ABSTRACT

The main intention of this program is to get industrial exposure in terms of structural as well as
construction work.

This report represents as of work done as a part of internship, which explains the experience at a
construction site. The content is broadly explained and it is prepared from the practical basis of
site work.

During my internship approaches, a few approaches and exposures were used which includes
hands on thorough reading relevant materials and a question-and-answer approaches and
interactions with various officials.

The primary objective of the internship is to generate a thorough understanding of the workplace
relationship, performing of the activities, and engaging oneself in the working environment. In a
way, it was more to get practical implementation of all studies, theories that I had acquired so
far.

In conclusion, this was an opportunity to develop and enhance skills and competencies in my
career field which I actually achieved.

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 CONTENT

SL NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1. Company Profile 3-4

2. Safety Measures At Site 5-7
3. Foundation 8-11
4. Column 12-15
5. Stone Masonry 16-17
6. Soil Filling 18-23
7. Underground Water Tank 24-27
8. Conclusion 28
9. Reference 29

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 Company Profile
CI Builders Private Limited in Bhopal is one of the leading businesses in the Builders &
Developers. It is also known for builders, construction companies, builders & developers,
building contractors, property developers and much more.

The types of real estate holdings in the city have revealed a great deal about the kind of
builders & developers that live there. They are renowned for taking on a wide range of
projects, from commercial and lifestyle enterprises to housing societies. Some of the various
responsibilities of their professions include renovating old structures and looking for property
to build new structures on. For a very long time, their clients have been praising them and
praising the strength of their buildings. They are home to a group of incredibly devoted and
industrious employees who make sure the project is finished on schedule.

CI Builders Private Limited is a trusted brand in the world of real estate in Madhya Pradesh.
It is known for creating classic residential and commercial units since the last 20 years.

Available in 2,3 & 4 BHK options, they have developed townships, flats, duplex, plots and
commercial projects of splendid quality at affordable rates. Their focus is on maintaining the
highest standards in three aspects- unmatched architecture, on-time delivery and project
maintenance.

 NAME : CI BUILDERS PRIVATE LIMITED

 OFFICE ADDRESS : 182, Zone-I, Maharana Pratap Nagar, Bhopal, M.P. 462011
 EMAIL : cigroup09@gmail.com
 WEBSITE : cibuilders.in
 PHONE NUMBER : 0755 423 1160

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Project Details

 Name of work : Construction of a private building

 Project Cost : Approx 70 lakhs
 Project Period : 9 months
 Total built up area : 600 sqm
 Number of floors : G+1
 Type of structure : RCC

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 Safety Measures At Site
Construction Site Safety Rules

 Wear the PPE at all the times.

 Don’t start work without an induction.
 Keep a tidy site.
 Don’t put yourself or others at risk.
 Follow safety signs and procedure.
 Never work in unsafe areas.
 Report defects.
 Never tamper with equipment.

Equipments Used For Construction

Concrete Mixer
This is a power mechanically operated machine which is used to mix the concrete. It
consist a hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings, in which cement, sand aggregates
and water is mixed properly.

Concrete Mixer

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Transportation

The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of its mixing to final position of
deposition is termed as transportation of concrete. There are various methods of transportation as
mentioned below-

Transport of concrete by pans

Transport of concrete by wheel barrows
Transport of concrete by tipping lorries
Transport of concrete by pumps
Transport of concrete by belt conveyors
At this site concrete was transported by pans.

PAN

Compactors

When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose structure. Hence, it must be compacted
to remove air bubbles and voids so as to make it dense and solid concrete to obtain a high
strength. There are two types of compaction.
1. Manual Compaction
2. Mechanical Compaction

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There are four types of mechanical vibrators
1. Immersion or needle vibrator
2. Extended or shutter vibrator
3. Surface vibrator
4. Vibrating table
At our construction site needle type of vibrator was used for compaction of concrete.

