MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN BLOOD PRESSURE

AND PREDICTION OF TRENDS

BY AGE

A Report Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment oF the

Requirements for the secondary level Education of National
Examinations Board

BY
RUBY MEHTA
Class XII, Bio, Roll NO. 17
Sagarmatha college
Brt, Nepal

 LETTER OF APPROVAL

The project work entitled “ A PROJECT REPORT ON HUMAN BLOOD PRESSURE AND
PREDICTION OF TRENDS BYY AGE ” submitted by Ruby Mehta in the partial fulfillment for
the secondary level education of NEB , I hereby certify that she has carried out some activities
under my supervision during her study with excellent job I wish her a bright future

—-——————————-
Mr. Ramagya Chaudhary
Department head of biology

———————
Mrs .Bina jha
(Superviser)

 ABSTRACT

The survey work entitled “MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN BLOOD PRESSURE AND

OF PREDICTION OF TRENDS BY AGE ”was conducted on 16th of October 2024 at
Biratnagar ,Nepal .The main purpose of conducting this experiment was to study
the common method used for measuring the blood pressure of an individual .

This study examined the relationship between age and blood pressure in a large cohort of
adults ,revealing a consistent rise in systolic blood pressure across all
age groups while diastolic pressure exhibited a more complex pattern with a potential decline in
later life .These findings suggest that age can serve as a valuable predictor of future blood pressure
trends, highlighting the importance of regular monitoring and preventive measures for older
individual to manage potential cardiovascular risks associated with elevated blood pressure .

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to all the past and present biologists of Nepal ; without whose extensive work and
literature this study would have never have been possible .

I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude and profundal regards to my supervisor ,Mrs. Bina
Jha for learned guidance ,abiding interest and for all the pain she took to get my study work
completed and document prepared in time.

I express my gratitude and indebtedness to Mr.Ramagya Chaudhary ,Head of Biology

Department , Sagarmatha College for his continuous help and encouragement throughout the study
period .I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Shivani Chaudhary ,staff of Sagamatha for
providing me secondary literatures and guiding me throughout the survey period.

I would like to remember all my friends Specially “ Sony Sharma ”and family members who have
supported ,helped and encouraged me.

Ruby Mehta
Sagarmatha College
Biratnagar ,Nepal

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE Page

• ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………… i

• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………………….. iI

• TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………….……iii

• LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………….………..iv

• LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………….iv

• CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….1-3

• 1.1 General Background ………………………………………………………………………1

• 1.2 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………………..…2

• 1.3 Study Area …………………………………………………………………………………..3

• CHAPTER 2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………….….4

• CHAPTER 3 : RESULTS ………………………………………………………………….…..5

• CHAPTER 4 : DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………6

• CHAPTER 5 : RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………7

• CHAPTER 6 : REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………..….8

• CHAPTER 7 : ANNEX ………………………………………………………………..………..9

III

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Blood pressure and its range…………………………………………………………… 1

Table 2: Blood pressure recorded in different individuals………………………………………. 9

IV

 LIST OF FIGURES
Figures

Figure 1: Study area Map…………………………………………………………………… 3

figure 2: Blood pressure category recorded during the study………………………………. 5

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 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN BLOOD PRESSURE AND
PREDICTION OF TRENDS BY AGE
A CASE STUDY FROM MORANG DISTRICT, NEPAL

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of Circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels Most
of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used
without qualification, the term “ blood pressure " refers to the pressure in a branchial artery,
where it is most commonly measured in terms of the systolic pressure (maximize pressure during
one heartbeat)over diastolic pressure minimum pressure between two heart beats) in the cardiac
cycle. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm hg) above the surrounding atmospheric
pressure, or in Kilopascals (kpa). Blood pressure that is too low is called hypotension, pressure
that is consistently too high is called hypertension, and normal pressure is called Normotension.

Table 1: Blood pressure and its range

Ideal bp(mmhg) Normal Normal Hypertension Hypotension

range(mmhg) range(mmhg) (mmhg) (mmhg)
Systolic Diastolic

120/80 100-140 50-90 >140/90 <100/50

Blood pressure is one of the vital signs; together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation
and body temperature, that healthcare professionals use in evaluating a patient’s heath (Deedwania,
2002) .

