f @!
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g
 jg ;+/If0f gLlt
 Ph]08f @! sf] k|d'v nIo s] xf]
 Jftj/0fLo x|f;nfO{ /f]uyfd / lbuf] ljsf;
 ;xzf|AbL ljsf; nIox? sltj6f ;dfa]z ul/Psf] lyfof]<
 j6f ;g @))! af6 ;g @)!% ;Ddfsf nfuL
 lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIox? slt j6f 5g !& j6f
 lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;'rsx? Slt 5g !^(
  lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIox? ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] slxn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] ;g @)!% ;]i6]Da/df
ePsf] ;Dd]ngaf6

h}ljs ljljWftfdf pRr !) /fi6«

;g @)!^ df df]GUofa] n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] tYofªs cg';f/
!_ a|flhn @_ sf]nf]lDaof #_ O08f]gf]l;of $_ rLg %_ d]lS;sf]
^_ k]? &_ ci6]«nLof *_ ef/t (_ OSj]8]/ !)_ e]g]h'onf
g]kfn $( cf}F :yfg
 kGtgn l;d;f/ If]q ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] l;d;f/ If]q xf]
 k'mn km'Ng] lj?jfsf] b[li6n] g]kfn Pl;ofsf] !) cf} / ljZjsf] @& cf}F :yfgdf
kb{5
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ag If]q ;fOa]/Lof ?; df ljZjsf] slt k|lt;t ag 5 <
s/Lj @% k|lt;t
 k[YjLdf kfOg] clS;hg dWo] a|flhnsf] cd]hg h+undf dfq slt k|lt;t
kfOG5 , #) k|lt;t
 g]kfndf ;fd'bflos agsf] cjwf/0f lj; @)#% ;fndf
 jftj/l0fo gLlt tyf sfo{qmd 5}7f}F of]hgfaf6 ;dfa]z ul/Psf] xf]
 g]kfndf ?v /f]Kg] -j[Iff/f]kg sfo{qm|d lj; @))@ ;fnaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] xf]

jftfj/0fsf] ;DaGwL ;j{k|yd zAb tyf cawf/0f k|of]u ug]{ AolQmx?

lbuf] ljsf; afa{/f jf8{
Hf}ljs ljljBtf O cf] ljN;g
kof{j/0f cg]{:6 x\ofsn
 Kfl/l:ytLlts k4tL P lh 6fG;\nL
Xl/tu[x k|efj cawf/0f Nofpg] JolQm lhg kml/P/
;j{k|yd xl/tu[x k|efj ePsf] elg kTtf cfly{g;
nufpg]JolQm

;j{k|yd cDnf aif{sf] caBf/0f Nofpg] /a{6 Pu\; l:dy

cf]hg tx kTtf nufpg] JolQm h]=;L kmf/Dofg
cf]hg tx kftflnb} uPsf] kTtf nufpg] z]/p8 /f]Nof08
Snf]/f] km\nf]/f] sfj{g UofF; pTkfbg ug]{ JolQm 8f yf]d; ldh

Xl/t u[x k|efj

Aflx/faf6 cfPsf] tfk leq hfg] t/f leqsf] tfk aflx/f ghfg] k|lqmofnfO{ xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5
ljleGg dfgljo lqmofsnkn] hnjfik ldy]g,sfj{08fOcS;fO8,Snf]/f]kmnf]/f] sfj{g nufPt
Uof;sf] cToflws p;{hg x'b} hfbf jfo'd08nn] k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g ePsf] ;f}o{ ljls/0fnfO{ k'0f{
k[YjLtkm{ g} kms{fpFG5 ,h;sf] kmn:j?k k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} hfG5 .h;n] k|sf; k/fj{tg
k|lqmof aGbf u/fpG5
xl/tu[x cjBf/0f Nofpg] j}1flgs j]l/g hLg km]l/o/
xl/tu[xsf] cjBf/0f ;g !(@^
xl/tu[xsf] k|efj ePsf] kTtf nufpg] :j8]gsf] cy]{zf:qL cfly{g; ;g !(*^ df
cf]hg tx
cf]ht tx kTtf nufpg] hf];]km rfN; kmf/Dofg
cf]hg tx k[YjLsf] @% b]lv $) lsld ;DDff x'G5
cf]hg txn] z'o{af6 cfPsf] k/fj}hgL ljls/0fsf] slt k|lt;t ;f]/f]/f k[YjLdf cfpgf af6 /f]S5
(( k|lt;t
cf]hg tx Kjfn k/]sf] s'/f kTtf nfu]sf] ;g !(*% df cd]l/ls cGtl/If ;+:yf gf;fsf] lgDa;
& pku|xn]
cG6f{sl6sfsf] cGtl/Ifdf b]lvPsf] cf]hg txsf] KjfnfO{ xf]ncf]o\ elgG5

g]kfndf /x]sf] /fli6«o lgs'Ghx?

gfd :yfkgf If]qkmn ju{ lhNnf
lsdL
lrtjfg /f=gL @)#) (%@=^# lrtjfg,k;f{,dsjfgk'/
gjfnk/f;L
;u/dfy /f=gL @)#@ !!$* ;f]n'v'da'
Nfª6fª /fgL @)#@ !&!) /;'jf,g''jfsf6,l;Gw'kfNrf]s
/f/f /f=gL @)#@ !)^ d'u',h'Dnf
Aflb{of /f=gL @)#@ (^* Alb{of
z] kmf]S;'08f] /f=gL @)$) #%%% 8f]Nkf / d'u'
vKtf8 /f=gL @)$@ @%% Afemfª,afh'/f ,8f]6L,c5fd
dsfn',a?0f /f=gL @)$* !%)) ;+v'jf;ef,;f]n'v'Da'
lzjfk'/L /f=gL @)%* !%( sf7df08}f,g'jfsf]6,
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
afFs] /fgL @)^& %%) afs],alb{of bfª,;Nofg
z'Snfkmf6 /fgL @)&# #)% sGrgk'/
k'; &
k;f{ /fgL @)&$ ^#&=#& k;f{,dsjfgk'/,lrtjfg
s] sf] k|hgg s]Gb| sxfF /x]sf] 5
 xftL k|hgg s]Gb| lrtjfg /f=gL
 lu4 k|hgg s]Gb| s;/f lrtjfg /fgL
 uf]xL k|hgg s]]Gb| lrtjfg / alb{of
 d[uf k|hgg s]Gb| nlntk'/ uf]bfjf/Ldf
IUCN
:ykgf ;g !($*
k|wfg sfo{no :jLh/Nof08

