Israel–Hamas war

The Israel–Hamas war, also known as the

Israel–Hamas war
Gaza War, is an ongoing armed conflict
between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict, the Israeli–Palestinian
militant groups.[ad] It is the fifth war of the conflict and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Gaza–Israel conflict since 2008, and the most
significant military engagement in the region
since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[145] It is the
deadliest war for Palestinians in the history of
the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[146]

The war began when Hamas-led militant

groups launched a surprise attack on Israel on 7
October 2023, which involved a rocket barrage
and a few thousand militants breaching the
Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking Israeli civilian
communities and military bases. During this
attack, 1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals Gaza Strip under Palestinian control
were killed, including 815 civilians.[99][ae] In Gaza Strip under Israeli control
addition, 251 Israelis and foreigners were taken Furthest Israeli advance in Gaza Strip
captive into Gaza, with the stated goal to force Evacuated areas inside Israel
Israel to release Palestinian prisoners and Maximum extent of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on
detainees.[147][148] Hamas said its attack was in Israel
response to Israel's continued occupation, Areas of Gaza subject to Israeli evacuation orders
blockade of Gaza, expansion of settlements, detailed map · list of engagements
Israel's disregard for international law, as well
as alleged threats to the Al-Aqsa Mosque and Date 7 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)
the general plight of Palestinians.[149][150][151]
After clearing militants from its territory, Israel Location Gaza Strip and Israel
launched one of the most destructive bombing Status Ongoing
campaigns in modern history[152][153] and Belligerents
invaded Gaza on 27 October with the stated [1]
Hamas Israel[c]
objectives of destroying Hamas and freeing
Palestinian allies: Allies:
hostages.[154][155]
Palestinian Islamic United
[2]
Since the start of the Israeli offensive, over Jihad States[16][17][18][19][20]
45,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been Popular Front for the United Kingdom[21]
killed,[af] most of them women and Liberation of Palestine[3]
France[22]
children.[33][156][157] Israel's tightened Democratic Front for
blockade cut off basic necessities and attacks the Liberation of
on infrastructure have destroyed Gaza's Palestine[4]
healthcare system and caused a severe hunger Al-Aqsa Martyrs'
crisis, with a high risk of famine persisting as Brigades
of November 2024.[158][159] Thousands of Palestinian
more dead bodies are thought to be under the Mujahideen
rubble of destroyed buildings.[160][161] The Movement[4][5][6]
number of injured is greater than 100,000;[162] Popular Resistance
Gaza has the most amputated children per Committees[7][a]
capita in the world.[163] By early 2024, Israeli Popular Front for the
forces had destroyed or damaged over half of Liberation of Palestine –
Gaza's houses,[164] at least a third of its tree General Command[a]
cover and farmland,[165][166] most of its Lions' Den[b]
schools and universities,[167][168] hundreds of Allies in other theaters:
cultural landmarks,[169] and at least a dozen Lebanon:
cemeteries.[170] Nearly all of the strip's 2.3 Hezbollah[8]
million Palestinian population have been Islamic Group[9]
forcibly displaced.[171][172] Over 100,000 Amal Movement
Israelis were internally displaced as of Syrian Social
February 2024.[173] Throughout the war, Israel Nationalist Party in
assassinated several Hamas leaders in and Lebanon[10]
outside of Gaza. Torture and sexual violence Islamic Azz Brigade[11]
were committed by Palestinian militant groups Yemen:
and Israeli forces.[174] Houthi movement[12]
Iraq:
The war continues to have significant regional Islamic Resistance in
and international repercussions. Large, [13]
Iraq
primarily pro-Palestinian protests have taken Iran:
place across the world, calling for a ceasefire. Iran[14]
The International Court of Justice is reviewing Jordan:
a case accusing Israel of committing genocide Muslim
in Gaza, while the International Criminal Court Brotherhood[15]
has issued arrest warrants for Israeli and Commanders and leaders
Hamas leaders.[175] The United States has
Political Political
given Israel extensive military aid and vetoed
multiple UN Security Council ceasefire Khaled Mashal[d] Benjamin Netanyahu

resolutions.[176] Groups of the Axis of Khalil al-Hayya Israel Katz

Resistance have attacked American military Yahya Sinwar † Yoav Gallant[f]
bases in the Middle East. Additionally, the Ismail Haniyeh X Military
Yemeni Houthi movement have engaged in Saleh al-Arouri X Herzi Halevi
attacks in the Red Sea on commercial vessels
Military Yaron Finkelman
allegedly linked to Israel, incurring a US-led
military response.[177] The ongoing exchange Mohammed Sinwar Tomer Bar
of strikes between Lebanon's Hezbollah and Mohammed Deif X[e] Tamir Yadai
Israel escalated into an Israeli invasion of Marwan Issa X David Saar Salama
Lebanon on 1 October 2024.[178] Units involved
See Order of Battle

Names Strength
The war is referred to by different names. Israel 20,000–40,000+[g] 529,500[h]
calls it the 'War of Iron Swords' (Hebrew: 100[16][17]
‫)מלחמת חרבות ברזל‬.[179][ag] Palestinian Casualties and losses
militant groups refer to it as the 'Battle of al-
Aqsa Flood' (Arabic: ‫)معركة طوفان األقصى‬,
Gaza Strip: Israel:[y]
in reference to Operation al-Aqsa
[182][183] 45,361+ killed[k] 950 civilians killed[z]
Flood. Western media outlets have
Indirect deaths[l][50] 900 security forces
variably described it as the 'Israel-Gaza
likely to be multiple killed[aa]
War'[184] or the 'Israel-Hamas War',[185] while
times higher[51][52][m]
others use 'War on Gaza'.[186] Some have 13,572 wounded (as of
rejected 'war' as an appropriate framework and 6,000 to 10,000+ 22 Jan.
missing[n] 2024)[ab][120][121]
call it the 'Gaza genocide',[187][188] 'second
Nakba'[189] or 'Nakba 2023.'[190][191] 107,803+ wounded[o] 251 captured or
16,300+ detained[67] abducted[103][ac]
1,900,000 displaced[68] 200,000–500,000
Background West Bank:[p]
displaced[137][138]

