1-Political ideology and organizations, formation of INC
### Political Ideology and Organizations in Pre-1919 India
Before 1919, political ideology in India was heavily
influenced by the growing desire for reform and self-rule
under British colonial rule. Initially, the movement was
focused on achieving political and economic reforms within
the framework of the British Empire, but it evolved over time
toward demanding self-government and independence.
Below is a breakdown of the political ideologies and
organizations that shaped the Indian nationalist movement,
particularly the **Indian National Congress (INC)**:
#### **Political Ideologies:**
1. **Moderate Nationalism:**
- The early phase of the Indian nationalist movement was
characterized by moderate political leaders, who sought
reforms rather than full independence. The moderate
nationalists believed in working within the existing British
system to push for gradual political and social changes.
- Key Ideals:
- **Constitutional reforms**: They wanted greater Indian
representation in the British government and legislative
bodies.
- **Economic reforms**: Advocated for policies to
improve the economic conditions of Indians, such as
reducing taxes, improving infrastructure, and ensuring the
protection of indigenous industries.
- **Civil Rights**: They aimed to secure equal civil rights
for Indians within the British colonial framework.
2. **Extremist Nationalism:**
- Over time, more radical leaders emerged, advocating for a
more confrontational approach to British rule. They argued
that the British would never grant significant reforms, so a
more assertive demand for self-rule (Swaraj) was necessary.
- Key Ideals:
- **Swaraj (Self-rule)**: The extremist faction, led by
figures like **Bal Gangadhar Tilak**, emphasized the
importance of complete self-rule, not just constitutional
reforms.
- **Direct action**: They supported protests, strikes, and
mass mobilizations, viewing these as vital tools for pushing
against British authority.
- **Nationalism and Unity**: They sought to unite all
Indians, regardless of religion or caste, to resist British rule.
3. **Moderates vs. Extremists:**
- The ideological divide between the moderate and
extremist factions in the Indian National Congress became
increasingly pronounced towards the early 20th century.
- **Moderates**, like **Gopal Krishna Gokhale** and
**Dadabhai Naoroji**, believed in reforms and negotiation
with the British.
- **Extremists**, led by **Bal Gangadhar Tilak**, **Bipin
Chandra Pal**, and **Lala Lajpat Rai**, were more militant
and believed in using direct action to achieve self-rule.
#### **Formation of the Indian National Congress (INC)**
1. **Founding and Early Years (1885-1900):**
- The **Indian National Congress (INC)** was founded in
1885 by **Allan Octavian Hume**, a British civil servant, and
a group of Indian intellectuals. Its formation was seen as a
response to the lack of political representation for Indians
under British rule.
- The initial goal of the INC was not independence but to
create a platform for educated Indians to voice their
concerns and work for reforms within the British system. It
was seen as a way to provide a forum for dialogue between
the British government and the Indian elite.
- Early leaders like **Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee**,
**Dadabhai Naoroji**, and **Gopal Krishna Gokhale**
emphasized moderate goals, such as increasing Indian
representation in the legislative councils and securing basic
rights for Indians.
2. **Role of the INC in the Early 20th Century:**
- Over time, the INC’s role began to evolve. As the British
government showed little willingness to meet Indian
demands, a sense of disillusionment grew within the
Congress.
- In the early 1900s, the leadership of the INC was divided
into two factions:
- **Moderates**: Led by figures like **Gopal Krishna
Gokhale** and **Dadabhai Naoroji**, who advocated for
reforms and greater Indian participation in government.
- **Extremists**: Led by **Bal Gangadhar Tilak**, **Bipin
Chandra Pal**, and **Lala Lajpat Rai**, who argued that
Indians needed to be more assertive and demand Swaraj
(self-rule).
3. **Impact of Partition of Bengal (1905):**
- The **Partition of Bengal (1905)** by the British was a
turning point for Indian nationalism. The partition was seen
as an attempt by the British to divide and rule by creating
divisions along religious lines, separating Hindu-majority
Bengal from Muslim-majority Bengal.
- This led to widespread protests, and the INC, both
moderates and extremists, united in opposition to the
partition. The Swadeshi Movement, which promoted the
boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian
industries, gained momentum during this period.
4. **Tilak’s Leadership and Radical Nationalism:**
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak became a prominent leader of the
extremist faction, promoting more direct action and the idea
of Swaraj (self-rule).