/fd;f/ dxf;lGw
 ;g !(&! sf] km]a'|c/Ldf O/fgsf] /fd;f/ eGg] 7fpFdf l;d;f/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;Dd]ng
g} /fd;f/ dxf;GwL xf]
 of] ;GwL ;g !(&% l8;]Da/ af6 nfu'' ePsf] xf]
 g]kfnn] of] ;GwLdf ;g !(&* l8;]Da/ @& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] ,
 g]kfnn] o;sf] ;b:o ;g !(** clk|n & df kfPsf] xf]
 /fd;f/ dxf;GwLsf] k|bfg sfo{n; UNof08 :jLh/Nof08df /x]sf] 5
 ljZj l;d;f/ lbjz km|]a'|c/L @ df dgfOg5 / ;g !(*% af6 dgfpgf yflnP klg]
g]kfnn] eg] ; !((! af6 dgfpgf yflnPsf] xf]
/fd;f/ ;"lrdf ;"lrs[t g]kfnsf] l;d;f/ If]qx?
Gfd ldlt If]qkmn ju{ ls ld
sf]zL6Kk' aGohGt' cf/If !(*&l8;]Da/ !& !&%
aL; xhf/L tfn j/k/f ;g @))# cu:6 !# #@
3f]8f3f]8L tfn @))# cu:6 !# @%=^#
Hfulbzk'/ tfn @))# cu:6 !# @=@%
uf]Sof] If]q ;u/dfyf /flg @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# &&=&)
 z] kmf]S;'08f] tfn @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# $=($
/f/f tfn @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# !%=*#
]uf];fOs'08 / cGo tfnx? @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# !)=#)
dfOkf]v/L Onfd @))* cS6f]a/ @) )=(
kf]v/f j/fk/fsf] ( tfn @)!^ km|]a'cl/ @ @^!

s'g 7fpF s'g hgfj/sf] nfuL k|Voft

 cgf{ sfzL 6Kk' jGohGt'' cf/If
 s[i0f;f/ s[i0f;f/ ;+/If0f If]q
 xfa|] ,/]8kf08f nfd6fª /f=gL
 lxn]sfjf lrtjfg /f=gL
 lgne]8f /f=gL sGrgh+3f ;+=If]
 lgnufO{ lrtjfg /f=gL
 ltAatL v/fof] z] kmf]S;'08f] /f=gL
 Psl;u] u}8f,3l8ofu uf]xL lrtjfg /f=gL
 afx|l;u]sf nfuL z'SnfkmfF6 /f=gL 47
 n}Flus cg'kft ($=!^
 kl/jf/ %$@&#)@
 cf}ift kl/jf/ ;b:o $=**
 s'g} g s'g} ckfªu ePsf] hg;Vof !=($ k|lt;t
 6]lnlehg k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ #^=$% k|lt;t
 lah'nL aQLsf] k|of]u ^&=@^ k+|lt;t
 PnkL Uof;sf] k|of]]u ug]{ kl/jf/ @!=#) k|lt;t
w]/} hg;Vof x'g] lhNNff sd hg;Vof ePsf] lhNnf
z'q sfdf]?emfs} z'q dd'8f]/x'
sf7df08}f !&$$@$) dgfª, ^%#*
df]/ª (^%#&) d':tfª !#$%@
?kGb]xL **)!(^ ,8f]Nkf #^&))
emfkf *!@^%) ,/;'jf , $##))
s}nfnL &&%&)( x'Dnf %)*%*
a9L hg3gTj ePsf] lhNnfx?
Z'fq sfen?w sd hg3gTj ePsf] lhNNff
sf7df8}f, $$!^ dd'8f]x' d'u'
eQmk'/ @%^) dgfª #
nlntk'/ !@!^ d':tfª $
?kGb]xL ^$& 8f]Nkf %
wg'iff ^$) X'Dnf (
d'u' !^
wd{sf cfwf/.df
lxaf}Olslqm
lxGb' *!=! k|lt;t
jf}4 ( k|lt;t
O:nfd $=$ k|lt;t
ls/fFt #+=! k|lt;t
lqmlZrog !=$ k|lt;t
sd wd{nDaL ePsf] hg;Vof
lzah}af] k|d'v hfltx?
lzv ^)( hgf If]qL !^=^ k|lt;t
axfO{ !@*# hgf A|fxd0f !@=@ k|lt;t
h}g #@!$ hgf du/ &=! K|lt;t
af]g !#))^ hgf yf? ^=^ k|lt;t
tdfª %=* k|lt;t

sd hg;Vof ePsf] hflt Onfd &&+=(

s'g' /fsn] Go'g ;fIf/ ePsf] lhNNffx?
s';'08f @&# /f};dx'l;
g'/fª @&* /f}tfx6 $!=&
/fp6] ^!* ;nf{xL $^=#
snf/ !)&& dxf]t/L $^=$
n]fx?ª !!%# x'Dnf $&=*
pRrf ;fIf/ ePsf] lhNnf l;/fxf %)=@
sfnsfeO{
sf7df08f} *^=#
nlntk'/ *@=%
sf:sL *@=$
etk'/ *!=&
ljleGg ;+u|xno
 phfF{ ;|u|xno kmlk{ª
 u'?ª ;+u|xno kf]v/f
 r]kfª lrtjfg
 hghftL+ sf7df08f}
 tdfª /;'jf
 k'/ftflTjs slkna:t'
 /fli6«o sf7df08f}
 d'b|f 5fpgL sf7df08f}+
 nf]safhf lqk'/]Zj/
 jGohGt' x]6f}+8f
 n]Krf Onfd
 ;k{ emfkf
 kof{j/0f d':tfª
 km'6an ;fg]kf
cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw / ;+3 ;+:yf
 a]nfot  afF;af/L 5fnfh'tf
 ;u/dfy e' pku|x s]Gb\|  n'lDagL lrgL sf/vgf
 w/fg wgs'6f ;xof]u  x]6f}8f sk8f s/vgf
 a'6jfn gf/fo0f3f6 ;8s v08f  /fli6«o ;ef u[x
 a'9flgns07 :s'n  lghfdtL sd{r/L ejg
 /];d v]tL cg';Gwfg  sf7df08f}F rqmky
cd]l/sf ;xof]u
 X]6f}8f l8h]n KnfG6
 /f]kj] ;]]jf
 cf}nf] pGd'ng sfo{qmd
 lq=lj lzIffzf:q
 cf}ifwL cg';Gwfg
 hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
 kmlk{ª cg';Gwfg
 afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q
 w/fg OlGhlgo/ :s'n
 g]kfn l6Da/ skf]{/]zg
 /]l8of] g]kfnsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/0f
 n]af]/]6f]/L :s'n
 s[ifL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
 Eff/tLo ;xof]u  hfkgL ;xof]u
 jL/ c:ktfn  s'n]vfgL hnljB't
 l;4fy /fhdfu{  lzIf0f c:ktfn
 k|;'tL u[x  pbok'/ l;d]G6 sf/vgf
 /Gh' dfu{  la=lk /fhdfu{
 sfs8leTtf 9Ns]a/ ;8s v08f  gofF a;kfs{
 a'6jfn agjf; ;8s v08f  afudtL k'n
 la=kL sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo k|lti7fg
 lqz'nL hnljB't
 6«df ;]G6/
 lqe'jg /fhky
 lrlgofF ;xof]u
 sf7df08f} eQmk'/ 6«nL an
 e's'6L sfuh sf/vgf
 c/lgsf] /fhdfu{
  g]kfn ;+uf b}To ;DaGw ePsf k|d'v /fi6«x?
 a]nfot ;g !*!^
 cd]l/sf ;g !($& clk|n @%
 ef/t ;g !($& h'g !#
 km|G; ;g !($( clk|n @)
 rLg ;g !(%% cui6 !
g]kfn ;+uf bf}To ;DaGw ePsf k|yd /fi6«x?
 ;fs{ ef/t
 o'Pcf] a]nfot
 cfl;og dn]l;of
 Oo' a]nfot
 lh & a]nfot
 clkm|sf OlhK6
 p cd]l/sf cd]l/sf
 b,cd]l/sf ch]{lG6gf