The 1948 Palestine war saw the establishment Total killed: 1,850+
833 killed[q][71]
of Israel over most of what had been
6,250+ wounded[30][71]
Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two
separated territories that became known as the 12,100+ detained[72]
West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which were held Militants inside
by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following Israel:[r]
the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the
Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the 1,609 killed[s]
Gaza Strip.[145] The upcoming period 200+ captured[t][74]
witnessed two popular uprisings by
Palestinians against the Israeli occupation; the Lebanon and Syria:
First and Second Intifadas in 1987 and 2000 Lebanon:
respectively,[193] with the latter's end seeing
Israel's unilateral withdrawal from Gaza in 4,047+ killed[v] (1,356+
killed since 23
2005.[194][195]
September 2024)[94][95]
Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed 16,638+ injured[75]
by Hamas, an Islamist militant group, while the Syria:
West Bank remained under the control of the
Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. After Hamas' 557 killed[w]
takeover, Israel imposed a blockade of the
Total killed: 52,368+[x]
Gaza Strip,[196][197] that significantly damaged
its economy.[198] The blockade was justified by Casualties in Egypt
Israel citing security concerns,[199] but 2 Egyptian border guards[139] and 1 civilian killed[140]
[141]
international rights groups have characterized 9 border guards and 6 civilians[142] wounded
the blockade as a form of collective 4 Egyptian workers injured by an Israeli airstrike while
punishment.[200][201][202] Due to the Israeli repairing Rafah Crossing[143][144]
blockade of the Gaza Strip, UNRWA reported
that 81% of people were living below the poverty level in 2023, with 63% being food insecure and
dependent on international assistance.[192][203]
Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other
Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have
engaged in conflict,[199][197][204] including in four wars
in 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, and 2021.[205][206] These
conflicts killed approximately 6,400 Palestinians and
300 Israelis.[207][107][192] In 2018–2019, there were
large weekly organized protests near the Gaza-Israel
border, which were violently suppressed by Israel,
whose forces killed hundreds and injured thousands of
Palestinians by sniper fire.[208][209] Soon after the 2021
Israel–Palestine crisis began, Hamas' military wing, the
Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding the
Al-Qassam Brigades, started planning the 7 October 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, of which most
2023 operation against Israel.[210][211] According to were civilians[107][192]
diplomats, Hamas had repeatedly said in the months
leading up to October 2023 that it did not want another
military escalation in Gaza as it would worsen the humanitarian crisis that occurred after the 2021
conflict.[202]

Hamas officials stated that the attack was a response to the Israeli occupation, blockade of the Gaza Strip,
Israeli settler violence against Palestinians, restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, and
imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians, whom Hamas sought to release by taking Israeli
hostages.[149][150][212] Numerous commentators have identified the broader context of Israeli occupation
as a cause of the war.[213][214][215] The Associated Press wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a
never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza".[216] Several human rights
organizations, including Amnesty International,[217] B'Tselem[218] and Human Rights Watch[219] have
likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid, although supporters of Israel dispute this
characterization.[220][221] However, an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice published in
July 2024 affirmed the occupation as being illegal and said it violated Article 3 of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which prohibits racial segregation
and apartheid.[222]

Events

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel

The attacks took place during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret on Shabbat,[223]
and one day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the Yom Kippur War, which also began with a
surprise attack on Israel.[216] At around 6:30 a.m. IDT (UTC+03:00) on 7 October 2023,[224] Hamas
announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", stating it had fired over 5,000 rockets
from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes. Israeli sources reported that at least 3,000
projectiles had been launched from Gaza. At least five people were killed by the rocket
attacks.[225][226][227] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding the strip and in cities in the Sharon
plain including Gedera, Herzliya,[228] Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon.[229]
 Clockwise from top:
Approximate situation on 7–8 October · A blood-stained floor in the aftermath of the Nahal
Oz attack · Aftermath of Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center
· Satellite view of widespread fires in Israeli areas surrounding the Gaza Strip · Footage of
Israeli soldiers securing the area after the Re'im music festival massacre

Hamas employed tactics such as using aerial drones to disable Israeli observation posts, paragliders for
infiltration into Israel, and motorcycles, which was unusual for Hamas.[230] In the evening, Hamas
launched another barrage of 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in Yavne, Givatayim,
Bat Yam, Beit Dagan, Tel Aviv, and Rishon LeZion.[226] Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas
militants[74] infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and
paragliders.[216][224][231] They took over checkpoints at Kerem Shalom and Erez, and created openings in
the border fence in five other places.[232] Hamas militants also carried out an amphibious landing in
Zikim.[229][233]

