Andrew Wiles

Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is an

English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Sir Andrew Wiles
KBE FRS
Professor at the University of Oxford, specialising in
number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's
Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016
Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal and for which
he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of
the British Empire in 2000.[1] In 2018, Wiles was
appointed the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at
Oxford.[4] Wiles is also a 1997 MacArthur Fellow.

Wiles was born in Cambridge to theologian Maurice

Frank Wiles and Patricia Wiles. While spending much
of his childhood in Nigeria, Wiles developed an
interest in mathematics and in Fermat's Last Theorem
in particular. After moving to Oxford and graduating
from there in 1974, he worked on unifying Galois Wiles in 2005
representations, elliptic curves and modular forms, Born Andrew John Wiles
starting with Barry Mazur's generalizations of Iwasawa 11 April 1953
theory. In the early 1980s, Wiles spent a few years at Cambridge, England
the University of Cambridge before moving to
Nationality British
Princeton University, where he worked on expanding
out and applying Hilbert modular forms. In 1986, upon Education King's College School,
reading Ken Ribet's seminal work on Fermat's Last Cambridge
Theorem, Wiles set out to prove the modularity The Leys School
theorem for semistable elliptic curves, which implied Alma mater University of Oxford (BA)
Fermat's Last Theorem. By 1993, he had been able to University of Cambridge (PhD)
convince a knowledgeable colleague that he had a
Known for Proving the Taniyama–Shimura
proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, though a flaw was
conjecture for semistable elliptic
subsequently discovered. After an insight on 19
curves, thereby proving Fermat's
September 1994, Wiles and his student Richard Taylor
Last Theorem
were able to circumvent the flaw, and published the
Proving the main conjecture of
results in 1995, to widespread acclaim.
Iwasawa theory
In proving Fermat's Last Theorem, Wiles developed Awards Whitehead Prize (1988)
new tools for mathematicians to begin unifying Rolf Schock Prize (1995)
disparate ideas and theorems. His former student
Ostrowski Prize (1995)
Taylor along with three other mathematicians were
able to prove the full modularity theorem by 2000, Fermat Prize (1995)
using Wiles' work. Upon receiving the Abel Prize in Wolf Prize (1995/6)
2016, Wiles reflected on his legacy, expressing his Royal Medal (1996)
belief that he did not just prove Fermat's Last NAS Award in Mathematics
Theorem, but pushed the whole of mathematics as a (1996)
field towards the Langlands program of unifying Foreign Associate of the
number theory.[5] National Academy of Sciences
(1996)

Cole Prize (1997)

Education and early life
MacArthur Fellowship (1997)
Wiles was born on 11 April 1953 in Cambridge, Wolfskehl Prize (1997)
England, the son of Maurice Frank Wiles (1923–2005) IMU Silver Plaque (1998)
and Patricia Wiles (née Mowll). From 1952 to 1955,
King Faisal International Prize in
his father worked as the chaplain at Ridley Hall,
Science (1998)
Cambridge, and later became the Regius Professor of
Shaw Prize (2005)
Divinity at the University of Oxford.[6]
Abel Prize (2016)
Wiles began his formal schooling in Nigeria, while Copley Medal (2017)[1]
living there as a very young boy with his parents.
De Morgan Medal (2019)
However, according to letters written by his parents,
for at least the first several months after he was Scientific career
supposed to be attending classes, he refused to go. Fields Mathematics
From that fact, Wiles himself concluded that in his
Institutions University of Oxford
earliest years, he was not enthusiastic about spending
Princeton University
time in academic institutions. In an interview with
Nadia Hasnaoui in 2021, he said he trusted the letters, Thesis Reciprocity Laws and the
yet he could not remember a time when he did not Conjecture of Birch and
enjoy solving mathematical problems.[7] Swinnerton-Dyer (https://ethos.b
l.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.et
Wiles attended King's College School, Cambridge,[8] hos.477263) (1979)
and The Leys School, Cambridge.[9] Wiles told Doctoral John Coates[2][3]
WGBH-TV in 1999 that he came across Fermat's Last advisor
Theorem on his way home from school when he was
Doctoral Manjul Bhargava
10 years old. He stopped at his local library where he
students Brian Conrad
found a book The Last Problem, by Eric Temple Bell,
about the theorem.[10] Fascinated by the existence of a Ehud de Shalit
theorem that was so easy to state that he, a ten-year- Fred Diamond
old, could understand it, but that no one had proven, he Ritabrata Munshi
decided to be the first person to prove it. However, he
Karl Rubin
soon realised that his knowledge was too limited, so he
abandoned his childhood dream until it was brought Christopher Skinner
back to his attention at the age of 33 by Ken Ribet's Richard Taylor[2]
1986 proof of the epsilon conjecture, which Gerhard Vinayak Vatsal
Frey had previously linked to Fermat's equation.[11]