Needle Vibrator

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 Foundation
Definition

A foundation is the element of any structure which connects it to the ground and transfer loads
from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.
Foundation is a load bearing structure which bears all the loads coming on the building or any
structure. Foundation is generally of two types:

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

Types of Foundation

Shallow Foundation

Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The open refers to
the fact that the foundation made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the
footing, and then constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, entire footing
is visible to the eye, and therefore is called open foundation. The idea is that each footing
takes the concentrated load of the column and spreads it over a large area, so that the
actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

Types of shallow foundation are:

1. Strip Footing

The footing which supports long masonry or RCC wall is known as strip footing. In
this type of footing the width of footing is twice the width of wall which is rested on it,
sometimes even wider. It runs throughout the wall. If Bearing Capacity is more than
width of footing is lesser. Generally used in load bearing structures.

2. Isolated Footing

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 This type of footing supports individual column. If good soil is available then this
type of footings is economical. This type of footings is used generally when Soil

Bearing Capacity is high, loads on footings are less, columns of a building are
not closely spaced.

This kind of footing is of three types:

 Flat Footing

 Stepped Footing

 Sloped Footing

3. Combined Footing

Footing that supports two or more columns is known as combined footing. When
one column is closed to property line the center of gravity of column will not
coincide with footing in such cases it is necessary to provide combined footing
with that of internal column, the ultimate aim is to get uniform pressure
distribution under entire area of footing.

Combined footings are further classified into following types based on three
shapes:

 Rectangular Combined Footing

 Trapezoidal Combined Footing

 Strap Beam Combined Footing

4. Raft Footing

It is also called as Mat footing. If loads transmitted by the columns in a structure

are heavy and allowable soil pressure is small then footing requires more area, so
in order to spread the load over the large area with less depth then footing area
must be increased if Individual footing is used then footings will overlap with each
other so to avoid this a common footing is provided which supports all columns
such type of footing is called Raft footing. Raft footing is used to support storage

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equipments’, Silos, Chimneys, Towers, various industrial structures and buildings
with basement where continuous water proofing is needed.

Deep Foundation

A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the

earth further down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a
subsurface layer or a range of depths. This process is utilized when existing soil
is not stable enough to handle a foundation.

Here the depth of foundation is greater than the width of the foundation.

Types of Deep Foundation

1. Pile Foundation

2. Caisson Foundation

Design Considerations

1. S.B.C. for foundation is 1.6 T/sqm @ 2.00m.

2. Foundation should be laid at the depth as recommended in the soil test report.

3. The foundation of the building is designed for GROUND FLOOR + 4

FLOORS.

4. PCC-M10 grade concrete, 150mm thick.

5. Footing clear cover 50mm.

6. Footing concrete M25.

7. Type of footing: Combined, Individual.

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Combined Footing

Individual Footing

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 Column
Definition

A column is a vertical structural member intended to transfer a compressive load to the

ground through footings.
Columns are typically constructed from materials such as stone, brick, block, concrete,
timber, steel, and so on which have good compressive strength.

Column Starter

A well-reputed architect always provides the separate drawing which shows the center
line or exact positions of each column at the site according to the reference dimensions.
Hence the drawings of the column layout need to be carefully studied and checked
whether the location of the column starter is according to the reference dimensions
shown in the drawing or not.

Starters are needed to cast the column in proper alignment. Column starter marking is the
process of casting the first 50-100mm height of column for the alignment of rest of
the column. To construct the column starter, the shutters are made to the size of the
column and height of shutter should be normally 75-100mm. The shutters are fixed at
bottom of the column according to the center line. After the curing period is over,
remove the formwork of the starter.

Column Starter

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Column Reinforcement

Reinforcement is provided so that size of the column is not increased. It improves the
ductility of the member to the structure gets the stability to withstand earthquake in a
superior view. Once the column marking is done column reinforcement is carried out as
per the structural drawing. Reinforcement bars of 12# 20mm Ø are provided. Ties are
used to hold the longitudinal bars to provide to prevent it from buckling. Lateral ties or
stirrups of 8mm Ø at 200mm center to center are provided. Maximum reinforcement
ratio for columns is 0.08 times the gross area of the column. It brings economy to the
design of the columns and prevent steel congestion, which otherwise hinders proper
concrete placement.