Both hypertension and hypotension have many causes and may be of sudden on set or of long
duration long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including stroke , heart disease,
and kidney failure long-Term hypertension is more common than long-term hypotension

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 1.2 The objectives of the study

• To access a patient’s health and make decisions about their care .

• To identify the cases of hypertension and hypotension among them .
• To predict the trend of blood pressure by age groups .
• To promote optimal blood pressure levels and reduce the risk of complications while improving
the patient’s quality of life

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 1.3 Study Area

The study was conducted in morang district ,Nepal .Geographically ,it is located between 26°20′
and 26°49′ N latitude and 87°15′ and 87°45′ E longitude . morang is in koshi zone of the eastern
development region of Nepal. morang has the highest number of industries and factories,
multinationals brands.its populations in 2021 was estimated at 243,927 with a population density
Of 3168

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 CHAPTER 2:MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried on October 16 among people aged 15 to 64 years in morang ,Nepal.The
sample size was including males and females.

During the study , the BP was measured two consecutive times per person on the left arm by a
sphygmomanometer . A 5- minute interval separated one assessment from the other to avoid the
compression applied to the arm possibly affecting the following measurements . Following
procedure was followed during blood pressure measurement .

• The cuff of the sphygmomanometer was wrapped around the left upper arm (branchial artery )
• The chest -piece of the stethoscope was placed on the branchial artery ,a little below the cuff
• The pressure inside the cuff was raised to about 200 mm Hg with the help of pump .
• The pressure inside the cuff was slowly released by unscrewing the air release valve situated near
the pump .
• The sounds were heard carefully with the stethoscope
• The reading was observed on gauze when the first tapping or thumping sound was heard .It was
recorded as systolic pressure .
• The reading on gauze was again observed when the last sound was heard and then disappeared .It
was recorded as diastolic pressure .

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 CHAPTER 3 :RESULTS

From the study 52% person were found to have blood pressure (normotension ),32% person had
high. blood pressure (hypertension ) and 16% person had low blood pressure ( hypotension )
FIGURE 2 : Blood pressure category recorded during the study

25

13
14

10.5

3.5

0
Normotension Hypertension Hypotension

Figure 1 : Blood pressure category recorded during the study

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 CHAPTER 4 :DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
According to the national institutes of health , the normal blood pressure of a healthy family
individuals is measured to be 120 -140 /70-90 mmHg along with the normal pulse rate 60 - 80 per
min .

The normal range of systolic blood pressure should be between 90-120 mmHg .systolic blood
pressure rises steadily with increasing age . In contrast , diastolic pressure increases to a maximum
around or even decrease .The pathophysiological basis of these age -related changes in blood
pressure includes arterial and arteriolar stiffening and increased peripheral resistance. This is due to
a combination of factors including decreased elasticity of connective tissue ,atheroma and impaired
smooth muscle relaxation .other causes include dietary changes such as increased sodium intake or
chronic excess alcohol consumption ,both of which increase blood pressure. The pressor effect of
sodium loading is enhanced by aging .Physical activity levels decline with increasing age and a
sedentary lifestyle is another risk factor for hypertension there is good evidence that systolic blood
pressure rises with increasing age in urban dwellers, and that is due primarily to a complex
interaction of many different environmental and lifestyle factors .

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 CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATION
It used to be thought that rising blood pressure is an inevitable consequence of aging .however, it os
now recognized that age-related blood pressure changes are complex and aging only gives increased
opportunity for environmental or lifestyle influences to take effect .

Environmental and lifestyle factors ,including diet ,alcohol ,obesity ,and exercise habit , cause a rise
in systolic blood pressure .many of these factors are potentially modifiable to prevent hypertension
in old age .DASH(Dietary approaches to stop Hypertension ) diet plan suggests food rich in
fruits ,vegetables and fish and limiting the use of salt ,sweet ,alcohol and red meat .it recommends
that sodium intake should be less up two or fewer drinks for males and one or less for
females .Moreover ,exercise is also recommended .