- Tilak’s rallying cry, “Swaraj is my birthright,” symbolized
the growing demand for complete independence from
British rule.
- He also popularized the idea of using festivals like
**Ganesh Chaturthi** to unite people against British rule
and mobilize public opinion.
5. **INC’s Role in the 1910s:**
- By the early 1910s, the INC had seen a shift towards more
radical nationalism, especially after the repressive
measures following the **Partition of Bengal** and
**Swadeshi Movement**.
- Leaders like **Annie Besant** and **Subhas Chandra
Bose** also joined the nationalist movement, calling for
complete independence.
### Conclusion:
The **Indian National Congress (INC)**, founded in 1885,
began as a platform for dialogue between the British
government and Indian elites, but over time, it evolved into
the primary political vehicle for the nationalist movement.
From moderate demands for reforms to more radical calls
for self-rule and independence, the INC played a crucial role
in the struggle for India’s freedom. The ideological divide
between moderates and extremists within the INC was
instrumental in shaping the direction of the Indian
nationalist movement, laying the groundwork for the more
radical push for independence after 1919.
2-Moderates and extremists.
The terms **Moderates** and **Extremists** refer to two
distinct factions within the **Indian National Congress
(INC)** during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, each
representing different approaches toward achieving political
reforms and, eventually, Indian self-rule (Swaraj) under
British colonial rule. These factions differed in their
methods, strategies, and goals.
### **Moderates (1885-1905)**
The **Moderates** were the early leaders of the Indian
National Congress, who sought to achieve political reforms
and improve the condition of Indians within the framework of
British rule, rather than seeking full independence.
#### **Key Ideals of the Moderates:**
1. **Constitutional Reforms:**
- Moderates aimed to achieve gradual political and social
reforms through constitutional means. They believed that
Indians should work with the British government to improve
their position in the colonial system.
- Their demands included increasing Indian representation
in the British administration and legislative councils, and
advocating for administrative and judicial reforms.
2. **Social and Economic Reforms:**
- They advocated for improving education, healthcare, and
infrastructure in India. They were also focused on reducing
taxes, especially for the rural population, and promoting
Indian industries.
- Moderates were also keen on addressing social issues like
caste discrimination and untouchability, though their
approach was often reformist and incremental.
3. **Peaceful Petitioning:**
- The Moderates believed in petitioning the British
government, dialogue, and working within the existing
framework of the colonial state. They were committed to
peaceful methods and legal channels to express their
demands.
4. **Loyalty to the British Crown:**
- While advocating for greater Indian participation in
governance, the Moderates were not seeking outright
independence from Britain. They believed that British rule
was beneficial to India, though they wanted reforms to make
it more just and representative.
#### **Prominent Leaders:**
- **Dadabhai Naoroji**: Known as the “Grand Old Man of
India,” Naoroji was one of the first leaders to highlight the
economic exploitation of India under British rule, especially
the drain of wealth from India to Britain.
- **Gopal Krishna Gokhale**: An influential leader and
mentor to many prominent figures in Indian politics, Gokhale
advocated for social reforms and was deeply committed to
the idea of cooperation with the British for gradual change.
- **Surendranath Banerjee**: A moderate leader who played
a crucial role in the formation of the Indian National
Congress and worked for the inclusion of Indians in civil
services and other administrative positions.
#### **Achievements of the Moderates:**
- The Moderates played a significant role in shaping early
nationalist thought and making the British government
aware of Indian demands.
- The demands for reforms, such as **Indian Civil Services
(ICS)** exams being held in India and the inclusion of more
Indians in the British government, were steps toward greater
political representation.
- The **Indian National Congress** became a platform for
Indians to voice their concerns, though it initially sought
reforms rather than independence.
### **Extremists (1905-1919)**
The **Extremists** emerged as a faction within the INC that
became increasingly dissatisfied with the slow pace of
reforms and the British reluctance to grant more self-
governance to Indians. They believed that India needed more
direct action to achieve full self-rule (Swaraj).
#### **Key Ideals of the Extremists:**
1. **Swaraj (Self-rule):**
- The Extremists, led by figures like **Bal Gangadhar
Tilak**, argued that the only way for India to achieve true
independence was through self-rule, not through gradual
reforms. They believed that Indians must take control of their
own governance.