Checking of Column Reinforcement Steel

Following checks for column reinforcement should be carried out before column casting.
The reinforcement steel should be free of any loose scale, rust, mud, or oil. Main
reinforcement and ring of column should be cut as per required length. The stirrups
should be carefully cut in length as extra length will result in large size of stirrups/rings
resulting in less cover to concrete, which is never advisable. In a reinforcement column,
the area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not less than 0.8% or more than 6% of the
gross- sectional area of the column as per IS code. A minimum of 4 bars shall be
provided in a square or rectangular column.

The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter and spacing of the bars along the
periphery of the column shall not exceed 300mm. The diameter of the rings or ties shall
not be less than one- fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case
less than 6mm. However, we recommended 8mm diameter bars. Main reinforcing bars
and stirrups should be tied tightly to each other by using binding wire of proper gauge,
preferably 16 gauge. Check the size of stirrups before tying. Hook angle in link or
stirrups should be 135°. Lapping should be provided in the central half of the member
length and lap length should be 45D (D is the diameter of the bar). Lapping should be in
joggle if diameter of bar is more than 12mm. Spacing near support should be less than
middle portion of the column. Before placing the concrete, check the reinforcement
details with bar bending schedule and get an approval from structural consultant.

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Column Shuttering

This helps the structural member to gain sufficient strength to carry its self- load and
load from other members. Shuttering of columns after column reinforcement is done by
using MS sheets. Thin films of oil or grease should be applied to inner surface of the
metal sheets to enable easy removal of the column after the concrete is hardened. Proper
supports are provided using props so that it does not move. Diagonals of the shuttering
are checked to ensure dimensional accuracy using plum bomb.

Column Shuttering

Column Concreting

Reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads,

composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement.
Uniform concrete mix is prepared in the ratio of 1:1:2(cement: sand: coarse aggregates).
If the quantity of concrete required is less than machine mix can be done whereas for
large quantity RMC can be made use. When concrete mix is ready is poured into column
boxes or shuttering that is fixed. It is poured in layers by giving vibrations using
mechanical vibrators after each layer to prevent the voids, so that proper compaction
takes place. Excess vibration should be avoided as nit leads to separation. 2 minutes of
vibration can be provided.

Design Considerations

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Mix: M25 concrete
Column Sizes: 230*600mm, 300*600mm, 230*750mm, 230*600mm
Clear cover: 40mm
Distance of vertical bars: 25mm, 20mm
Stirrups: 8#ties @ 200c/c

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 Stone Masonry
The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry
where the stones are available in abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the
proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building
components such as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc.

Selection of Stone for Stone Masonry

1. Availability
2. Ease of working
3. Appearance
4. Strength and Stability
5. Polishing Characteristics
6. Economy
7. Durability

Types of Stone Masonry

Based on the arrangement of the stone in the construction and degree of refinement in the
surface finish, the stone masonry can be classified broadly in the following two
categories:
 Rubble Masonry
 Ashlar Masonry
Rubble Masonry
1. Coursed rubble masonry
2. Un-coursed rubble masonry
3. Random rubble masonry
4. Polygonal rubble masonry
5. Flint rubble masonry
6. Dry rubble masonry
Ashlar Masonry
1. Ashlar fine masonry

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 2. Ashlar rough tooled
3. Rock or quarry faced
4. Ashlar charmfered masonry
5. Ashlar block in course

General Principles
 The stones to be used for stone masonry should be hard, tough and durable.
 The pressure acting on stones should be vertical.
 The stones should be perfectly dressed as per the requirements.
 The stone masonry section should always be designed to take compression and
not the tensile stresses.
 The masonry work should be properly cured after the completion of work, for a
period of 2 to 3 weeks.
 The mortar to be used should be of good quality and in the specified faces.
 The construction work of stone masonry should be raised uniformly.