Militants killed civilians at Nir Oz,[234] Be'eri, and Netiv HaAsara, and other agricultural communities,
where they took hostages[235] and set fire to homes.[228] 52 civilians were killed in the Kfar Aza
massacre, 108 in the Be'eri massacre (a loss of 10% of the kibbutz's population) and 15 in the Netiv
HaAsara massacre.[236][237][238] In Sderot, gunmen targeted civilians and set houses ablaze. In Ofakim,
hostages were taken during Hamas's deepest incursion.[239][238] In Be'eri, Hamas militants took up to 50
people hostage.[240] At least 325 people were killed and more injured at an outdoor music festival near
Re'im and Hamas took at least 37 attendees hostage.[241][242][243] In total, 251 people were taken hostage
during the attacks, mostly civilians.[240][244] Captives in Gaza included children, festivalgoers, peace
activists, caregivers, elderly people, and soldiers.[245] Hamas militants also reportedly engaged in
mutilation, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence.[246][247][248]
The 7 October attack was described as "an intelligence failure for the ages"[249] and a "failure of
imagination" on the part of the Israeli government.[250] A BBC report on the intelligence failure
commented that "it must have taken extraordinary levels of operational security by Hamas".[251] Israeli
officials later anonymously reported to Axios that the IDF and Shin Bet had detected abnormal
movements by Hamas the day before the attack, but decided to wait for additional intelligence before
raising the military's alert level. They also did not inform political leaders of the intelligence reports.[252]

A briefing in The Economist noted that "the assault dwarf[ed] all other mass murders of Israeli civilians",
reasoning that "the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was
during the Holocaust."[238] Hamas stated that its attack was a response to the blockade of the Gaza Strip,
the expansion of illegal Israeli settlements, rising Israeli settler violence and recent escalations at Al-
Aqsa.[149][150][212] Intelligence and security officials from multiple Western countries, along with Hamas
political officials, claimed that the 7 October attack was a calculated effort to create a "permanent" state
of war and revive interest in the Palestinian cause.[253][254]

Initial Israeli counter-operation (October 2023)

After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the IDF to start its
counter-attack.[255] The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of
Israel, and arrived at the Gaza Strip an hour after fighting began.[242] They encountered difficulty in
determining which outposts and communities were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian
militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.[242] The helicopter crews initially sustained a high
rate of fire, attacking approximately 300 targets in four hours. Later on the crews began to slow down the
attacks and carefully select targets.[242] According to Haaretz 's journalist, a police source said that a
police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit
some festival participants" in the Re'im music festival massacre.[241] The Israeli police denied the
Haaretz report.[256]

A subsequent Israeli investigation claimed that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air
force would think they were Israelis.[242] This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize
the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9:00 am, some helicopters started laying down fire
without prior authorization.[242]

A July 2024 Haaretz investigation revealed that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used,
adding: "Haaretz does not know whether or how many civilians and soldiers were hit due to these
procedures, but the cumulative data indicates that many of the kidnapped people were at risk, exposed to
Israeli gunfire, even if they were not the target." At 7:18 a.m., an observation post reported someone had
been kidnapped at the Erez crossing, close to the IDF's liaison office.[257]

At 6:40 p.m. military intelligence believed militants were intending to flee back to Gaza in an organized
manner from near Kibbutz Be'eri, Kfar Azza and Kissufim. In response the army launched artillery at the
border fence area, very close to some of these communities. Shells were also fired at the Erez border
crossing shortly thereafter. The IDF said it was not aware of any civilians being hurt in these
bombardments.[257] 14 hostages were in the house of Pessi Cohen at Kibbutz Be'eri as the IDF attacked
it, with 13 of them killed.[257]
 Clockwise from top:
Approximate situation on 9 October · Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity
ward of Barzilai Medical Center, a hospital in Ashkelon, Israel, on 8 October 2023 ·
Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles · Wounded child and man
receive treatment on the floor at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City · Remains of the Sderot
police station, following recapture by IDF · Destruction of a residential building in Gaza by
an Israeli airstrike

Former Israeli Air Force officer Colonel Nof Erez said: "This was a mass Hannibal. It was tons and tons
of openings in the fence, and thousands of people in every type of vehicle, some with hostages and some
without." ABC News (Australia) said that not only soldiers but also Israeli civilians were targeted, citing
testimonies from two incidents at Kibbutz Be'eri and Nir Oz.[258]

Six months later the IDF released a review exonerating itself, but it left many at Kibbutz Be'eri
unsatisfied and contradicted the testimony from one of the survivors, Yasmin Porat, who told Israel's Kan
radio on 15 October that Hamas gunmen had not threatened the hostages and instead intended to
negotiate with police for their safe return to Gaza. She said an Israeli police special unit had started the
gun battle by firing upon the house, catching "five or six" kibbutz residents outside in "very, very heavy
crossfire". In the interview, she was asked: "So our forces may have shot them?" "Undoubtedly," she
replied."[258]

The attack appeared to have been a complete surprise to the Israelis.[259] Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities, and the IDF launched Operation
Swords of Iron in the Gaza Strip.[260][226] In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said, "We are at war".[231]
He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called
Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its residents to leave.[261][149] Netanyahu and Defense Minister Yoav
Gallant conducted security assessments at IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv.[234][229] Overnight, Israel's
Security Cabinet voted to act to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities
of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".[262] The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies 80% of the
Gaza Strip's electricity, cut off power to the area.[229] This reduced Gaza's power supply from 120 MW to
20 MW, provided by power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.[263]

On 9 or 10 October, Hamas offered to release all civilian hostages held in Gaza if Israel would call off its
planned invasion of the Gaza Strip, but the Israeli government rejected the offer.[264]

The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[226] mobilized tens of thousands of army
reservists,[224][229] and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of Gaza.[265]
The Yamam counterterrorism unit was deployed,[266] along with four new divisions, augmenting 31
existing battalions.[216] Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders
with Lebanon and Syria.[267]

Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were
"required to stay next to shelters".[229] The southern region of Israel was closed to civilian
movement,[266] and roads were closed around Gaza[216] and Tel Aviv.[229] While Ben Gurion Airport and
Ramon Airport remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from Israel.[268] Israel
Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus
routes,[269][270] while cruise lines removed the ports of Ashdod and Haifa from their itineraries.[271]

Israeli blockade and bombardment

Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted
airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas compounds, command
centers, tunnels, and other targets.[226][265][272] Israel employed its
artificial intelligence Habsora ("The Gospel") software to
automatically generate targets to be attacked.[273][274] Two days
after the surprise attack, Israel said that 426 targets had been hit,
including Beit Hanoun, homes of Hamas officials, a mosque, and
the Watan Tower, an internet infrastructure hub.[272][275][276] Israel
also rescued two hostages before declaring a state of war for the Aftermath of an Israeli airstrike on
the El-Remal area of Gaza City, 9
first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[277][278]
October 2023

On 9 October, Defense Minister Gallant announced a "total"

blockade of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel, saying "We are
fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly".[279] This drew criticism from Human Rights
Watch (HRW) who described the order as "abhorrent" and as a "call to commit a war crime" and accused
Israel of using white phosphorus munitions over Gaza in violation of international law.[280][281] On 10
October, an Israeli airstrike on a house in Deir al-Balah killed 18 people.[282] Gallant backed down from
implementing a total blockade under pressure from US President Joe Biden and a deal was made on 19
October for Israel and Egypt to allow aid into Gaza.[283] The first aid convoy after the start of the war
entered Gaza on 21 October 2023,[284] while fuel did not enter Gaza until November.[285]

Evacuation of Northern Gaza

On 13 October, the IDF called for the evacuation of all civilians in
Gaza City to areas south of the Wadi Gaza[286] within 24 hours.
The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs responded by telling
residents in northern Gaza to "remain steadfast in your homes and
stand firm in the face of this disgusting psychological war waged
by the occupation".[287] The statement by Israel faced widespread
backlash with numerous agencies such as Doctors Without
The line in black represents the
Borders, the World Health Organization, the Office of the United
IDF's boundary at Wadi Gaza for
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and others
evacuation of the northern Gaza
condemning it as "outrageous" and "impossible" while calling for Strip.
an immediate reversal of the order.[288]

As a part of the order, the IDF announced a six-hour window from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. local time on 13
October, for refugees to flee south along specified routes within the Gaza Strip.[289] An explosion at
5:30 p.m. along one of the safe routes killed 70 Palestinians. Israel and Hamas blamed each other for the
attack.[290]

The IDF said Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating south and caused traffic
jams.[291] Israeli officials stated this was done to use civilians as "human shields", which Hamas
denied.[292] A number of countries and international organizations condemned what they called Hamas's
use of hospitals and civilians as human shields.[293]

17 October
On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.[294] Gazan Ministry of Health officials reported
heavy overnight bombing killing over 70 people, including families who had evacuated from Gaza City
in the north.[295] One of the airstrikes killed a senior Hamas military commander Ayman Nofal.[296] In the
afternoon, an Israeli strike hit a UNRWA school in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six and injuring
12.[297] Late in the evening, an explosion occurred in the parking lot of the Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital
in the center of Gaza City, killing hundreds. The cause of the explosion was disputed by Hamas and the
IDF, and the ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.[298] Palestinian statements that it
was an Israeli airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed
rocket launch by Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[299] The PIJ denied any involvement.[300][301]

The cause of the explosion at Al-Ahli Arab Hospital is contested. In the days after the blast, US,
Canadian, French and UK defense and intelligence services concluded it was caused by an errant
Palestinian rocket.[302] Channel 4 news cast doubt on Israeli claims of a misfired Hamas rocket being
responsible for the blast.[303][304] The Associated Press,[305] CNN,[306] The Economist, The Guardian,
and The Wall Street Journal[307] concluded a Palestinian missile was the most likely explanation for the
blast. In late November, an analysis by Human Rights Watch indicated the evidence pointed to a misfired
 Clockwise from top:
A man carries the body of a Palestinian child killed during the shelling of 17 October 2023 ·
The impact crater · Aftermath of Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion

Palestinian rocket as the cause, but stated that further investigation was required.[308] Forensic
Architecture's investigation, as reported by The New York Times, Bloomberg News, BBC News, and El
País, disputed Israel's account, concluding instead that the blast was the result of a munition fired from
the direction of Israel.[309] A second report by Forensic Architecture took into account the situated
testimony of doctors, survivors, and journalists on the ground, as well as photogrammetry and 3D
reconstruction, and gave additional credibility to the incident being an Israeli attack instead of a misfired
Palestinian rocket.[310] In April 2024 The New Yorker, citing investigations from Earshot and Forensic
Architecture, highlighted doubts about a Palestinian rocket involvement and noted the IDF's role in
fostering uncertainty through misinformation.[311][312]

Invasion of the Gaza Strip until the truce (October–November 2023)

On 27 October, the IDF launched a large-scale, multi-pronged ground incursion into parts of northern
Gaza. The IDF was building up a force of over 100,000 soldiers in the cities of Ashkelon, Sderot and
Kiryat Gat. Clashes between Hamas and the IDF were reported near Beit Hanoun and Bureij.[313][314]
Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around al-Quds hospital,[315] where around 14,000 civilians were
believed to be sheltering in or near the hospital.[315] Associated Press reported that Israeli airstrikes also
destroyed roads leading to Al-Shifa hospital, making it increasingly difficult to reach.[316] The following
day, the IDF struck Jabalia refugee camp, killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians. Israel said a senior
Hamas commander and dozens of militants in an underground tunnel complex were among those killed.
Hamas denied the presence of a senior commander on the scene.[317][318][319] The nearby Indonesia
Hospital's surgical director said they had received 120 dead bodies and treated 280 wounded, the majority
of them women and children.[320] The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls.[321][322][323]
According to The New York Times at least two 2,000-pound bombs, the second largest type in Israel's
arsenal, were used.[324]