2. **Radical Methods:**
- The Extremists rejected the moderate approach of
petitions and negotiations with the British. They were
prepared to use direct action, including protests, strikes,
boycotts, and other forms of civil disobedience to achieve
their goals.
- The call for **Swadeshi** (boycotting British goods) and
**National Education** (establishing educational
institutions that were free from British control) became
central to the Extremist agenda.
3. **Anti-British Sentiment:**
- Unlike the Moderates, the Extremists were critical of the
British presence in India and sought to overthrow British
rule. They viewed British colonialism as exploitative and
believed that self-rule was essential for India’s future.
4. **Unity of All Indians:**
- The Extremists advocated for unity among all Indians,
transcending religious, caste, and regional differences, to
create a strong, united resistance against British rule.
#### **Prominent Leaders:**
- **Bal Gangadhar Tilak**: Tilak was one of the most
prominent leaders of the Extremists. His famous slogan,
“Swaraj is my birthright,” became a rallying cry for Indian
nationalism. He was also instrumental in the promotion of
the **Swadeshi Movement** and the use of festivals like
Ganesh Chaturthi to foster unity and nationalist sentiments.
- **Bipin Chandra Pal**: A strong proponent of radical
nationalism, Pal supported the boycott of British goods and
advocated for the development of indigenous industries.
- **Lala Lajpat Rai**: An important figure in the Extremist
faction, Rai was involved in the Punjab branch of the
Swadeshi Movement and was an ardent advocate for self-
rule.
#### **Key Events Associated with the Extremists:**
- **Partition of Bengal (1905)**: The British decision to
partition Bengal along religious lines was seen as an attempt
to divide the Indian population. The Extremists led
widespread protests against this move, which marked a
major turning point in the nationalist movement.
- **Swadeshi Movement (1905-1908)**: The Swadeshi
Movement, which called for the boycott of British goods and
the promotion of indigenous products, gained significant
momentum in response to the Partition of Bengal. This
movement marked a more radical phase in the Indian
freedom struggle.
- **Lathi Charge and Violence**: The British response to the
growing protests was often repressive, including the use of
police brutality against peaceful demonstrators, such as
during the **1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre**, which
further radicalized Indian opinion.
### **The Split and Its Aftermath:**
- In 1907, the ideological differences between the Moderates
and Extremists led to a split within the **Indian National
Congress** at the **Surat Session**. The Extremists, led by
**Tilak**, were sidelined, and the Moderates regained
control of the INC.
- However, the Extremists’ radical ideas continued to
influence Indian politics, and their call for complete
independence became more prominent as the 20th century
progressed.
- The rise of **Mahatma Gandhi** after 1915 brought a new
phase of nationalist struggle, which blended both moderate
and radical methods, particularly through nonviolent civil
disobedience.
### **Conclusion:**
- The **Moderates** and **Extremists** represented two
different approaches within the Indian nationalist
movement. While the Moderates sought gradual
reforms within the British system, the Extremists
demanded full self-rule and were willing to use more
radical methods. The ideological struggle between
these two factions shaped the trajectory of the Indian
independence movement, leading to a more unified,
radical demand for Swaraj in the years following 1919.
3-Swadeshi movement
### **Swadeshi Movement (1905-1908)**
The **Swadeshi Movement** was a significant phase of the
Indian independence movement that emerged in response
to the **Partition of Bengal** by the British in 1905. It was
one of the most powerful nationalist movements before
India’s full independence in 1947, marking a shift toward
active resistance against British rule and the promotion of
self-reliance.
#### **Background:**
- In **1905**, the British colonial government decided to
**partition Bengal**, creating a separate province of **East
Bengal** with a Muslim majority, and leaving **West
Bengal** with a Hindu majority. The British justified the
partition as an administrative necessity, but it was widely
seen as a **divide-and-rule policy**, meant to weaken the
growing nationalist sentiments by creating divisions along
religious lines.
- The partition angered many Indians, especially those who
viewed it as an attempt to disrupt the unity of Bengal, which
had been a hotbed of nationalist activity.
#### **Key Objectives of the Swadeshi Movement:**
1. **Boycott of British Goods:**
- The primary aim of the Swadeshi Movement was to
boycott British goods and promote the use of **Swadeshi
(Indian-made)** products. The idea was to undermine
British economic interests in India and promote self-
reliance.