Mortar

It’s a building material (such as a mixture of cement, lime, or gypsum plaster with sand and
water) that hardens and is used in masonry or plastering.
Types of mortar as binding material:
 Cement mortar
 Lime mortar
 Surkhi mortar
 Gauged mortar
 Mud mortar
At work site cement mortar is used and 1:6 ratio is used to prepare cement mortar.

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 Soil Filling
Definition
A filling refers to a quantity of earthen material such as murrum, soil, rock, aggregate,
shingle, and sand that is placed and compacted in trenches, foundation, and under floors
for the purpose of filling in a hole or depression.
Types of Filling Materials
 Soil or Earth
 Murrum
 Sand
 Shingle
Soil or Earth as a Filling Material

The soil used for the filling in a different type of works shall be free from salts, organic,
or other harmful matter. Black cotton soil is not recommended for use unless so
specified due to its property of high expansion and this is the material used for filling in
this constructional soil filling.

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Filling in Foundation
 Once the work in the foundation has been completed the space around the
foundation masonryin trenches shall be cleared of all debris, brickbats, etc.
 The cleaned foundation trenches shall be filled with earth in layers not exceeding
250 mm, each layer being watered, rammed, and compacted before the
succeeding one is laid.
 Earth should be rammed with iron rammer where feasible and with the butt ends
of crowbar where rammer cannot be used.

Filling in Foundation
Backfilling
The entire space between the substructure i.e., foundation and side of excavation shall be
filled back to the original surface level in layer not exceeding 250 mm in thickness. It
shall be watered and well compacted by means the rammers to achieve maximum
consolidation. For Plinth filling it shall start from the lowest level in the horizontal layer
not exceeding 250 mm in depth. Each layer should be compacted by ramming with
rammer of 7-10 Kg weight. Filling shall beadequately watered and ramped for achieving
maximum compaction.

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 Backfilling work shall not start until Site Engineer gives his approval to do so.
Material used for backfilling shall be any one or combination of soil types
mentioned
 Back filling shall be done in layers of thickness not exceeding 30 to 45cm
depending on compaction equipment and method (loose soil before compaction).
The soil layer shall then be watered adequately and compacted to minimum 90%
to 95% of Standard Proctor Density for soil other than sand and 85% in case of
sand. Compaction shall be carried out at optimum moisture content (OMC). Soil
after compaction shall be free from pockets underneath.
 After the compaction of final layer of soil, at least 3 cores shall be taken from the
areas directed by Site Engineer and the soil shall be tested in laboratory for the
degree of compaction achieved. Results shall be matched above (NOT
CARRIED OUT)
 If the soil is excessively wet, it shall be allowed to dry sufficiently
before compaction. (Approximately OMC should be maintained)
 Hand compaction shall be resorted to as directed by the Site Engineer.
Overall compacted thickness of soil shall be as per drawing.
 Over the compacted ground, rubble soling shall be done. Stones shall be hand
packed as close as possible and bedded firmly on broadest base. Void shall be
filled with chips and small stones.

Back Filling

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Plinth Beam
Steel Bars used for Plinth Beam
The two bars with a minimum diameter of 12mm at the bottom of the beam should be
provided and at the top of these beams two bars with a minimum diameter of 10mm shall
be provided. By 25mm concrete cover reinforcement bars should be protected and
stirrups of 6mm and 15cm of spacing are connected.
Detailing of Plinth Beam
Plinth Beam: 230*300mm
Grade of concrete: M25 Grade
Steel Bars: 12mm diameter
Bottom rods: 3 no. of roads
Top rods: 3 no. of rods
Filling depth from foundation level to plinth level: 275 mm (250-300mm standard)

Steel Bars in Plinth Beam

Filling in Plinth
 The filling in plinth shall be started from the lowest level in regular horizontal
layers, each not exceeding 250 mm in depth.
 Each layer of the filling shall be compacted by ramming with rammers of 7 to 10
kg weight.
 The filling shall be adequately watered for achieving maximum compaction.
 The top surface of the filling shall be neatly dressed level or to a slope or grade
as desired.