In addition ,there are effective treatments for hypertension in the form of antihypertensive drugs .
Control of blood pressure results in major health gains including reductions in disabling conditions
such as ,stroke and cardiac failure ,increased longevity with reduced cardiovascular and total
mortality ,and possibly prevention of dementia .

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 CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES
• Sesso HQ, tampfer MJ ,Rosner B , Hennekens CH, Gazino JM ,Manson JE . Systolic and
diastolic blood pressure ,pulse pressure . Hypertension .2000; 36: 801-807.

• Rutan GH, Kullar LH, Neaton JD , Wentworth DN , McDonald RH ,Smith WH, hypertension
and isolated systolic hypertension among men screened for multiple risk factor intervention trial .
Circulation .1988;77:504-514

• Benetos A ,Thomas F , bean k ,Gautier S, Smulyan H, Guize L. prognastic value .Discussions and
conclusions .Arch intern Med .2002;162:577-581

• 1 Am heart attack Assoc. . 2019 jul 23;8(15) :e012121 Aging ,epidemiology : age related trends
in Sds of home Bps .journal of the American heart Association.

• Pearson ,J.B teal .1997 Age -associated changes in blood pressure in longitudinal study of healthy
men and women . 1 Gerentol 1997 ;52;M177-M183 .

• Deedwania, p.2002 .the changing face of hypertension : is systolic blood pressure the final answer
? Arch intern med 2002;162:502-508

• Gupta ,R . And Gupta ,V . P .1996 . Hypertension epidemiology in India : meta - analysis of fifty
-year prevalence rates and blood pressure trends . J Human Hyperrens 1996 ;10 : 465 -472

• Bajeva , P . 2079 .Prevalence ,awareness ,treatment and control of arterial ,hypertension in an

elderly population in Belgium . J Hum Hypertension 1998;12:701-706

• Follow ,B .1993 . The Pathophysiology of Hypertension .Differences between young and elderly
patients . Drugs 1993 ; 46:3-7

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 ANNEX-I
BY RECORDED IN DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL
S.NO Name AGE Sex SBP DBP BP RESULT
(MMHG) (MMHG) (MMHG)

1 Pradeep Mehta 40 M 140 90 140/90 Normotension

2 Abhishek Yadav 30 M 120 80 120/80 Normotension

3 Sunita poddar 21 F 110 80 110/80 Normotension

4 Bijay Mehta 25 M 110 80 110/80 Normotension

5 Sanjha mandal 80 F 150 110 150/110 Hypotension

6 Sita Pal 85 F 180 130 180/130 Hypotension

7 Raj Sharma 38 M 120 80 120/80 Normotension

8 Urmila Mehta 42 F 125 110 125/110 Normotension

9 Pratyush Thapa 45 M 140 110 140/110 Normotension

10 Ditya Chaudhary 23 F 90 60 90/60 Hypotension

11 Ayushi Shah 20 F 80 60 80/60 Hypotension

12 Rajesh Yadav 75 M 140 90 140/90 Normotension

13 Amanlal Mehta 58 M 160 130 160/130 Hypertension

14 Kalpana Poddar 22 F 125 80 125/80 Normotension

15 Dipesh Tabdar 44 M 100 80 100/80 Hypotension

16 Sweta Karn 41 F 120 80 120/80 Normotension

17 Chanda Mandal 15 F 120 80 120/80 Normotension

18 Vabesh Yadav 19 M 120 80 120/80 Normotension

19 Ayushman Shah 65 M 160 130 160/130 Hypertension

20 Parvatidevi Mehta 57 F 130 110 130/110 Hypertension

21 Nanki Podar 23 F 80 60 80/60 Hyportension

22 Ayushi Yadav 33 F 150 110 150/110 Hypertension

23 Amit lal 46 M 160 130 160/130 Hypertension

24 Nuth Niya 65 F 160 130 160/130 Hypertension

25 Rani Purwe 16 F 120 80 120/80 Normotension

Source: Field survey , October 2024

Note :SBP= Systolic Blood pressure, DBP=Diastolic blood pressure,BP=Blood pressure

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