s]xL k|d'v ;u7g

gfd :ykgf k|wfg g]kfnsf] ;b:otf
sfo{no

vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g !^cS6f]a/ /f]d ,O6nL @& gf]a]Da/ !(%!
!($%

cGt/fli6«o dhb/' ;+u7g !! clk|n !(!( h]g]ef !^ l8;]Da/ !(%!

;+o'tm /fi6« ;+ª3Lo z}lIfs $ gf]e]Da/ km|fG; ! d] !(%#
tydf ;+:s[lts ;+u7g !($^
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g & clk|n !($* h]g]ef !) d] !(%$
 cGt/fli6«o k'0f{ lgdf0f{ tyf @& l8;]Da/ cd]l/sf ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
ljsf; a}+s !(%$
cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;+u7g @$ l8;]Da ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
!(^)
cGt/fli6«o ljt lgud @)h'nfO !(%^ cd]l/sf ^ ;]K6]da/ !(^!
cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]if @& l8;]Da Cd]l/sf ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
!($%
ljZj x'nfs ;{+u7g ! h'nfO :jLh/Nof08 !! h'nfO{ !(%^
cGt/fli6«o gful/s p8ofg $ clk|n !($& Sofg8f @( h'nfO{ !(^)
;+u7g

xfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] dgfO/x]sf] s]xL bzsx?

aif{ -;g_ bzs
@)!)—@)@) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo d?e'dL / d?e'dLs/0fsf] bzs
@)!!—@)@) h}ljs ljljBtfsf] bzs
;'/lIft ;8ssf nfuL sfo{ bzs
@)!$—@)@$ ;a}sf nfuL lbuf] phf{ bzs
@)!%—@)@% clkm|sg pbejsf dflg;sf nflu cGt/fli6«p bzs
@)!^—@)@% kf]if0fsf nfuL sfo{ bzs
@)!*—@)@* lbuf] ljsf;sf nfuL kfgL bzs
@)!(—@)@* kfl/jf/Ls v]tLsf] bzs
|yd ;fs{ Aofkf/ d]nf ;g !((^ gofF lbNnL
;j{k|yd Eof6 nfu' ug]{ ;fs{ /fi6« kfls:tfg
;fs{ j8fkqdf x:tIf/ ug]{x?
g]kfn /fhf lj/]Gb| zfx
ef/t k|wfgdGqL /flhj ufGwL
kfls:tfg /fi6«ktL lhofp/ /xdfg
e'6fg /fhf lhUd]l;Ud] jfªr's
>L+nsf /fi6«klt l/rf8{ hojw{g]
a+unfb]z /fi6«klt x';]g df]xdb Pbf{;

;fs{ If]qLo s]Gb|x?

;fs{ s[ifL ;'rgf s]Gb| a+unfb]z
;fs{ Ifo/f]u tyf PrcfOeL P8; s]Gb| g]kfn
;fs{ phf{ s]Gb| kfls:tfg
;fs{ ;+:s[lts s]Gb| >L+nsf
;fs{ jfta/0f tyf k|sf]k Aoa:yfkg s]Gb+| ef/t

;fs{ /fi6«n] o'Pgcf] sf] ;b:otf qmdz ;'?jf6

z'q efckfg] >Ldfe'a
ef ef/t !($% cS6f]a/ #)
c ckmufg:yfg !($^ gf]e]Da/ !(
kf kfls:tfg !($& ;]K6]Da/ #)
g] g]kfn !(%%l8;]Da/ !$
>L >Lnsf+ !(%% l8;]Da/ !$
df dflNb; !(^% ;]K6]Da/ @!
e' e'6fg !(&! ;]K6]Da/ @!
a+ a+unfb]z !(&$ ;]K6]Da/ !&
g]kfn ;+uf b}To ;DaGw ePsf /fi6«x? qmdz
z'q ef>Lkf cadfe'
ef ef/t !($& h'g !#
>L >Ln+sf !(%& h'nfO{ !
kf kfls:tfg !(^) dfr{ @)
c ckmufg:yfg !(^! h'nfO !
a+ a+unfb]z !(&@ clk|n *
df dflNb; !(*) cui6 !
e' e'6fg !(*# h'g

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] k|d'v pb]Zo cGt/fli6o zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{
:ykgf, ;g !($% cS6f]a/ @$
d'Vo sfo{no cd]l/sf Go'of]s{
;+:yfks /fi6« %!
clkml;on ?kdf dfGotf kfPsf] efiff
c+u|f]hL,km|]Gr,rLlgof,?;L,:k]lg; ,c/jL
sfo{no efiff c+uf|]hL / km|]Gr
;a}eGbf kl5 dfGotf kfPsf] efiff c/jL
Dfxzflwa];gsf] ;'?jt k|To]s dlxgfsf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfsf] t];f|f] d+unaf/
;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] ;b:o /fi6«x? !% h;df !) c:yfoL / % :yfoL
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] k|d'v ^ cu+x?
dxf;ef
;'/Iff kl/ifb
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb
lhDdflhdfgL kl/ifb
cGt/fli6«o Gofono
;lrjfno
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] ;b:o /fi6«x? x'G5g <
!% -!) c:yfoL / % :yfoL
;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] c:yfoL ;b:osf] lgo'lQmsf] cfwf/x?
Pkm|f] Pl;ofnL If]bqaf6 % ;b:o
k'jf{ o'/f]k If]qaf6 ! ;b:o
klZrd o'/f]k / cGo /fi6«af6 @ ;b:o
Nofl6g cd]l/sf If]qaf6 @ ;b:o