- People were encouraged to stop buying foreign products,
including textiles, and instead, use locally made goods,
particularly Indian cloth produced by handlooms.
2. **Promotion of Indigenous Industries:**
- The Swadeshi Movement aimed to revive and support
Indian industries that had been suppressed by British
economic policies. This included encouraging the use of
Indian-made goods and the establishment of factories and
industries to meet Indian needs.
- Indian nationalists believed that economic independence
was key to political independence.
3. **Protest Against British Rule:**
- The movement called for political action against British
policies and aimed to galvanize Indians to unite and demand
self-rule (Swaraj). It was seen as an expression of political
defiance against the British colonial government.
4. **Cultural Revival:**
- The Swadeshi Movement also had a cultural aspect, as it
sought to revive traditional Indian values, arts, and culture,
and reject Westernization imposed by the British. This was
reflected in the promotion of indigenous art, music, and
literature, alongside the boycott of British educational
systems.
#### **Key Features of the Movement:**
1. **Mass Participation:**
- The Swadeshi Movement saw the active involvement of all
sections of Indian society, including students, women,
workers, and the urban middle class.
- In Bengal, students and youth played a pivotal role in
organizing protests, boycotts, and picketing of foreign goods.
Many women joined the movement, participating in rallies,
and boycotting foreign cloth.
2. **Use of National Symbols:**
- National symbols like the **Indian flag** and the **song
“Vande Mataram”**, written by **Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay**, became symbols of protest and national
pride during this time.
3. **Non-Violent Protests and Civil Disobedience:**
- The movement included non-violent protests such as
**boycotting British goods**, organizing public meetings,
and **picketing foreign goods** shops. There was also a
focus on **non-cooperation with the British
administration**, including resignations from government
posts.
4. **Cultural Renaissance:**
- The movement also gave rise to a cultural revival. Many
intellectuals, writers, and artists promoted Indian culture
and heritage, asserting the value of Indian traditions in
contrast to the Western-oriented British rule.
#### **Key Leaders of the Swadeshi Movement:**
1. **Bal Gangadhar Tilak:**
- Tilak was one of the leading figures of the Swadeshi
Movement. His slogan “Swaraj is my birthright” became
iconic, emphasizing the demand for self-rule and the
rejection of British domination. He advocated for radical
methods, including direct action and mass mobilization, to
achieve political and economic self-reliance.
2. **Bipin Chandra Pal:**
- Along with Tilak and **Lala Lajpat Rai**, Pal was a key
leader of the Extremist faction within the Indian National
Congress. He supported the Swadeshi Movement as a
means of achieving full independence from British rule and
was an advocate of the boycott of foreign goods and the
promotion of indigenous industries.
3. **Lala Lajpat Rai:**
- Lajpat Rai was an influential leader in Punjab who actively
supported the Swadeshi Movement. He was involved in the
promotion of national education and the boycott of foreign
goods.
4. **Aurobindo Ghosh:**
- Aurobindo Ghosh, a leading intellectual and revolutionary
figure, played a significant role in the Swadeshi Movement.
He emphasized the need for self-rule and the importance of
cultural nationalism as part of the struggle for
independence.
#### **Impact and Legacy:**
1. **Mass Mobilization:**
- The Swadeshi Movement succeeded in mobilizing large
sections of the Indian population, making them more aware
of the need for self-reliance and self-governance. It marked
the beginning of mass participation in the freedom struggle.
2. **Economic and Political Significance:**
- The movement gave a strong economic basis to the
political demand for Swaraj. It demonstrated the importance
of economic independence and the power of boycotting
British goods, which was a strategy that would later be
employed in other nationalist movements, particularly the
**Non-Cooperation Movement** and **Civil Disobedience
Movement**.
3. **Foundation for Future Struggles:**
- Although the Swadeshi Movement faced suppression
from the British and saw a decline after 1908, its principles
continued to influence future nationalist movements. The
tactics of boycotting, non-cooperation, and civil
disobedience would be central to future struggles for
independence under the leadership of **Mahatma
Gandhi**.
4. **Cultural Impact:**
- The movement led to a cultural resurgence, with
increased pride in Indian heritage and a rejection of Western
influence. The promotion of traditional arts, music, and
education contributed to the cultural consciousness that
was vital to India’s struggle for independence.