On 31 October, Israel bombed a six-story apartment building in central Gaza, killing at least 106 civilians
including 54 children in what Human Rights Watch called an "apparent war crime."[325] On 1 November,
the first group of evacuees left Gaza for Egypt. 500 evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign
 Clockwise from top:
Israeli soldiers preparing for the ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 29 October · Israeli
military during ground operations on 31 October · Israeli military during ground operations
on 1 November · Armored IDF D9R bulldozer around 16 November 2023 · Israeli tanks
during operations on 31 October

nationals, would be evacuated over the course of External videos

several days, with 200 evacuees already waiting at the
Gazan child speaks of having to carry a
border crossing.[326] On the same day, the Jabalia
decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia
refugee camp was bombed for a second time.[327][328]
(https://www.irishtimes.com/video/world/middle
On 3 November, Israel struck an ambulance convoy -east/2023/11/04/gazan-child-speaks-of-having
directly in front of Al-Shifa Hospital, killing at least -to-carry-decapitated-body-after-israeli-strike-o

15 people and injuring 60 more.[329][330] The n-jabalia/) (via The Irish Times)
Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) said one of its
ambulances was struck "by a missile fired by the
Israeli forces" about two meters from the entrance to al-Shifa hospital.[330] The PRCS said another
ambulance was fired on about a kilometer from the hospital.[330] The next day, a UNRWA spokeswoman
confirmed reports that Israel had conducted an airstrike against a UN-run school in the Jabalia refugee
camp, killing 15 people.[331]

On 18 November Israeli strikes killed over 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp.[332] Israel also attacked a
clearly marked Médecins Sans Frontières convoy, killing two aid workers.[333] On 22 November, Israel
and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day pause[334] in hostilities to
allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.[334][335] The deal also provided for the release of
approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.[335] The Israeli Prime
Minister's Office stated Israel's intention to continue the war.[334][335]

Duration of the truce (November–December 2023)

Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered truce on 24 November, starting at 7:00 am Israel time,
active fighting in the Gaza Strip ceased and some of the Israeli and foreign hostages were released by
Hamas in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinian political prisoners held by Israel. The truce
was announced for a period of four days but was extended for a longer period.

From 24 to 30 November, Hamas released hostages and Israel released prisoners. On 27 November, Qatar
announced that an agreement between Israel and Hamas to extend the truce by two days had been
reached.[336] Both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce on 28 November.[337] On
30 November, in a "last-minute agreement", Hamas released eight hostages in exchange for the release of
30 imprisoned Palestinians and a one-day truce extension.[338]

Resumption of hostilities (December 2023 – May 2024)

Continuation of operations in Northern Gaza (December 2023 – January 2024)

The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed
each other for failing to agree on an extension. The disagreement
centered on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many
Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages".[339]
The remaining Israeli hostages include a year old baby, his 4-year-
old brother and their mother, 13 women aged 18–39, and 85 men,
some over 80.[340] Thousands of Palestinians remain in
administrative detention.[341] A Hamas official said that after the Israeli soldiers operating in a Gazan
exchange, the only remaining hostages were civilian men and neighborhood
soldiers, and refused to exchange them until "all our prisoners are
freed" and there is a ceasefire.[342] US National Security Advisor
Kirby said "Hamas agreed to allow the Red Cross access to these hostages" during the pause, which
"didn't happen and is still not happening".[343] The Palestinian Prisoners' Club said that although 240
Palestinian prisoners were released as part of the ceasefire deal, another 240 Palestinians were
incarcerated. Released Palestinian prisoners reported mistreatment including beatings, overcrowding,
food deprivation, and suspension of access to the Red Cross.[344] Released prisoners were forbidden to
speak with the media and threatened with fines.[341]

Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza, released a map, and dropped
leaflets with a QR code. The grid-based evacuation system was criticized as inaccessible and confusing
due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity in Gaza. Some evacuation instructions were vague
or contradictory,[345][346] and Israel struck "safe" areas it had told people to evacuate to.[347][348][349]

Law experts said they had not seen significant changes in how Israel waged war, calling its warnings to
civilians ineffective and saying it was unclear if anywhere in Gaza was safe.[350] Amnesty International
said "US-made weapons facilitated the mass killings of extended families". Amnesty found no evidence
of military targets at the sites of the strikes, or indication occupants were affiliated with Hamas,
prompting it to request airstrikes be investigated as possible war crimes.[351] Decomposed babies were
found in Al-Nasr Children's Hospital in north Gaza, two weeks after its forced evacuation.[352][353]

On 6 December Refaat Alareer, a prominent professor and writer in Gaza, was killed by an Israeli
airstrike.[354] His poem, "If I Must Die" was widely circulated after his death.[355]

Advance into Central Gaza (December 2023 – February 2024)