o'Pgcf]sf @ kl/j]Ifs /fi6«x? 5g

xf]nL ;L
:6]6 ckm Kofn]:6fOg
cfly{s tyf ;dflhs kl/ifbsf] ;b:osf] ;+Vof
%$ ;b:o x'G5 -# aif{sf] nfuL
clkm|sL /fi6«af6 !$ ;b:o
Pl;ofnL /fi6«af6 !! ;b:o
Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fi6«af6 !) ;b:o
klZrd o'/f]kaf6 / cGo /fi6« ^ ;b:o
cGt/fli6«o Gofonodf GofwLzsf] ;+Vof !% hgf
kbfjwL ( aif{
dxf;lrjsf] kbjwL % aif{sf] x'g]5
xfn;Ddfsf] dxf;rLjsf] gfd qmdZf+
l6«j]nL - gj]{ _
8\ofu Xofd/uf]N8 -:j]8]g_
pyfGt -jdf{_
s't{ jfON8 xfOd -cl:6«of_
xfleof/ k]/]h b sf]o/ -k]?_
8f= a'qf]; a'qf]; 3fnL -OlhK6_
sf]kmL cGgfg -3fgf_
jfg ls d'g -sf]l/of_
PG6f]lgof u'6/]h -kf]r'{un_

klxnf] ljlzi6s[t ;+:yf OLI

g]kfnsf] ;b:o kfKt u/]sf] klxnf] ljlzi6s[t ;+:yf
FAO
o'Pcf]sf] ;b:o ;j{k|yd TofUg] /fi6«
O08f]gf]l;of
g]]kfnn] wto sf] ;b:o k|fKt u/]]sf] ldtL
23 april 2004 147 ;b:o
g]kfn ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] c:yfoL /fi6«df lgjf{lrt ePsf] @ k6s -!(^( !(&) / !(** !(*(_

s]xL k|d'v ;u7g

gfd :ykgf k|wfg g]kfnsf] ;b:otf
sfo{no

vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g !^cS6f]a/ /f]d ,O6nL @& gf]a]Da/ !(%!
!($%

cGt/fli6«o dhb/' ;+u7g !! clk|n !(!( h]g]ef !^ l8;]Da/ !(%!

 ;+o'tm /fi6« ;+ª3Lo z}lIfs $ gf]e]Da/ km|fG; ! d] !(%#
tydf ;+:s[lts ;+u7g !($^
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g & clk|n !($* h]g]ef !) d] !(%$
cGt/fli6«o k'0f{ lgdf0f{ tyf @& l8;]Da/ cd]l/sf ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
ljsf; a}+s !(%$
cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;+u7g @$ l8;]Da ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
!(^)
cGt/fli6«o ljt lgud @)h'nfO !(%^ cd]l/sf ^ ;]K6]da/ !(^!
cGt/fli6«o d'b|f sf]if @& l8;]Da Cd]l/sf ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
!($%
ljZj x'nfs ;{+u7g ! h'nfO :jLh/Nof08 !! h'nfO{ !(%^
cGt/fli6«o gful/s p8ofg $ clk|n !($& Sofg8f @( h'nfO{ !(^)
;+u7g

xfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] dgfO/x]sf] s]xL bzsx?

aif{ -;g_ bzs
@)!)—@)@) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo d?e'dL / d?e'dLs/0fsf] bzs
@)!!—@)@) h}ljs ljljBtfsf] bzs
;'/lIft ;8ssf nfuL sfo{ bzs
@)!$—@)@$ ;a}sf nfuL lbuf] phf{ bzs
@)!%—@)@% clkm|sg pbejsf dflg;sf nflu cGt/fli6«p bzs
@)!^—@)@% kf]if0fsf nfuL sfo{ bzs
@)!*—@)@* lbuf] ljsf;sf nfuL kfgL bzs
 @)!(—@)@* kfl/jf/Ls v]tLsf] bzs

s'g dlxgfdf s'g lbj; dgfOG5

hgfj/L
 cGt/fli6«o eG;f/ lbj; —@^
km]a'|c/L
 ljZj l;d;f/ lbj; —@
 ljZj SofG;/ lbj; —$
 /]l8of] lbj; — !#
 ;fdflhs Gofo lbj; —@)
 cGt/fli6«o dft[efiff lbj; —@!
 cGt/fli6«o :sfp6 lbj; —@@
dfr{
 cGt/fli6«o dlxnf lbj; —*
 ljZj sljtf ,ag lbj; —@!
 ljZj kfgL lbj; —@@
 ljZj Ifo/f]u lbj; —@$
clk|n
 ljZj :jf:Yo lbj; —&
 ljZj ;Dkbf lbj; —!*
 k[YjL lbj; —@@
 ljZj dn]l/of lbj; —@%
d]
 ljZj >d lbj; — !
 cGt/fli6«o k|]; :jtGqtf lbj; —#
 cGt/fli6«o cfdf lbj; —!)
  ljZj h}ljs ljljBtf lbj; —@@
 ljZj w'd|kfg lgoGq0f lbj; —#!
h'g
 ljZj ;fOsn lbj; —#
 ljZj jftj/0f lbj; —%
 ljZj vfB :jR5tf lbj; —&
 ljZj /Qmbfg lbj; —!$
 ljZj z/0fyL{ lbj; —@)
 ljZj ;+lut lbj; —@!
h'nfO{
 ljZj n]vs lbj; —$
 ljZj hg;+Vof lbj; —!!
 ljZj x]k6fOl6; lbj; —@*
 ljZj af3 lbj; —@(
cu:6
 ljZj :tfgkfg lbj; —!
 cGt/fli6«o o'jf lbj; —!@
 cGt/fli6«o k/f]ksf/L lbj; —!(
;]K6]Da/
 ljZj cfTdxTof ;'/Iff lbj; —!)
 ljZj cNhfOd;{ lbj; —@!
 cGt/fli6«o zfGtL lbj; —@!
 ljZj d'6' lbj; —@$
 ljZj ko{6s lbj; —@&
cS6f]j/
 ljZj clx+;f lbj; —@
 ljZj x'nfs lbj; —(
  ljZj xftw'g] lbj; —!%
 ljZj vfB lbj; —!^
 ljZj ul/aL lgjf/0f lbj; —!&
gf]e]Da/
 ljZj :jtGqtf lbj; —(
 ljZj lgdf]lgof lbj; —!@
 ljZj dw'd]x lbj; —!&
 cGt/fli6«o k'?if lbj; —!(
l8;]Da/
 ljZj P8; lbj;— !
 ljZj ckfªutf lbj; —#
 ljZj dfgj clwsf/ lbj; —!)
 cGt/fli6«o cfk|jf;L lbj; —!*