#### **Suppression by the British:**
- The British responded to the Swadeshi Movement with
harsh measures, including arrests, the banning of public
meetings, and censorship of nationalist publications.
- **Lathi charges** and **violent repression** were used to
quell protests, especially in Bengal, where tensions were
highest.
- The movement ultimately lost momentum by **1908**,
partly due to the repression, the division within the
Congress, and the subsequent **split at the Surat Session of
1907**, but its legacy lived on.
### **Conclusion:**
The **Swadeshi Movement** was a crucial turning point in
the Indian independence struggle. It marked a shift from
moderate petitioning to active resistance, fostering a sense
of unity and nationalism across India. Its call for self-
reliance, boycott of foreign goods, and political
independence influenced future movements and
contributed significantly to India’s eventual independence in
1947.
4-Revolutionaries
### **Revolutionaries in the Indian Independence
Movement**
While many of India’s independence leaders followed
nonviolent methods, the **revolutionaries** represented a
more radical segment of the nationalist movement. These
individuals believed that India’s freedom could only be
achieved through direct action, including the use of violence
and revolutionary tactics. They were inspired by the belief
that the British would never peacefully relinquish control
and that mass movements alone would not be enough to
force them out.
### **Key Features of Revolutionary Movements:**
1. **Radical Nationalism:** The revolutionary leaders
rejected gradual reforms and aimed for complete
independence (Swaraj) through more aggressive
methods. They were deeply influenced by the ideas of
**Swaraj** and **self-rule** but were willing to use
violent methods, including armed resistance,
assassinations, and bombings, to achieve their goals.
2. **Secret Societies:** Many of the revolutionary groups
operated through secret societies, using covert
methods to organize activities and avoid British
repression. These societies were spread across India,
with some operating in Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab,
and other regions.
3. **Influence of International Movements:** The
revolutionaries were inspired by international struggles
against colonial rule, particularly the **Irish nationalist
movement**, the **Russian revolutionary movement**,
and the **anarchist** movements in Europe. These
influences shaped their willingness to use violent
tactics and their belief in the importance of direct
action.
4. **Focus on Targeting Key British Figures:** Many of the
revolutionary groups targeted British officials,
policemen, and others seen as symbols of colonial
oppression. These acts of violence were meant to
create fear among the British and rally Indian people to
their cause.
### **Prominent Revolutionaries:**
#### **1. **Subhas Chandra Bose** (1897–1945):**
- **Subhas Chandra Bose** is perhaps the most famous of
the revolutionary leaders. Although he initially participated
in the **Indian National Congress**, he became
disillusioned with the Congress’s moderate approach and
formed more radical nationalist views.
- He believed in direct action and was a proponent of armed
struggle against British rule. Bose founded the **Forward
Bloc** within the INC, advocating for complete
independence.
- **Indian National Army (INA):** Bose’s most significant
contribution was forming the **Indian National Army (INA)**
in 1942 with Japanese support during World War II. His call
for **“Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom”**
galvanized many Indians to fight against British rule.
- Bose remains an iconic figure in India’s struggle for
freedom, seen as a symbol of militant nationalism.
#### **2. **Bhagat Singh** (1907–1931):**
- **Bhagat Singh** was a revolutionary hero known for his
bold actions against the British. His most famous act was
the **assembly bomb attack in Delhi** in 1929, in which he
and his associates threw bombs in the Central Assembly to
protest against repressive laws.
- Singh, influenced by Marxist thought, also believed in the
need for armed rebellion against British colonial rule.
- His involvement in the **Lahore Conspiracy Case**, where
he was accused of killing John Saunders, a British police
officer, and his subsequent execution at the age of 23 made
him a martyr for India’s freedom.
- **Martyrdom:** Bhagat Singh’s courage and sacrifice
became symbolic of the younger generation’s impatience
with British rule and their desire for a violent revolt against
colonialism.
#### **3. **Chandra Sekhar Azad** (1906–1931):**
- **Chandra Sekhar Azad** was one of the most prominent
figures in the revolutionary movement. He was involved in
the **Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)**,
a group dedicated to overthrowing British rule through
violence.
- Azad played a central role in the **Chauri Chaura
incident**, and later, in several successful raids on British
officials.
