Questions 27-33

Reading Passage has 8 paragraphs (A-H).

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the List of headings below.

Write the appropriate numbers (i-xiii) in Boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

List of headings

i. 165 million years

ii. The body plan of archosaurs
iii. Dinosaurs - terrible lizards
iv. Classification according to pelvic anatomy
v. The suborders of Saurischia
vi. Lizards and dinosaurs - two distinct superorders
vii. Unique body plan helps identify dinosaurs from other animals
viii. Herbivore dinosaurs
ix. Lepidosaurs
x. Frills and shelves
xi. The origins of dinosaurs and lizards
xii. Bird-hipped dinosaurs
xiii. Skull bones distinguish dinosaurs from other archosaurs

27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
32 Paragraph F
33 Paragraph G

Example: Paragraph H Answer: x

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

What is a Dinosaur
A. Even if the name dinosaur is derived from the Greek for “terrible lizard”, dinosaurs were not, actually,
lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are included in the class Reptilia or reptiles, one of the five main
categories of vertebrates, animals with backbones. But, at the next level of categorization, within reptiles,
noteworthy differences in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and dinosaurs have led analysts to place these
classes of animals into two different superorders: Lepidosauria, or lepidosaurs, and Archosauria, or
archosaurs.

B. Sorted as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes and their primordial forebears. Included among the
archosaurs, or “ruling reptiles' ', are primordial and modern crocodiles, and the now abolished
thecodonts, pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Pre-historians believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved,
in the later years of the Triassic period (c.248-208 million years ago), from creatures called pseudosuchia
thecodonts (crocodilian-line archosaurs). Lizards, snakes and different kinds of thecodont are believed to
have evolved earlier in the Triassic period from reptiles called Eosuchians.

C. The primary skeletal variance between dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the bones of the skull,
pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls are found in a great variety of shapes and sizes, reflecting the different
eating habits and lifestyles of a large diverse group of animals that dominated life on Earth for a
remarkable 165 million years. But, different from the skulls of any other known animals, the skulls of
dinosaurs had two long bones called vomers. These bones expanded on either side of the head, from
the front of the muzzle to the level of the holes on the skull called the antorbital fenestra, located in front
of the dinosaur’s orbits or eye sockets.

D. All dinosaurs, even if large or small, four-footed or two-footed, fleet-footed or slow-moving, shared an
ordinary body plan. Spotting of this plan makes it feasible to evolve dinosaurs from any other kinds of
animal, even other archosaurs. Most notably, in dinosaurs, the pelvis and femur had evolved so that the
hind limbs were held upright below the body, rather than splaying out to the sides like the limbs of a
lizard. The femoris of a dinosaur had a sharply in-turned neck and a rounded head, which was inserted
into a fully open socket or hip socket. A pseudodefect of acetabular cartilage crest helped avert
disruption of the femoris. The position of the knee joint, lined up beneath the socket, made it feasible for
the whole hind limb to sway backwards and forwards. This distinctive amalgam of characteristics gave
dinosaurs what is called a “fully improved gait”. Progress of this highly organized method of walking also
evolved in mammals, but amid reptiles it happened only in dinosaurs.

E. For the motive to further categorization, dinosaurs are split into orders: Saurischia (reptile-hipped), or
saurischian dinosaurs, and Ornithischia (bird-hipped), or ornithischian dinosaurs. This separation is
made on the basis of their pelvic anatomy. All dinosaurs had a pelvic girdle with each side calm of three
bones: the pubis (pelvic bone), ilium (iliac bone) and ischium (V-shaped bone). But, the inclination of
these bones follows one of two designs. In saurischian dinosaurs, as well as known as lizard-hipped
dinosaurs, the pubis (pelvic bone) points forwards, as is normal in lost types of reptile. By difference, in
ornithischian, or bird-hipped, dinosaurs, the pubis points backward towards the rear of the animal, which
is as well as true of birds.

F. Of the sequence of dinosaurs, the Saurischia was the biggest and the first to evolve. It is split into two
suborders: Theropod, or theropods, and Sauropodomorpha, or sauropodomorphs. The theropods, or
“beast feet”, were two-footed, predacious carnivores. They varied in size from the mighty Tyrannosaurus
rex, 12m long, 5.6m tall and weighing an assessed 6.4 tonnes, to the smallest called dinosaur,
Compsognathus, a mere 1.4m long and assessed 3kg in weight when fully grown. The
sauropodomorphs, or “lizard feet forms”, included both two footed and four-footed dinosaurs. Some
sauropodomorphs were carnivorous or omnivorous but later types were usually herbivorous. They
included some of the biggest and best-known of all dinosaurs, such as Diplodocus, a huge four-footed
with an elephant-like body, a long, bong tail and neck that gave it a total length of 27m, and a tiny head.