;fs{ ;DalGw hfgsf/L

blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g
 :ykgf , ;g !(*% l8;]Da/ *
cjwf/0f eg] j+unfb]zsf] k'j{ k|wfgdGqL lhofp/ /xdfgn] ;g !(*) d] @ df
 ;fs{ :ykgf k"j{ ;fs{ /fi6«sf] ljb]z ;lrjx?sf] a}7s
klxnf] ;g !(*! clk|n sf]nDaf]
bf];|f] ;g !(*! Gf]fe]Da/df sf7df08f}df
t];|f] ;g !(*@ cu:6 O:nfdafb
rf}yf] ;g !(*# dfr{ 9fsf
 ;fs{ :yfkgf k"j{ ljb]z dGqlx?sf] a}7s
klxnf] !(*# cu:6 gofF lbNnL
bf];|f] !(*$ h'nfO{ dfn]
 t];|f] !(*% d] dfn]df
;fs{ :ykgf x'g'k"j{ !$ j6f ;lrj tyf dGqL :t/Lo a}7s a;]sf] lyof]
 ;b:o /fi6« ,:ykgf sfndf & - g]kfn,kfls:tfg,j+unfb]z,e'6fg,dflNb;,>L+nsf _ !$ cf}F
;Dd]ng ;g @))& clk|n $ af6 ckmufg:yfgn] ;b:o k|fKt / xfn * /fi6«
 ;lrjfno ;fs{sf] t];|f] ;Dd]ngaf6 :ykgf ,g]kfn /x]sf] ;lrjfno - ;g !(*& hgfj/L
!^ - lj; @)$# df3 @ _/fhf lj/]Gb|n] pb\3f6g u/]sf] ;fs{ ;lrjfno g]kfndf /fVg]
k|:tfa kfls:tfgn] u/]sf] lyof]
 ;fs{sf] pb]Zo , ;fs{sf] k|d'v pb]Zo blIf0f Pl;ofnL hgtfsf] sNof0f clej[l4 ug]{ /
pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
o; If]qsf] cfly{s ,;fdflhs ;+:s[tLs ljsf; ug]{
 ;fs{ ;+u7gnfO{ ljZj ;d'bfon] u/Ljx?sf] ;+u7gsf ?kdf lrlgG5
 ;fs{ j8fkqdf x:tIf/ ldlt ;g !(*% l8;]Da/ * ,;fs{ j8fkqsf] d:of}bf tof/ ;g
!(*% df ePsf] ljb]z dGqLx?sf] a}7s af6 ,cg'df]bg eg] ;fs{sf] klx/f] lzv/ ;Dd]ng
af6 ePsf] xf]

 ;fs{ j8fkqsf] !) wf/fx? ,

Wff/f ! ;fs{sf] pb]Zo
Wff/f @ ;fs{sf] l;4fGt
Wff/f # /fi6«fWofIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'v
Wff/f $ dlGqkl/ifb
Wff/f % :yfoL ;ldlt
wf/f^ k|ljlws ;ldlt
wf/f & sfo{ ;ldlt
wf/f * ;lrjfno
wf/f ( ljlto k|aGw
wf/f !) ;fdfGo k|aGw
 * pb]Zo ,# lzbfGt
 ;fs{ j8fkqdf x:tIf/ ug]{ JolQmx? $ /fi6«klt ,@ /fhf ,! k|wfgdGqL

b]z g]tf
ef/t k|wfgdGqL /fhLj ufGwL
g]kfn /fhf lj/]Gb|
kfls:tfg /fi6«klt lhofpn xs
a+ª\unfb]z /fi6«klt x';}g df]xDb Pz{b
E'f6fg lhUd]l;Ud] afªrf]ª
dflNb; /fi6«klt df}d'g cAb'n u}o'd
>L+nsf /fi6«kltH'flgo/ l/rf8{ hoaw{g]

 xfn;Ddf ;fs{sf dxf;lrj

!_ cAb'n cx;g -–a+ufnfb]z
@_ sflGtlsz]f/ efu{j -ef/t
#_Oa|flxd x';]g hfsL -dflNb;
$_ofbjsfGt l;njfn -g]kfn
%_Ogd o' x';g -kfls:tfg
^_lgxfn /f]lb|uf] >L+nsf
&_So' P=Pd P /lxd – a+unfb]z
*_5]GSofj bf]hL{ e'6fg
(_8f zLnsfGt zfd{f ef/t
!)_kmltdfy lyofgf z}ob –dflNb;
 !!_cxdb ;lnd dflNb;
!@_cg'{gaxfb'/ yfkf g]kfn
!#_ cdhb x';]g aL kfls:tfg

;fs{ If]qLo s]Gb|x?

;fs{ s[ifL ;'rgf s]Gb| 9fsf a+unfb]z !(**
;fs{ Ifo/f]u tyf PrcfOeL P8; s]Gb| sf7df08f}F g]kfn !((@
;fs{ phf{ s]Gb| O:nfdafb kfls:tfg @))^
;fs{ ;+:s[lts s]Gb| sf]nDaf] >L+nsf @))(
;fs{ jfta/0f tyf k|sf]k Aoa:yfkg s]Gb+| gofF lbNnL ef/t @)!$
 ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng s'g b]zdf slt k6s
ef/t # k6s - @,*,!$ _
g]kfn # k6s -#,!!,!*_
a+unfb]z # k6s - !,&,!#_
dflNb; # k6s %,(,!&
>L+nsf @ k6s -@,^_
Kfls:tfg @ k6s - $,!@_
e'6fg ! -!^-
ckmufg:yfg xfn ;Ddf ePsf] 5}gf

 ;fs{ cjf8{
/fzL @% xhf/ cd]/LsL 8n/ / :j0f{ kbs
;fs{ cjf8{sf] 3f]ifgf ;g !((^
;fs{ cjf8{ kfpg] klxnf] JolQm lhofp/ /xdfg ;g @))% gf]e]Da/ !@ df a+unfb]zsf]
9fsfdf !# cf}F lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf

 ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 ;a}eGbf w]/} k|ltlglwTj ug]{ JolQm lul/hfk|zfb sf]O/fnf
x'g pgL % k6s ;xeflu ePsf lyP -^,&,!),!$,!% _
 /fhf lj/]Gb| $ k6s klxnf] b]lv r}yf] ;Dd]ng ;Ddf

 If]qkmnsf[ cfwf/df ;fs{ /fi6«x?