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 Filling in Plinth Beam
Filling in Flooring and Consolidation

Generally, for filling in large floors, like factory floors, hangars, etc. compaction is
carried out by mechanical means such as sheep-foot roller or by hand roller or by power
roller to 90 to 95 per cent of standard Proctor’s density under optimum moisture
conditions. Here water consolidation method is used with hand ramming procedure.

Filling in Flooring
Consolidation
Soil mass is formed of tiny loose particles in which lots of voids are created in between.
In such voids either air or water gets occupied unless external pressure or load for
compaction is applied to it.

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Consolidation Types
 Primary consolidation
 Secondary consolidation

Primary consolidation is carried out here, after the initial consolidation, a further
decrease in volume occurs. This time it is due to the expulsion of water from voids. The
phenomenon or mechanism is not much simple and faster than the earlier stage. After
full saturation, the static steady load applied is now taken up by the water in form of pore
water pressure. The question may arise ‘Why not by soil particles and the answer for that
is water is almost incompressible in comparison to soil. So even soil mass gets
compressed water cannot and takes up all pressure. (This phenomenon is beautifully
explained by the Terzaghi Spring analogy model). Now on excess pressure in the water,
the hydraulic gradient is developed and thus water starts to flow forming capillaries and
release out. The pressure is now transferred to soil and thus closes capillary voids
resulting increase in effective stress and a decrease in volume. The rate and magnitude of
decrease in volume depends upon the permeability of the soil. Thus, their rate is different
for various types of soil i.e., in fine-grained soil (like clay) consolidation occurs for long
time and coarse- grained soil (like sandy loam) it takes comparatively shorter time due to
high permeability .The primary consolidation is simply known as “Consolidation” over a
large scale.

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 Underground Water Tank
Underground Water Tank

Underground water tanks are structures which act as a reservoir for small domestic or
commercial buildings. Basic components of underground water tanks are base slab, side
walls, and Roof slab. Tanks are very ductile, enabling to withstand seismic forces and
varying water backfill, Tanks utilize materials efficiently – Steel in Tension, concrete in
compression.
Underground Water tanks have low maintenance throughout the life as these are built
with concrete, durable material that never corrodes and does not require coating when in
contact with water or the environment. The main advantage of underground water tank is
that the temperature is lower than the overhead tanks, which will reduce evaporation
inside water tank.
Underground water tank faces different types of loads compared to other structures, they
mainly face horizontal or lateral loads due to earth pressure and water pressure or any
liquid pressure which is been stored in the tank. The side walls of the underground water
tank will face greater load at the bottom and the load linearly decreases towards the top.
The underground water tank not only faces load inside the tank it also has to bear the
surcharge above the ground level. So, the roof slab of the underground tank should have
enough strength to with stand the surcharge.
Importance of Underground Water Tank
Seepage
It’s very important to store water and not to lose it. The tank should have a durable,
watertight, opaque exterior and a clean, smooth interior. Below ground tanks must also
be plastered well and correctly installed, otherwise they can collapse.
Evaporation
All storage tanks should have a roof made from locally available materials. A tight-
fitting top cover prevents evaporation.
Emergency
All storage tanks should have a roof made from locally available materials. A tight-
fitting top cover prevents evaporation.

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Safety
We should prevent mosquito breeding and keeps insects, rodents, birds and children out
of the tank. A suitable overflow outlet(s) and access for cleaning are also important.
Storage of water
It is very imperative for all tanks to store water because the main process of tank is to
store water due to lack of running fresh water in all areas.