In December, the IDF reported its troops had reached the centers of Khan Yunis, Jabalia, and
Shuja'iyya.[356] Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians south to Rafah.[357] On 7 December,
Israel detained 150 men in the Gaza Strip, with dozens more detained on 10 December. According to
Israel, the detentions followed a mass surrender of Hamas militants.[358][359] The New York Times
reported that the statement about Hamas fighters surrendering was made after video and photos of "men
stripped to their underwear, sitting or kneeling… with some bound and blindfolded" were seen on social
media.[360]The Guardian reported that among those in the images were civilians, including a journalist.
The ICRC said it was concerned and strongly emphasized humane and dignified treatment of those
detained as well as international humanitarian law.[361] The BBC reported that a video of the apparent
surrender of weapons was unclear on whether a man is "surrendering" weapons, or just moving them as
instructed, suggesting it was performed for the camera rather than an authentic surrender, and it is
unknown if the individuals are involved with Hamas, or the 7 October attack.[362] Haaretz reported that
Israel believed about 10% of the people shown in the video were affiliated with Hamas, and despite
public statements by Israel, this was not a "mass surrender" by Hamas.[363] Amnesty International
described the treatment of those detained on 7 December as a violation of international law.[364]

On 8 December the Israeli Navy fired 20mm cannon rounds at UNRWA facilities in Rafah.[333]

On 13 December, the IDF said that, since it designated a humanitarian zone for civilians in the Gaza Strip
on 18 October 116 rockets had been fired from there toward Israel, including 38 falling inside Gaza.[365]
The Pentagon announced on 9 December that the Biden administration had authorized the sale of around
14,000 rounds of tank ammunition to Israel without congressional authorization, using emergency
powers.[366] On 29 December, it did so again with $148 million worth of artillery shells and related
items.[367]

On 15 December, the IDF announced it had killed three Israeli hostages by friendly fire. They
"mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya.[133][368][369] The
same day, an IDF tank fired at the Convent of the Sisters of Mother Teresa, displacing the 54 disabled
people sheltering there and leaving some without respirators that they needed to survive. Later that day,
an IDF sniper killed two women sheltering in the compound. Pope Francis condemned the attack, calling
it "terrorism."[333]

Withdrawal from Northern Gaza (January–February 2024)

On 1 January 2024, Israel withdrew from neighborhoods in North Gaza.[370] On 7 January, the IDF
conducted a targeted missile strike on a car carrying Al Jazeera journalists Hamza Dadouh and Mustafa
Thuraya; they and their driver were killed.[371]
Rocket attacks on Israeli cities by Hamas decreased during this
period with attacks on New Year's Eve and 29 January
2024.[372][373] On 8 January, an Israeli tank fired at a MSF facility
housing 100 aid workers and their families, killing a 5-year-old
girl.[333] On 15 January, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant
said the most intense fighting in the north of the Gaza Strip had
ended, and a new phase of low-intensity fighting was about to
begin.[374] On 13 January, an Israeli tank fired at a convoy of
Israeli Merkava tank in a Gaza
Paltel repair workers returning to Rafah from the Paltel central street, 4 January 2024
offices in Khan Yunis. Two were killed. The job they completed
and the route they took were pre-approved by COGAT.[375]

By 18 January, the IDF stated that Hamas had begun to rebuild its
armies in formerly occupied parts of North Gaza and that their
fighting strength had been significantly restored. The IDF had
previously said that Hamas control over North Gaza was
"dismantled" without providing any evidence.[376] An Israeli
airstrike hit a residential compound housing aid workers with the
International Rescue Committee and Medical Aid for Palestinians US Secretary of State Antony
in Al-Mawasi. Because of the destruction of the compound, six Blinken and Israeli President Isaac
frontline medical workers had to leave their posts and IRC and Herzog in Tel Aviv, Israel, 9 January
MAP surgeons were forced to suspend their work at Nasser 2024
Hospital.[333]

On 22 January 24 IDF soldiers died in the deadliest day for the IDF since the invasion began. Of these, 21
died when Palestinian militants fired an RPG at a tank, causing adjacent buildings that soldiers were
rigging to demolish to collapse prematurely.[377][378][379]

On 29 January, Israeli forces killed Hind Rajab and six of her family members when the car they were
driving was struck by an Israeli tank and machine gun fire. The IDF later killed two rescue workers who
attempted to retrieve Rajab from her family's car.[380] The Red Crescent released the audio from Rajab's
phone call with rescue workers, causing international outrage over her death.[381] On 31 January, Israeli
forces bombed the offices of the Belgian development agency Enabel, completely destroying the
building, after Belgium announced earlier that day that it would not suspend funding for UNRWA.[333]

Preparations for the attack on Rafah (February–March 2024)

During February to early May 2024, Israeli preparations to invade Rafah became a dominant issue in
Israeli officials' public rhetoric. On 12 February, Israel started a bombing campaign on Rafah.[382] On 5
February, Israeli gunboats shelled a clearly marked UNRWA convoy, forcing UNRWA to suspend its
operations for almost 3 weeks, affecting 200,000 people.[333] On 15 February, The Wall Street Journal
and The New York Times reported that Egypt was building a refugee camp for over 100,000 people south
of Rafah, surrounded by five-meter-high concrete walls.[383][384] Mohamed Abdel-Fadil Shousha,
governor of North Sinai Governorate, denied these rumors in a statement published by Al Arabiya.[385]
On 20 February 2 family members of MSF staff were killed when Israel shelled a clearly marked MSF
shelter.[333]
On 29 February, over 100 Palestinians were killed and 750 wounded during the flour massacre when
Israeli forces opened fire on Palestinians waiting for food aid southwest of Gaza City. Some of the
victims were run over by trucks as panic spread.[386] Survivors described it as an ambush, stating that
Israeli forces opened fire as people approached the aid trucks, resulting in a rush away from the gunfire
that added to the death toll.[387][388] On 1 March, the US announced they would begin an operation
airdropping food aid into Gaza.[389] Some experts called the airdrops performative and said they would
not alleviate the food situation.[390] During his State of the Union Address, Biden announced a new
initiative for providing food and medications to Gaza by sea, setting up a temporary port on Gaza's coast
to enable aid delivery.[391]