Eff/t,kfls:tfg,ckmufg:yfg,a+unfb]z,g]kfn ,>L+nsf,e'6fg,dflNb;
 hg;Vofsf] cfwf/df ;fs{ /fi6«x?
ef/t,kfls:tfg,a+ufnfb]z,ckmufg:yfg,g]kfn,>L+nsf,e'6fg,dflNb;
 /fhwfgL aflx/f ;DkGg ePsf] lzv/ ;Dd]ng bf];|f] / ;qf}F
 Ps lbgdfq ;Grfng ePsf] lzv/ ;Dd]ng 5}6f}F
 Knfli6«s k|of]udf /f]s nufpg ;'? ug]{ klxnf] ;fs{ /fi6« a+unfb]z xf]
 u|dL0f ljsf; a}ssf] cawf/0f Nofpg] ;fs{ b]z , a+unfb]z
 ;fdflhs j8fkqdf x:tIf/ !@ cf}F lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6
 g]kfn;Fuf sd Jofkf/ x'g] ;fs{ /fi6« dflNb;
 ckmufg:yfgnfO{ ;fs{df cfj4 ug]{ k|Ztfj ug]{ /fi6« ef/t /x]sf] 5
 g]kfndf /x]sf] ;fs{sf sfo{nox?
!_ ;fs{ ;rLjfno
@_ ;fs{ Ifo/f]u tyf Pr cfOleP8; s]Gb|
#_ ;fs{ cfly{s ;+3sf] sfo{no
$_ ;fs{ cf}nf] /f]u pGd'ng s]Gb|
%_ ;fs{ sf]ifsf] sfo{no
^_ ;fs{ ;efd'v tyf ;+;b ;+3sf] sfo{no
 ;fs{ bzsx?

bzs sfo{qmd
1990-2000 cfwf/e't cfj:ostf pknJwtf u/fpg] bzs
1991-2000 ;fs{ aflnsf bzs
2006-2015 ;fs{ ul/aL lgaf/0f bzs
2010-2020 ;fs{ cGt/If]qLo ;Dks{ bzs
 ASEAN (Association of south east Asian nations _
cfl;ofgsf] u7g ;g\ !(^& cui7 * a}Fss yfONof08
cfl;ofgsf] k|+bfg sfo{no O08f]gf]l;of hfsftf{
cfl;ofgsf] ;b:o /fi6«x? !) j6f 5g
;+:yfks /fi6«x? , yfOlkml;d
yfONof08,O08f]gf]l;of,lkmlnlkG;,l;+uk'/,dn]l;of
cGof ;b:o a'lenfDofs
a'|gfO{,!(*$,leoftgfd!((% ,nfcf]; / Dofgdf/ !((& sDjf]l8of !(((
cfl;ofgsf] six major yfOlkml;d / leotgfd
cfl;ofgsf] jftf{ ;fem]bf/L % j6f ,ci6]«lnof,Sofg8f,Go'lhNof08,hfkg cd]l/sf
cfl;ofgsf] kl/j]Ifs /fi6«x
kk'jf Go'lugL / k'lj{ l6df]/
cfl;ofgsf] efiff cªu|]hL
cfl;ofg dxf;lrjsf] kbfjlw # aif{
atf{dfg dxf;lrj lnd hf]s xf]O
hg;Vof / If]qkmn b'j}sf] lx;fadf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /fi6«
O08f]gf]l;of
cfl;ofgdf If]qkmndf ;fgf] b]z l;+ufk'/
cfl;ofgdf hg;Vofdf ;fgf] a'|gfO{
g]kfn ;+uf b}fTo ;DaGw sfod /fVg] k|yd /fi6« dn]l;of ;g!(^) ;a}eGbf k5L a'|gfO{ #
km|]a'c/L !(*$
UNO k|j]z ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« lkmlnlkG; @$ cS6f]a/ !($%

If]qkmndf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ,k|ltAolQm cfo / HDI a9L ePsf] /fi6« l;+uk'/
k|ltAolQm cfo / Prl8cfO sd ePsf] /fi6« Dofgdf/ xf]
Ps dfq e'kl/j]i7Lt /fi6« nfcf];
cfl;ofgsf] s'g s'g /fi6«nfO{ lqd'lt{ eg]/f lrlgG5 <
yfOd yfONof08 ,O08f]gf]l;of,dn]l;of
cfl;ofgsf] ;b:o /fi6«x?aLr xfn;Ddf slt If]qdf ;xof]u k|j{4g ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5 !$
cfl;ofg If]qdf /x]sf] ;}lgs cv8fx? Slxn] x6fOof] ,
;g !((@
Cfl;ofgsf] sfo{nosf] efiff cªu|]hL
Cfl;ofgsf] dxf;lrjsf] kbjflw slt aif{sf] x'G5 # aif{
cfl;ofgsf] blIf0f k'jf{ ol;ofnL If]qx?n] ;g !(&! df zflGt,:jtGqtf/ ty:6tf elg 3f]ifgf
u/]sf lyP h;nfO{ s] elgG5 < ZOPFAN

BIMSTEC lad]:6]s
Bay of Bengal initative for multi sectoral technical and economic
cooperation
:yfkgf ;g !((& h'g ^
lad:6]sf ;+:yfks /fi6«x? -a+unfb]z,ef/t,>L+nsf / yfONof08_ $ j6f
xfn ;b:o /fi6«x? & -a+unfb]z,ef/t,>L+nsf,yfONof08,Dofgdf/,g]kfn / e'6fg_
Dofgdf/ ;g !((& l8;]Da/ @@ df ;b:o ePsf] xf]
g]kfn / e'6fg ;g @))$ km|]jc/L * df ;b:o ePsf x'g
lad:6]sfsf ;xof]usf If]qx? !^ j6f 5g
lad]:6]s !^ ;xof]usf] If]qx?
a+unfb]zn] @ If]q !_ Jofkf/ / nufgL If]q @_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
Dofgdf/ @If]q !_ s[lif @_ phf{
g]kfn ! If]q ul/aL lgjf/0f
>L+nsf ! If]q k|ljlw
e'6fg ! ;+:s'tL
yfONof08 # If]q dT:okfng @_hg;Dks{ #_ ;fj{hlgs :j:Yo
ef/t $ If]q !_ ko{6g @_ oftoft / ;+rf/ #_ cft+safbL / nfu' cf]ifwL sf/f]jf/
$_ jftj/0f tyf k+sllts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
h;df ^ j6f ;g !((* df 9fsfdf ePsf] bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo a}7saf6 kfl/b ePsf],ykf & j6f
;g @))% df 9fsfd} ePsf] * cf}F dlGq:t/Lo a}F7sn] yk]sf] To:t} hnafo' kl/jt{g t];|f]
;Dd]ng ;g @)!$ af6 yk ul/Psf] / @ j6f ;g @)!* g]kfndf ePsf] ;Dd]ng af6 yk
ul/Psf] xf]
;g @)!* df yk ul/Psf] If]qx? ;fd'lb|s cy{tGq An' Osf]gdL / lxdfnL cy{tGq dfp6]G6
Osf]gdL
;xof]usf] If]qdWo] g]kfnsf] efudf s'g If]q /x]sf] 5 ,
 ul/jL lgjf/0f
lad]:6]ssf] dxf;lrj /xg] Aoa:yf ;g @)!$ af6 ul/Psf] xf]
k|yd dxf;lrj ;g @)!$ cu:6 !) b]lv ;g @)!& cu:6 ;'dy gfsGbnf >L+nsf t];|f]
;Dd]ng af6
bf];|f] dxf;lrj ;lxb'n O:nfd a+unfb]z ;g @)!& ;]K6]Da/ b]lv
lad:6]ssf] :yfofL ;lrjfno a+unfb]zsf] 9fsf
t];|f] ;Dd]ngn] k|:tfj u/]sf]
lad]:6]ssf] xfnsf] cWoIf] >L+nsfn] ul//x]sf] 5
xfn;Ddf ePsf] ;Dd]ngx?
g]kfn lad:6]ssf] ;g !((* b]lv ;g @))$ ;Ddf ko{j]Ifsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof].
;Dd]ng ldlt :yfg g]kfn af6 ;xefuL
klxnf] ;g @))$ h'nfO{ #! yfONof08 z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf
cu:6! a}Fss

