1. Define I/O bound process: 17.

Define the term Dispatcher: The dispatcher is a component of the operating

An I/O-bound process is a process that spends more time performing system that assigns the CPU to a process selected by the short-term scheduler.
input/output operations than computations. It often requires frequent waiting for
I/O devices to become available. 18. Define CPU-bound process:
A CPU-bound process is a process that spends more time performing
2. What is the purpose of fork() system call? computations than waiting for I/O operations.
The fork() system call is used in UNIX/Linux systems to create a new process,
called the child process, which runs concurrently with the parent process. The 19. Define Virtual Memory:
child process is an exact copy of the parent. Virtual memory is a memory management technique that gives processes the
illusion of having a large, contiguous address space by using disk space as an
3. What is Bootstrap Loader? extension of physical memory.
The bootstrap loader is a small program that initializes hardware and loads the
operating system into memory when the computer is powered on or restarted. 20. Define the term semaphore:
A semaphore is a synchronization tool used to control access to shared resources
4. Define context switch: by multiple processes or threads.
A context switch is the process of saving the state of a currently running process
and loading the state of another process so the CPU can execute it. 21. What is shell?
A shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface to interact
5. What is Mutual Exclusion? with the operating system.
Mutual exclusion ensures that multiple processes do not access critical sections of
code or shared resources simultaneously to prevent data inconsistency. 22. What is Page?
A page is a fixed-size block of logical memory used in the paging memory
6. What is race condition? management system.
A race condition occurs when multiple processes or threads access shared
resources simultaneously, and the final result depends on the timing of their 23. What is booting?
execution. Booting is the process of starting a computer by loading the operating system into
memory.
7. Define Limit Register:
A limit register specifies the maximum size of a process's address space, ensuring 24. List the solutions to the critical section problem:
it does not exceed the allocated memory range.  Peterson's solution
 Mutex locks
8. What is Frame?  Semaphores
A frame is a fixed-size block of physical memory into which pages of a process are  Monitors
loaded in a paged memory management system.
25. What is the ready queue?
The ready queue is a queue of processes that are ready to execute but are waiting
for CPU time.
26. Define the term process & thread:
 Process: An independent program in execution with its own memory space. 9. List the advantages of an open-source operating system:
 Thread: A lightweight sub-process within a process that shares the same  Cost-effective
memory space.  Customizable
 Enhanced security
27. What is physical address space?  Active community support
Physical address space refers to the set of all physical memory locations  Transparency in code
accessible to a process.
10. List types of Semaphore:
28. What is a thread library?  Binary Semaphore
A thread library provides APIs for creating and managing threads in user  Counting Semaphore
applications.
11. Define segmentation:
29. What is synchronization? Segmentation is a memory management technique where memory is divided into
Synchronization is the coordination of multiple processes or threads to ensure variable-sized segments, each corresponding to a logical section of a process.
proper execution without conflicts.
12. Which scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming?
30. Define bootstrapping: The Long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming by deciding
Bootstrapping is the process of starting up a computer system by loading the which processes to admit to the system.
operating system using the bootstrap loader.
13. What do you mean by system call?
31. Explain POSIX pthread: A system call is a programmed request from a user application to the operating
POSIX pthread is a standard API for creating and managing threads in a portable system kernel for a specific service, such as file handling or process management.
and efficient manner across POSIX-compliant systems.
14. Define system booting:
32. What is the role of the dispatcher? System booting is the process of starting a computer and loading the operating
The dispatcher assigns CPU control to the process selected by the short-term system into memory to make it operational.
scheduler, facilitating context switching.
15. What do you mean by thread?
33. What do you mean by page hit? A thread is the smallest unit of a process that can be scheduled and executed
A page hit occurs when a requested page is found in memory, avoiding the need independently.
to fetch it from disk.
16. List the purpose of synchronization:
34. What is a kernel?  Ensure data consistency
The kernel is the core part of the operating system that manages hardware,  Prevent race conditions
system resources, and communication between hardware and software.  Facilitate communication between processes