Type of Water Tank based on Material

Concrete Tank:
Concrete water storage tanks can be built above grade or mostly hidden from view.
They are built on site because of the material’s weight. Concrete is a porous material and
needs to be sealed to prevent minerals leaching in to water. With proper sealing and
construction techniques, this is can be addressed. Mining production and delivery of
concrete is energy intensive. The advantage is achieved by its long life and its ability to be
simply recycled. Choosing a tank material choice is wonderful, but as you can see, there
are advantages and disadvantages with each type of tank, particularly when it comes to
environmental impacts – so it’s really a matter of gagging your needs and budget and
then choosing the lesser of the evils. In regards to the financial side the things, bear in
mind not just the initial cost, but how many times the tank will need replacing over 10
years. This also plays a role in the concrete tanks have been used in rural areas for many
years but are becoming more common in the city, particularly precast underground
concrete tanks that can be placed under driveways or front and back yards. The
advantage of underground concrete tanks is that they can collect large volumes of water
in properties tight for space that could not otherwise accommodate above-ground tanks.
Housing with small gardens still consume large volumes of water internally through
laundries, toilets and showers and could benefit from using underground concrete tanks
for ‘whole of house’ water supply.
Advantages of Concrete Water Tank
Cost:
The concrete tank its self is generally only slightly more expensive than some steel
options, however it becomes more expensive per liter when placing concrete tanks

25
underground as excavation, transport and crane hire (for larger tanks) can be quite
expensive.
Deterioration / Life Span / Durability:
Concrete tanks are extremely durable and most purpose – built concrete rainwater tanks
have plasticizers added for strength and are poured into a seamless mould to prevent
leaks. Most manufactures offer warranties of between 20 and 30 years, however a good
quality concrete tank can last several decades. While not as easy to repair as steel or
fiberglass tanks, leaking concrete tanks can be fixed with various sealants depending on
the size of the crack and the position.
Size and Shape:
There are more and more companies producing pre-cast concrete tanks in many shapes
and sizes including rectangular ones that fit neatly under driveways. Underground
concrete tanks can also be casted on site (in situ). Most concrete tanks, whether pre-cast
or built on site, are designed to be load bearing and are therefore ideal for placing under
driveways.
Water Quality:
Some older concrete tanks may leach lime, increasing the PH of water and affecting its
taste. However, in most cases the water quality most concrete tanks are very good.
Concrete tanks tend to keep the water cooler than most other tanks, reducing the
likelihood of bacterial growth.
Site Preparation:

Concrete tanks are extremely heavy and therefore some settling tends to occur once put
in place. Use of packing sand or cracker dust is recommended and it may be worth
rolling or compacting the sand before installing the tank to reduce initial movement. It is
advisable to allow the tank to settle for a number of weeks before connecting fixed
plumbing of resources used.
Design Consideration:
Excavation of soil: 3.2m
PCC: M10 grade, 0.15 m thickness
Clear cover: 30 mm
Inner – Inner: width = 2.5m, length = 4.5m

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Reinforcement of Water Tank

Slab Concreting

27
 Conclusion
 The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or
the reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work.
 This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that
field works can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people
who have an experience in building construction.
 As an undergraduate, this training program was an excellent opportunity for me
to get to the ground level and experience the things that I would have never
gained through going straight into a job. Internship was very great opportunity I
got to apply the theories that I learnt with the real industry for real situations.
 Having exposed to situations I was able to obtain lot of experiences which will
be definitely helpful to attain success in my future career as an engineer.
 Finally, I can say with a great pleasure that these days of internship was a helpful
period of time for me to excel my skills.
 The experience I gained through this training program will be a strong foundation to my
career.

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 References
 IS 456-2000
 Hand book on construction practices.
 The high yield strength deformed bars of Fe500 conforming IS 1786-2008 were used.
 Fabrication details of reinforcing bars such as laps, hooks, bends conforming to IS 456
and IS 2502 were used.

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