Early career
In 1974, Wiles earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics at Merton College, Oxford.[6] Wiles's
graduate research was guided by John Coates, beginning in the summer of 1975. Together they worked
on the arithmetic of elliptic curves with complex multiplication by the methods of Iwasawa theory. He
further worked with Barry Mazur on the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory over the rational numbers,
and soon afterward, he generalised this result to totally real fields.[12][13]

In 1980, Wiles earned a PhD while at Clare College, Cambridge.[3] After a stay at the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1981, Wiles became a Professor of Mathematics at
Princeton University.[14]

In 1985–86, Wiles was a Guggenheim Fellow at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris
and at the École Normale Supérieure.[14]

In 1989, Wiles was elected to the Royal Society. At that point according to his election certificate, he had
been working "on the construction of ℓ-adic representations attached to Hilbert modular forms, and has
applied these to prove the 'main conjecture' for cyclotomic extensions of totally real fields".[12]

Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

From 1988 to 1990, Wiles was a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, and then
he returned to Princeton. From 1994 to 2009, Wiles was a Eugene Higgins Professor at Princeton.

Starting in mid-1986, based on successive progress of the previous few years of Gerhard Frey, Jean-
Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet, it became clear that Fermat's Last Theorem (the statement that no three
positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2)
could be proven as a corollary of a limited form of the modularity theorem (unproven at the time and then
known as the "Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture").[15] The modularity theorem involved elliptic
curves, which was also Wiles's own specialist area, and stated that all such curves have a modular form
associated with them.[16][17] These curves can be thought of as mathematical objects resembling solutions
for a torus' surface, and if Fermat's Last Theorem were false and solutions existed, "a peculiar curve
would result". A proof of the theorem therefore would involve showing that such a curve would not
exist.[18]

The conjecture was seen by contemporary mathematicians as important, but extraordinarily difficult or
perhaps impossible to prove.[19]: 203–205, 223, 226 For example, Wiles's ex-supervisor John Coates stated
that it seemed "impossible to actually prove",[19]: 226 and Ken Ribet considered himself "one of the vast
majority of people who believed [it] was completely inaccessible", adding that "Andrew Wiles was
probably one of the few people on earth who had the audacity to dream that you can actually go and
prove [it]."[19]: 223

Despite this, Wiles, with his from-childhood fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem, decided to
undertake the challenge of proving the conjecture, at least to the extent needed for Frey's curve.[19]: 226
He dedicated all of his research time to this problem for over six years in near-total secrecy, covering up
his efforts by releasing prior work in small segments as separate papers and confiding only in his
wife.[19]: 229–230
Wiles' research involved creating a proof by contradiction of Fermat's Last Theorem, which Ribet in his
1986 work had found to have an elliptic curve and thus an associated modular form if true. Starting by
assuming that the theorem was incorrect, Wiles then contradicted the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture
as formulated under that assumption, with Ribet's theorem (which stated that if n were a prime number,
no such elliptic curve could have a modular form, so no odd prime counterexample to Fermat's equation
could exist). Wiles also proved that the conjecture applied to the special case known as the semistable
elliptic curves to which Fermat's equation was tied. In other words, Wiles had found that the Taniyama–
Shimura–Weil conjecture was true in the case of Fermat's equation, and Ribet's finding (that the
conjecture holding for semistable elliptic curves could mean Fermat's Last Theorem is true) prevailed,
thus proving Fermat's Last Theorem.[20][21][15]

In June 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. Gina
Kolata of The New York Times summed up the presentation as follows:

He gave a lecture a day on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday with the title "Modular Forms,
Elliptic Curves and Galois Representations". There was no hint in the title that Fermat's last
theorem would be discussed, Dr. Ribet said. ... Finally, at the end of his third lecture, Dr. Wiles
concluded that he had proved a general case of the Taniyama conjecture. Then, seemingly as an
afterthought, he noted that that meant that Fermat's last theorem was true. Q.E.D.[18]