By 6 March, Israel had completed a new road in Gaza running from east to west. The IDF reported the
road was an "active logistical route, constantly maintained". It was intended to be used for mobilization
of troops and supplies, to connect and defend IDF positions on al-Rashid and Salah al-Din streets, and
prevent people in the south Gaza Strip from returning to the north.[392] On 9 March, an Anera employee
and his six-year-old son were killed along with several neighbors when their home was hit by an
airstrike.[333]

Second raid on al-Shifa Hospital and withdrawal from southern Gaza (March–April 2024)
Israeli forces raided al-Shifa hospital again between 18 March and 1 April. The IDF clashed with Hamas
in the area.[393] Israeli forces killed Faiq al-Mabhouh, who they said was head of the operations
directorate of Hamas' internal security service. Hamas said al-Mabhouh was in charge of civil law
enforcement and had been engaged in "purely civil and humanitarian activity,"[394] coordinating aid
deliveries to north Gaza.[395][396] The IDF assaulted and detained Al-Jazeera correspondent Ismail al-
Ghoul and over 80 others, including medical staff and journalists, and confiscated and destroyed media
equipment.[397][398] Al-Ghoul was released the following day and could not verify the whereabouts of his
colleagues.[399][400] The Committee to Protect Journalists said it was "deeply alarmed and outraged by
reports of the assault of Ismail Al-Ghoul and other journalists".[400]

According to the IDF, senior Hamas leaders were killed during the hospital fighting.[401] Survivors of the
events reported that workers in Gaza's civil government were receiving their salaries at the hospital
before it was raided, and that claims of militants organizing on hospital grounds were not supported by
evidence.[402] The IDF said it killed 200 people in and around the hospital. Time Magazine said it
provided "no evidence that all were militants."[403] The Gaza media office reported that Israeli forces had
killed 400 Palestinians around the hospital, and rendered the medical facility out of use, according to
Reuters.[404] Photos of the hospital after Israeli withdrawal showed its "walls blown out and frame
blackened" by fire.[405] Hundreds of bodies were found on hospital grounds, with Palestinian witnesses
describing massacres.[406] According to a Forensic Architecture report, Israeli forces desecrated
makeshift burial grounds within the hospital compound and buried Palestinians killed during the second
invasion in mass graves using military bulldozers.[407]

On 10 March, a deputy Hamas military commander, Marwan Issa, was reportedly killed in an
airstrike.[408] On 23 March, 19 Palestinians were killed by the IDF while waiting for humanitarian aid at
the Kuwait roundabout in Gaza City.[409] On 25 March, the UN Security Council passed a resolution
calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, to last for the remainder of Ramadan. The US abstained; all
other delegates voted in favor.[410] IDF activities in the Gaza Strip remained unchanged following
adoption of the resolution.[411] On 28 March, the IDF shot and killed two unarmed men in central Gaza,
before burying them in sand with bulldozers.[412] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called for a
UN investigation into the "heinous war crime."[413]

On 1 April, seven aid workers from World Central Kitchen, including British, Polish, Australian, and Irish
nationals, were killed in an Israeli airstrike south of Deir al-Balah.[414][415][416] World Central Kitchen
said their vehicles were clearly marked and their location known to Israel. World Central Kitchen,
ANERA and Project HOPE suspended their operations in Gaza. 240 tons of aid from World Central
Kitchen was not distributed due to its withdrawal.[415][417] On 4 April, Israel opened the Erez Crossing
for the first time since 7 October after US pressure.[418]

On 7 April, Israel withdrew from the south Gaza Strip, with only one brigade remaining in the Netzarim
Corridor in the north.[419] Palestinians displaced from that city began to return from the south of the Gaza
Strip.[420] Israel planned to initiate its ground offensive in Rafah around mid-April, but postponed to
consider its response to the Iranian strikes on Israel.[421] On 25 April, Israel intensified strikes on Rafah
ahead of threatened invasion.[422][423] On 5 May, Hamas launched a rocket attack from Rafah towards
Kerem Shalom, killing 3 Israeli soldiers.[424]

Beginning of the Rafah offensive (May–July 2024)

On 6 May, the IDF ordered civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to Al-Mawasi, west of Khan Yunis,
affecting about 100,000 people.[425] Later that day, Hamas announced that it had accepted the terms of a
ceasefire brokered by Egypt and Qatar.[426] The deal included a 6-week ceasefire and exchange of
prisoners.[427] However, Israel rejected this deal.[428] Israel said that it found the terms unacceptable, but
that it would continue to negotiate while the military operation on Rafah was ongoing to "exert military
pressure on Hamas".[429][430]

Israel ordered a series of airstrikes on Rafah, while the Israeli war cabinet voted to invade Rafah.[431][432]
Later that day, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah and approached the Rafah Crossing and Egyptian
border.[431][433][434] On 7 May, the IDF seized control of the Gaza side of the Rafah Crossing bordering
Egypt.[435][436] Haaretz reported that as talks continued, Israel committed to Egypt and the US that it
would limit fighting to the Rafah Crossing and transfer control of the area to an American security
company. However, the State Department and White House denied any knowledge of this
commitment.[437] The previous week, the US had paused a shipment of bombs to Israel over concerns
about the offensive.[438] On 11 May, the IDF ordered more residents to evacuate eastern and central
Rafah.[439] By 15 May, an estimated 600,000 had fled Rafah and another 100,000 from the north,
according to the United Nations.[440] On 24 May, the International Court of Justice ruled that "Israel must
immediately halt its military offensive, and any other action in the Rafah Governorate, which may inflict
on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life that could bring about its physical destruction in whole
or in part."[175][441]