- Known for his commitment to armed resistance, Azad
famously vowed never to be captured alive by the British. In
1931, he was surrounded by the police in a park in Allahabad
and, after a fierce gun battle, he died by suicide to avoid
capture.
#### **4. **Rajguru**, **Sukhdev**, and **Bhagat Singh**
(Lahore Conspiracy):**
- These three men were members of the **HSRA** and were
involved in the assassination of **J.P. Saunders**, a British
police officer, in 1928. The killing was part of their campaign
against the British colonial authorities and was aimed at
avenging the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, who had been beaten
to death by police.
- After their arrest, they were tried and executed in 1931,
which sparked widespread protests and earned them
martyrdom status in the Indian nationalist movement.
#### **5. **Surya Sen** (1894–1934):**
- **Surya Sen**, also known as **Masterda**, was the leader
of the **Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930)**, a major
revolutionary attempt to seize arms from a British armory in
Chittagong (modern-day Bangladesh).
- The raid, though not completely successful, was one of the
most daring acts of armed resistance. Sen and his
associates managed to capture the armory but were later
captured by the British after a prolonged resistance.
- Sen was hanged in 1934, and his bravery made him a
celebrated figure in the revolutionary movement.
#### **6. **Khudiram Bose** (1889–1908):**
- One of the youngest martyrs in India’s freedom struggle,
**Khudiram Bose** was involved in the **Muzaffarpur bomb
case**, where he tried to assassinate a British magistrate by
throwing a bomb at his carriage. Unfortunately, the bomb
killed two British women instead, and Khudiram was
arrested and executed at the age of 18.
- His execution galvanized the youth of India to join the
revolutionary movement.
#### **7. **Vinayak Damodar Savarkar** (1883–1966):**
- **Veer Savarkar** was one of the earliest and most
influential advocates of violent resistance against British
colonial rule.
- He is best known for his involvement in the **assassination
of a British official**, **Sir Curzon Wyllie**, though he was
acquitted due to lack of evidence. He later became involved
in the broader nationalist movement.
- Savarkar is also famous for his theory of **Hindutva**, a
form of Hindu nationalism that aimed to unite Hindus
against British rule and later became a controversial
ideology.
#### **8. **Bipin Chandra Pal** (1858–1932):**
- A prominent leader who was associated with the
Extremist faction of the **Indian National Congress**,
**Bipin Chandra Pal** advocated for the use of
revolutionary tactics, though he was not involved in
violent actions himself. His writings and speeches
helped inspire the revolutionary movement.
### **Key Revolutionary Groups:**
1. **Hindustan Republican Association (HRA):**
- The HRA, later known as the **Hindustan Socialist
Republican Association (HSRA)**, was one of the most
important revolutionary organizations. It was founded by
**Ram Prasad Bismil**, **Ashfaqulla Khan**, **Bhagat
Singh**, and **Chandra Sekhar Azad**, among others.
- The HSRA aimed to overthrow British rule through armed
struggle and revolutionary activities. They were involved in
several notable events, including the **Lahore Conspiracy
Case**, **Chittagong Armoury Raid**, and other attacks on
British officials.
2. **Anushilan Samiti:**
- This was a revolutionary group that originated in Bengal
and was involved in acts of violence against British officials.
It had ties to the broader international anarchist and
revolutionary movements.
- Leaders like **Aurobindo Ghosh** and **Barindra
Ghosh** were part of the group, and they played an active
role in the **Bengal revolutionary movement**.
3. **Jugantar Party:**
- The Jugantar Party, active in Bengal, was another
revolutionary organization focused on violent means to
achieve Indian independence. It was involved in several
bombing and assassination attempts against British officials
and played a central role in the Bengal revolutionary
movement.
### **Conclusion:**
The revolutionaries played a crucial role in India’s fight for
independence, though their methods were often in contrast
with the more peaceful, nonviolent approaches of leaders
like **Mahatma Gandhi**. While the revolutionary
movement did not lead to immediate success, it created a
legacy of resistance and provided inspiration for later
generations of freedom fighters. Many of these individuals,
such as **Bhagat Singh**, **Subhas Chandra Bose**, and
**Chandra Sekhar Azad**, remain symbols of bravery,
sacrifice, and the quest for India’s freedom.