G. Bird- hipped dinosaurs were two-footed or four-footed herbivores, they are now normally divided into
three suborders: Ornithopoda, Thyreophora and Marginocephalia. The Ornithopoda, or “bird feet '', both
large and small, could walk or run on their long back legs, poising their body by holding their tails stiffly
off the ground back of them. An instance is iguanodon up to 9m long, 5m tall and weighing 4.5 tonnes.
The thyreophora, or “shield bearers'', also known as armored dinosaurs, were four-footed with rows of
preservative bony prongs, studs or plates along their backs and tails. They contained stegosaurus
(stegosaurus longispinus), 9m long and weighing 2 tonnes.

H. The marginocephalians, or “margined heads”, were two-footed or four-footed bird-hipped with a deep
thin ruffle or narrow shelf at the back of the skull. An instance is a three-horned dinosaur, rhinoceros-like
dinosaur, 9m long, weighing 5.4 tonnes and possessing a prominent neck ruffle and three large horns.
Questions 34-36

Complete the sentences below.

Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each blank space.

Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.

34. Lizards and dinosaurs are classified into two different superorders because of the difference in
their ……………………

35. In the Triassic Period, ……………………. evolved into thecodonts, for example, lizards and snakes.

36. Dinosaur skulls differed from those of any other known animals because of the presence of vomers:
…………………….

Questions 11-14

Choose one phrase (A-H) from the List of features to match with the Dinosaurs listed below.

Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of the points made by the
writer.

List of features

A are both divided into two orders.

B the former had a "fully improved gait".
C were not usually very heavy.
D could walk or run on their back legs.
E their hind limbs sprawled out to the side.
F walked or ran on four legs, rather than two.
G both had a pelvic girdle comprising six bones.
H did not always eat meat.

Dinosaurs

37. Dinosaurs differed from lizards, because

38. Saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs

39. Unlike theropods, sauropodomorphs

40. Some dinosaurs used their tails to balance, others

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Section A: A decibel Hell:

It’s not difficult for a person to encounter sound at levels that can cause adverse health effects. During a
single day, people living in a typical urban environment can experience a wide range of sounds in many
locations, even once-quiet locales have become polluted with noise. In fact, it’s difficult today to escape
sound completely. In its 1999 Guidelines for Community Noise, the World Health Organization (WHO)
declared, “Worldwide, noise-induced hearing impairment is the most prevalent irreversible occupational
hazard, and it is estimated that 120 million people worldwide have disabling hearing difficulties.” Growing
evidence also points to many other health effects of too much volume.

Mark Stephenson, a Cincinnati, Ohio-based senior research audiologist at the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), says his agency’s definition of hazardous noise is sound that
exceeds the time-weighted average of 85 dBA, meaning the average noise exposure measured over a
typical eight-hour workday. Other measures and definitions are used for other purposes.

Section B: Growing Volume

In the United States, about 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous sound levels on the job,
according to NIOSH. Industries having a high number of workers exposed to loud sounds include
construction, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, utilities, transportation, and the military.

Noise in U.S. industry is an extremely difficult problem to monitor, acknowledges Craig Moulton, a senior
industrial hygienist for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). “Still,” he says,
“OSHA does require that any employer with workers overexposed to noise provide protection for those
employees against the harmful effects of noise. Additionally, employers must implement a continuing,
effective hearing conservation program as outlined in OSHA’s Noise Standard.”

Section C: Scary Sound Effects

Numerous scientific studies over the years have confirmed that exposure to certain levels of sound can
damage hearing. Prolonged exposure can actually change the structure of the hair cells in the inner ear,
resulting in hearing loss. It can also cause tinnitus, a ringing, roaring, buzzing, or clicking on the ears.

NIOSH studies from the mid to late 1990s show that 90% of coal miners have hearing impairment by age
52 – compared to 9% of the general population – and 70% of male metal/nonmetal miners will
experience hearing impairment by age 60 (Stephenson notes that from adolescence onward, females
tend to have better hearing than males). Neitzel says nearly half of all construction workers have some
degree of hearing loss. “NIOSH research also reveals that by age twenty-five, the average carpenter’s
hearing is equivalent to an otherwise healthy fifty-year-old male who hasn’t been exposed to noise,” he
says.

