1, Batch Operating System This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There Is an operator Which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches. Itis the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups: Understanding the various types of operating systems is crucial for exams like GATE, where operating systems form a core part of the syllabus. To gain a deeper understanding and enhance your preparation, check out the GATE CS Self-Paced Course. This course provides detailed insights into different operating systems, helping you build a solid foundation for your exams, Advantages of Batch Operating System * Multiple users can share the batch systems. The idle time for the batch system is very less. * _Itis easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems. Disadvantages of Batch Operating System = Batch systems are hard to debug. * [tis sometimes costly. * The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails. «In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult to accurately predict while they are in the queue. Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc. 2. Multi-Programming Operating System Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one program Is present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used for better utilization of resources.Multiprogramming Partitions Operating System Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System + Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System. © Ithelps in reducing the response time. Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System * There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system. 3. Multi-Processing Operating System Multi-Processing Operating System js a type of Operating System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of the System. Multiprocessing ec Multiprocessing Operating System Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System * It increases the throughput of the system. + Asithas several processor: processor,4, Multi-Tasking Operating System Multitasking Operating System is sim ply a multiprogramming Operating S\ ith havit ‘ 2 Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm, ester th being facility of It can run multiple programs simultaneously, disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking Operating System. It comes with proper memory management. Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System ‘The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times. * 5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task. (reac aate) ‘Advantages of Time-Sharing OS '* Each task gets an equal opportunity. '» Fewer chances of duplication of software. * CPU Idle time can be reduced. Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing "efficiency, es tly, thereby reducing th Impr u rk concur+ Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive environment that allows users to communicate with the computer in real time, providing a better user experience than batch processing. Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS * Reliability problem, * One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data. * Data communication problem. * High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating systems due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that come with supporting multiple users. * Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously, This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors * Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security breaches increases. Time-sharing systems require careful management of user access, authentication, and authorization to ensure the security of data and software. 6. Distributed Operating System These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but some other system connected within this network ie., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network. Architecture of Distributed 0S eT ! ==, ea Pa Ni ; Advantages of Distributed Operating System + Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent of each other. * Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed. * Since resources are being shared, computation Is highly fast and durable, Load on host computer reduces.These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network. Delay in data processing reduces. Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System Fallure of the main network will stop the entire communication, To establish distributed systems the language Is used not well-defined yet. These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive, Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet. 7. Network Operating System These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions ‘over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections, etc. and that's why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems. oa A =i or & sc Advantages of Network Operating System ‘© Highly stable centralized servers. «Security concerns are handled through servers. '» New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily Integrated Into the system. «Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems. Disadvantages of Network Operating System © Servers are costly. * User has to depend on a central location for most operations. ‘+ Maintenance and updates are required regularly. 8, Real-Time Operating System These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time, Real-time ‘systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.