bf];|f] ;g @))* gf]e]Da/ !# ef/t k'iksdfn bfxfn

gofF lbNnL
t];|f] ;g @)!$ dfr{ #,$ Dofgdf/ Goflk8 z'lzn sf]O/fnf

rf}yf] ;g @)!* cu:6 #),#! g]kfn sf7df08f}F s]kL zdf{ cf]nL

kfFrf} @)@) >L+nsf

ljd]:6]sfsf] cWoIftf j0f{g'qmd cg';f/ ;a} ;b:o /fi6«n] ug]{5g / g]kfnn] ;g @)!$ dfr{
b]vL ;g @)!* cu:6 #! ;Ddf u/]sf] lyof]
xfn ;g]@)!* ;]K6]Da/ ! b]lv >L+nsfsf] ul/ /x]sf] 5
lad:6]snfO{ bridge between SAARC and ASEAN klg elgG5
gf]jn k'/:sf/ ;DalGw ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L
lad]:6]ssf] rf}yf] ;Dd]ng ;g @)!* cu:6 #) / #! G]kfndf ePsf] lyof]
pQm ;Dd]ngdf !* a'Fb] 3f]ifgfkq hf/L ul/Psf] lyof]
;g @)#) ;Ddf df lad]:6]sf] /fi6«x?df ul/lj cTo ug]{
gf]jn k'/:sf/ :j8]gsf] /;fogzf:qL cNkm|]8 gf]jnsf] gfdaf6 lbOG5
pgsf] hGd @! cS6f]a/ !*## df
d'To' !) l8;]Da/ !*(^
pgsf] cflj:sf/ 8fOgfdf] !*^^
x/]s aif{ cS6f]a/df 3f]ifgf ul/G5 / l8;]Da/df !) df lbOG5 ,
gf]jn k'/:sf/sf] /flz slt /x]sf] 5, ! s/f]8 l:j; qmf]g/
gf]jn k'/:sf/sf] :ykgf ;g !*(^
gf]jn k'/:sf/ slxn] b]lv lbg yflnof] , ;g !()!
gf]jn k'/:sf/ ;'?df % ljBfdf lbOGYof] / ;g !(^* af6 cy{zf:q ljBf yKb} ^ ljBfdf lbg
yflnPsf] xf]<
!(^& df hfg l6dj/h]g /]ug/ lkm|; nfO{ lbOof]
gf]jn k'/:sf/ w]/} k6s kfpg] ;+:yf ICRC
1917,1944,1963 ltg k6s
gf]jn k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ cZj]t AolQm sf] x'g ,
/fNkm aGr cd]l/sf
;a}eGbf sd pd]/df gf]jn k'/:sf/ ljh]tf
 dnnf o';'kmhfO{ ]
d'To'k|Zrft gf]jn k'/:sf/ s;s;nfO{ ljt/0f ul/of] ,
/fNkm pd :6]gDofg
Pl/s PS;]n
8ofu Xofd/;f]N8
;a}eGbf a9L k6s gf]jn k'/:sf/ ljt/0f gul/Psf] zflGt @) k6s
b'Ok6s gf]jn k'/:sf/ kfKt ug]{ AolQm Pjd ;+3x? slt 5g
% j6f

gf]jn k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{x?sf]

5gf]6 ug]{ lgsfox?
;flxTo l:jl8; Ps]l8dL :6sxf]d l:j8]g
zflGt gj]{lhog gf]jn sld6L gj]{
cy{zf:q ,/;fogzf:q,ef}ltszf:q /f]on l:jl8; Ps]8]dL l:j8]g
lrls:;f:q sf/f]lnGsf OlG6Ro'6 :6sxf]d l:j8]g

ljZj a}Fs / Pl;ofnL a}Fs

ljZj a}Fs
:yfkgf ;g !($% l8;]Da/ @&
k|bfg sfo{no jfl;ª6g l8;L cd]l/sf
g]kfn ;b:o ;g !(^! l8;]Da/ ^
gf/f working for a word free of poverty
ljZj a}Fssf] k|d'v cu+X?
ue{/0f/ kl/ifb,sfo{sf/L kl/ifb ,cWoIf
ljZj a}Fs cGt/ut{ kg]{ % ;+:yfgx?
!_ cGt/fli6«o k'0f{ lgdf0f{ tyf ljsf; a}Fs IBRD
:yfkfgf ;g !($% l8;]Da/ @&
@_ cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;+u7g IDA
:yfkgf ;g !(^) l8;]Da/ @$
g]kfn ;b:o ;g !((# dfr{ ^
o;n] ljsfzLn d'n'ssf nflu ;x'lnotfdf C0f lbg]
#_ cGt/fli6«o ljt lgud IFC
:yfkgf ;g !(%^ h'nfO{ @)
g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|fKt !(^^ hgfj/L &
sfo{ gLlh If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s / k|ljlws ;xof]u
$_nufgL tyf ;dwfgsf nflu cGt/fli6«o s]Gb| ICSID
:yfkgf ;g !(^^ cS6f]a/ !^
sfo{ ljkt ;dfwfg tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{
%_ cGt/fli6«o nfuflg k|Tofe'lt ;+:yf
:yfkgf ;g !(**
sfo{ k|d'v nuflg ;+/If0f
g]kffn] ;b:o ;g !((@ ;]K6]Da/ @
ljZj a}Fssf] nuflgsf If]qx?
7'nf] k'jf{wf/ ljsf; ,:yfgLo ljsf; gfol/s ljsf;+ ;+/rgf
vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO jg tyf e'ld ;'wf/
phf{ tyf ljw't ljsf;
ul/jL lgjf/0f
lghL If]q ljsf;
cfly{s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd

Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Fs

:yfkgf ;g !(^^ gf]e]Da/ @^
k|wfg sfo{no dlgnf lkmlnlkG;
;+:yfks /fi6« #! g]kfn ;+:yfks /fi6« xf]
Xfn ;b:o /fi6« ^*
Pl;ofaf6 ;b:o /fi6« $(
k|d'v pb]Zo ul/jL lgef/0f
;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;fem]bf/L /fi6« hfkg !@=(* k|lt;t
k|d'v cªu $ ue{/g/,lgb]{zs kl/ifb,cWoIf / ;lrjfno
jt{dfg cWoIf hfkgsf d;f6;u' c;sfjf ;g @)@) hgfj/L !&
Pl;ofnL a}Fssf] k|d'v sfo{x?
ul/jLd'vL cfly{s a[l4df ;xof]u
;dfj]lz ljsf;
;'zf;g k|a4g

cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw
g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGw sfod ug]{ :yflkt klxnf] lgsfo h};L sf]7f xf]
;'?df h};L sf]7fsf] gfddf :yflkt eO{ k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf d'G;Lvfgf
elgg] ;/sf/L sfo{nonfO{ k//fi6« ljefu agfOof]
g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] kj{ts k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx x'g
cfw'lgs k//fi6« gLltsf] k|j{ts /fhf dx]Gb| x'g
cGt/fli6«o ;DaGwsf] ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;+ljBfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljBfgsf] wf/f %! sf] 8 df

g]kfnsf] ;+ljBfg cg';f/ k//fi6« gLlt ;+~rfngsf] cfwf/x? s] s] x'g ,

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] j8fkq
c;n+Ugtf
k~rzLnsf] lz4fGt
cGt/fli6«o sfg'g

ljZj zflGtsf] dfGotf

 s] xf] c;+Ungf cfGbf]ng bf];|f] ljZj o'4 k|Zrft ljZj b'O{ w'j{df ljeflht eof] h;sf]
Pp6f ;d'x cd]l/ls k'FhLafbL / csf]{ ;d'x ?;sf] ;dy{s ;fDoafbL w'j|sf] ?kdf b]Vgf
yflnof] . lo b'O{ w'j|ljr zLto'4 rNb} lyof]
s]xL ;fgf /fi6«x? lo b'a} ;d'xdf ;fd]n geP/f ;g !(%% clk|n !* b]lv @$ ;Ddf
808f]g]l;ofsf] afª8'ªdf ePsf] ckm|f] Pl;ofg ;Dd]ng g} c;+nUgf cfGbf]ng xf]
o;sf] k|bfg sfo{no O08f]gf]l;ofsf] hfsft{df /x]sf] 5
xfn o;sf] ;b:o /fi6« !@) j6f 5g eg] g]kfn ;+:yfks /fi6« xf]
ko{j]Ifs /fi6« !& / ko{j]Ifs ;+:yf !)
klxnf] ;Dd]ng ;g !(^! o'uf]nl:eof
!* cfF} ;Dd]ng ;g @)!( cS6f]a/ @% -@^ df ePsf] lyof] / g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 s]kL
zdf{ cf]nL ;xeflu lyP
g]kfn,ef/t,>L+nsf,ckmufg:yfg o;sf] ;+:yfks /fi6« x'g
c;nUgf cGbf]ngsf] kj{ts tyf k~rzLnsfsf] l;bfGtdf x:tIf/ ug]{ dxf/lyx?nfO{
lju kmfOe elgG5 h'g lgDgf cg';f/ 5g
ef/tsf] k|wfgdGqL hfjfx/nfn g]x?
o'uf]:nfleofsf] /fi6«klt hf];]km a|h l66f]
Olhi6sf] /fi6«klt udfn cAb'n gf;]/
O08f]gf]l;ofsf] /fi6«klt ;'sfgf]{
3fgfsf] /fi6«klt Sofd]Pg qm'df

g]kfnsf] zflGt If]q k|Ztfj

/fhf lj/]Gb|n] g]kfnnnfO{ lj; @)#! kmfu'g !# ;g !(&% km|]j'cl/ @% df zflGt If]q
3f]ifgf ul/of]; eGg] k|:tfj k]z u/]sf lyP ,o; k|:tfjnfO{ ljZjsf !!^ /fi6«n] ;dy{g
hgfPsf lyP
rLg ,kfls:tfgn] tTsfn ;dy{g hgfPsf lyP eg]
p sf]/Lof ;g !(&% cu:6 !
b sf]/Lof ;g !(&% cu:6 &
a+unfb]z ;g !(&& l8;]Da/ !(
/ kl5Nnf] /fi6« cfo/Nof08n] ;g !(() dfr{ !* df ;d{yg hgfPsf] lyof] ef/tn]
;d{yg hgfPsf] 5}gf . ;fs{ /fi6«df ;d{yg ghgfpg] /fi6« ef/t xf]

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] xfn;Ddfsf] pkdxf;lrjx?

;g !((* hgfj/L !@ b]vL :yfkgf
!_n'O{; km|];6 -Sofg8f ;g !((* b]vL @))^
@_dfs{ df]n]h a|fpg -a]nfot @))^ b]vL @))^
#_ cf/f;f]h ldlu/f] tfGhgLog @))& b]vL @)!@
$_ hfg Olnof;g :j8]g @)!@ b]vL @)!^
%_ cldgf hf] df]xdb gfOh]/Lof @)!& b]vL xfn ;Ddf

 ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] :yfoL /fi6«af6 dxf;lrj kbdf lgo'lQm x'b}gfg

 Agend for peace ,;g !((@ df 8f= a'qf]; a'qf]; 3lnn] k]z u/]sf] k|Ztfj
xf]
 Agenda for development ;g !(($ df 8f= a'qf]; a'qf]; 3lnn] k]z
u/]sf] k|Ztfj xf]. o; sfo{qmddf ljsf;sf] % cfodx? zflGt,cfly{s,;fdflhs
Gofo,k|hftGq / jftj/0f
 Action for peace keeping ;g @)!* dfr{ @* df ljZj zflGt sfod ug]{
dxf;lrj PG6f]lgof] u'6\/h
] n] NofPsf] k|Ztfj xf]