In August 1993, it was discovered that the proof contained a flaw in several areas, related to properties of
the Selmer group and use of a tool called an Euler system.[22][23] Wiles tried and failed for over a year to
repair his proof. According to Wiles, the crucial idea for circumventing—rather than closing—this area
came to him on 19 September 1994, when he was on the verge of giving up. The circumvention used
Galois representations to replace elliptic curves, reduced the problem to a class number formula and
solved it, among other matters, all using Victor Kolyvagin's ideas as a basis for fixing Matthias Flach's
approach with Iwasawa theory.[23][22] Together with his former student Richard Taylor, Wiles published a
second paper which contained the circumvention and thus completed the proof. Both papers were
published in May 1995 in a dedicated issue of the Annals of Mathematics.[24][25]

Later career
In 2011, Wiles rejoined the University of Oxford as Royal Society Research Professor.[14]

In May 2018, Wiles was appointed Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford, the first in the
university's history.[4]

Legacy
Wiles' work has been used in many fields of mathematics. Notably, in 1999, three of his former students,
Richard Taylor, Brian Conrad, and Fred Diamond, working with Christophe Breuil, built upon Wiles'
proof to prove the full modularity theorem.[26][15] Wiles's doctoral students have also included Manjul
Bhargava (2014 winner of the Fields Medal), Ehud de Shalit, Ritabrata Munshi (winner of the SSB Prize
and ICTP Ramanujan Prize), Karl Rubin (son of Vera Rubin), Christopher Skinner, and Vinayak Vatsal
(2007 winner of the Coxeter–James Prize).
In 2016, upon receiving the Abel Prize, Wiles said about his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, "The
methods that solved it opened up a new way of attacking one of the big webs of conjectures of
contemporary mathematics called the Langlands Program, which as a grand vision tries to unify different
branches of mathematics. It’s given us a new way to look at that".[5]

Awards and honours

Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem has stood up to the
scrutiny of the world's other mathematical experts. Wiles was
interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series
Horizon[27] about Fermat's Last Theorem. This was broadcast as
an episode of the PBS science television series Nova with the title
"The Proof".[10] His work and life are also described in great
detail in Simon Singh's popular book Fermat's Last Theorem.

In 1988, Wiles was awarded the Junior Whitehead Prize of the

London Mathematical Society (1988).[6] In 1989, he was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)[28][12]

In 1994, Wiles was elected member of the American Academy of

Arts and Sciences.[29] Upon completing his proof of Fermat's Last
Theorem in 1995, he was awarded the Schock Prize,[14] Fermat
Prize,[30] and Wolf Prize in Mathematics that year.[14] Wiles was
elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of
Andrew Wiles in front of the statue
Sciences[13] and won an NAS Award in Mathematics from the of Pierre de Fermat in Beaumont-
National Academy of Sciences,[31] the Royal Medal, and the de-Lomagne in 1995, Fermat's
Ostrowski Prize in 1996.[32] He won the American Mathematical birthplace in southern France
Society's Cole Prize,[33] a MacArthur Fellowship, and the
Wolfskehl Prize in 1997,[34] and was elected member of the
American Philosophical Society that year.[35]

In 1998, Wiles was awarded a silver plaque from the International Mathematical Union recognising his
achievements, in place of the Fields Medal, which is restricted to those under the age of 40 (Wiles was 41
when he proved the theorem in 1994).[36] That same year, he was awarded the King Faisal Prize[37] along
with the Clay Research Award in 1999,[14] the year the asteroid 9999 Wiles was named after him.[38]

In 2000, he was awarded Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2000)[39] In 2004 Wiles
won the Premio Pitagora. [40] In 2005, he won the Shaw Prize.[30]
The building at the University of Oxford housing the Mathematical Institute was named after Wiles in
2016.[41] Later that year he won the Abel Prize.[42][43][44][45][46] In 2017, Wiles won the Copley Medal.[1]
In 2019, he won the De Morgan Medal.[47]

See also
André Weil

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External links
Profile from Oxford (https://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/people/andrew.wiles)
Profile from Princeton (https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/andrew-john-wil
es) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211105042955/https://dof.princeton.edu/about/
clerk-faculty/emeritus/andrew-john-wiles) 5 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Wiles&oldid=1264499629"