William Luxford, medical director of the House Ear Clinic of St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles,
points out one piece of good news: “It’s true that continuous noise exposure will lead to the continuation
of hearing loss, but as soon as the exposure is stopped, the hearing loss stops. So a change in
environment can improve a person’s hearing health.”

Research is catching up with this anecdotal evidence. In the July 2001 issue of Pediatrics, researchers
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that, based on audiometric testing of
5,249 children as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition, Examination Survey, an estimated
12.5% of American children have noise-induced hearing threshold shifts – or dulled hearing – in one or
both ears. Most children with noise-induced hearing threshold shifts have only limited hearing damage,
but continued exposure to excessive noise can lead to difficulties with high-frequency sound
discrimination. The report listed stereos, music concerts, toys (such as toy telephones and certain
rattles), lawnmowers, and fireworks as producing potentially harmful sounds.

Section D: Beyond the Ears

The effects of sound don’t stop with the ears. Nonauditory effects of noise exposure are those effects
that don’t cause hearing loss but still can be measured, such as elevated blood pressure, loss of sleep,
increased heart rate, cardiovascular constriction, labored breathing, and changes in brain chemistry.

The nonauditory effects of noise were noted as early as 1930 in a study published by E.L. Smith and D.L.
Laird in volume 2 of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. The results showed that exposure
to noise caused stomach contractions in healthy human beings. Reports on noise’s nonauditory effects
published since that pioneering study have been both contradictory and controversial in some areas.

Bronzaft and the school principal persuaded the school board to have acoustical tile installed in the
classrooms adjacent to the tracks. The Transit Authority also treated the tracks near the school to make
them less noisy. A follow-up study published in the September 1981 issue of the Journal of
Environmental Psychology found that children’s reading scores improved after these interventions were
put in place.

Section E: Fighting for Quiet

Anti-noise activists say that Europe and several countries in Asia are more advanced than the United
States in terms of combating noise. “Population pressure has prompted Europe to move more quickly on
the noise issue that the United States has,” Hume says. In the European Union, countries with cities of at
least 250,000 people are creating noise maps of those cities to help leaders determine noise pollution
policies. Paris has already prepared its first noise maps. The map data, which must be finished by 2007,
will be fed into computer models that will help test the sound impact of street designs or new buildings
before construction begins.

Activists in other countries say they too want the United States to play a more leading role on the noise
issue. But as in other areas of environmental health, merely having a more powerful government agency
in place that can set more regulations is not the ultimate answer, according to other experts. Bronzaft
stresses that governments worldwide need to increase funding for noise research and do a better job
coordinating their noise pollution efforts so they can establish health and environmental policies based
on solid scientific research. “Governments have a responsibility to protect their citizens by curbing noise
pollution,” she says.
Questions 1-5

Complete the summary below

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

Nowadays it seems difficult for people to avoid the effects of living in a noisy world. Noise is the sound
beyond the average of 1……………………… referring to the agency’s definition. Scientific studies over
the years from the mid to late 1990s have confirmed that exposure to certain levels of sound can cause
damage 2……………………… on certain senior age.

From the testing of 5,249 children, those who are constantly exposed to excessive noise may have
trouble in 3……………………….. sound discrimination. The effects of sound don’t stop with the ears,
exposure to noise may lead to the unease of 4……………………….. in healthy people. Europe has taken
steps on the noise issue, big cities of over 250,000 people are creating 5……………………….. to help to
create noise pollution policies.

Questions 6-10

Look at the following researchers and the list of findings below. Match each researcher with the correct
finding.

Write the correct letter in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.

List of people or organisations

A WHO
B William Luxford (the House Ear Clinic),
C Craig Moulton (OSHA)
D Arline Bronzaft
E Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

6 People can change the environment to improve hearing health.

7 The government should continue the research on anti-noise researches with the fund.

8 Companies should be required to protect the employees to avoid noise

9 Noise has posed an effect on American children’s hearing ability

10 Noise has seriously affected human being where they live worldwide
Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

11 The board of schools built close to the tracks are convinced to

A moved the classrooms away from the noisy track

B regulated the track usage to a less extent

C utilised a special material into classroom buildings lessening the effect of outside noise

D organised a team for a follow-up study

12 In European countries, the big cities’ research on noise focuses on

A how to record pollution details of the city on maps

B the impact of noise on population shift in the European cities

C how wide can a city be to avoid noise pollution

D helping the authorities better make a decision on management of the city

13 What is the best title of Reading Passage 1?

A How people cope with noise pollutions

B The fight against the noise with the powerful technology

C The Effects of Living in a Noisy World

D The Effects of noise on children’s learning