On 24 May, the United Nations said only 906 aid truckloads had reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah
operation began.[442] On 26 May, Hamas fired a barrage of rockets towards Central Israel. Israel bombed
the Tel al-Sultan displacement camp in Rafah in an area designated by Israel as a safe zone, killing at
least 45 people. The IDF said the strike killed two senior Hamas officials.[443][444][445] The bombing
provoked a skirmish between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers at the Gaza border in which one Egyptian
soldier was killed.[446] Despite global outrage and calls from government officials to halt its Rafah
offensive, less than 48 hours after the
Tel al-Sultan attack, the Al-Mawasi
refugee camp, another designated
civilian evacuation zone, was
bombed, killing at least 21 people, 13
of them women and
girls. [443][447][448] The IDF denied
involvement in the attack.[449] On 31
May, the United States announced a
ceasefire framework for ending the
war.[450]

On 6 June, Israel bombed a UN-run

school sheltering displaced people in
the Nuseirat refugee camp in central
Gaza, killing dozens of Palestinians.
Two days later, Israel conducted an
attack on Nuseirat refugee camp
which resulted in the rescue of four
hostages. The United States provided
advice and intelligence to Israeli
forces during the raid, through its
"hostage cell" stationed in
Israel.[452][453] The attack resulted in
the deaths of 274 Palestinians.[454]
On 23 June, Israeli prime minister
Top: Israeli Merkava tanks at the Rafah Border Crossing
Benjamin Netanyahu said he was
open to a partial deal with Hamas to Middle: The Givati Brigade in eastern Rafah
return some of the hostages without a Bottom: The Nahal Brigade in eastern Rafah
permanent ceasefire. Hamas said that
any deal should include a permanent
Al Jazeera video of the Al-Awda
ceasefire and the withdrawal of Israeli forces.[455][456]
School massacre
On 27 June, Israeli forces re-invaded the al-Shuja'iyya
External video
neighborhood.[457] According to Middle East Monitor
and ReliefWeb, between 4 July and 10 August, Israel Video of the July 9 air strike and its
attacked 21 schools in Gaza, killing 274 aftermath taken by a football spectator who
people.[458][459] On 9 July, at least 31 people were was filming the game. Contains graphic
killed in an Israeli strike on Al-Awda images of severe injury. (https://x.com/AJArabi
school.[460][461][451] The IDF carried out a series of c/status/1810756046446547245)[451]
coordinated attacks in Gaza City and Deir al-Balah.
The armed wings of Hamas and Islamic Jihad said
they fought against Israeli soldiers with anti-tank munitions and mortar fire. The fighting resulted in the
killing of at least 50 Palestinians.[462]

Continued operations throughout Gaza (July 2024 – present)

On 13 July, at least 90 people were killed and 300 were injured in an Israeli strike on Al-Mawasi and 22
people were killed in an Israeli strike targeting people gathered to pray in the Al-Shati refugee
camp.[463][464][465] On 15 July, Israeli air raids destroyed the UNRWA's Gaza headquarters.[466] Israeli
forces destroyed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, prompting calls for an investigation from
the Turkish government.[467] On 31 July, Al Jazeera journalist Ismail al-Ghoul and his cameraman were
killed in a targeted strike in the west of Gaza City. They were reporting on the assassination of Ismail
Haniyeh, which occurred earlier that day, from the area near Haniyeh's home in Gaza.[468] Rawhi
Mushtaha and two other Hamas officials were killed in an Israeli airstrike.[469][470] On 1 August, Israeli
strikes killed at least 15 in a shelter in Gaza City.[471][472] On 3 August, at least 17 Palestinians were
killed in two Israeli airstrikes on a school turned shelter in Gaza City.[473][474] On 4 August, Israel
bombed tents outside Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital, killing 5 Palestinians,[475][476][477] and airstrikes
targeting shelters in Gaza City killed at least 30.[478] Two days later, at least 80 Palestinians were killed in
Israeli airstrikes on Al-Tabaeen school.[479] On 20 August, Israel struck the Mustafa Hafiz school in Gaza
City, killing at least 12.[480][481] On 29 August, an Israeli airstrike on an Anera aid convoy en route to the
Emirati Red Crescent Hospital killed four Palestinians.[333]

Second and third battles of Khan Yunis (22 July – 30 August)

On 22 July, the IDF began a second invasion of Khan Yunis.[482][483] Israel ordered the evacuation of the
eastern part of Khan Yunis,[484] 73 people were killed during the first day of the attack.[483][485][486]
Footage from an Israeli drone surfaced showing the destruction of the Grand Mosque in Khan Yunis.[487]
On 30 August, The IDF withdrew its 98th battalion from Khan Yunis and Deir el-Balah after its month-
long operation, saying it killed over 250 Palestinian militants.[488]

Polio vaccination campaign

On 16 August, a 10-month-old contracted Gaza's first case of polio in 25 years.[489] Polio vaccinations
began on 31 August at Nasser Hospital.[490][491] On 4 September, World Health Organization Director-
General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that vaccinations would continue at "four fixed sites in
central Gaza for three more days".[492] On 6 September, the Gaza Health Ministry said that Israel was
hindering polio vaccinations by refusing to coordinate the entry of medical teams into the southern Gaza
Strip.[493] On 9 September, UN staff working with the polio vaccination campaign were detained by
Israeli soldiers in northern Gaza, who held them at gunpoint and damaged UN vehicles with
bulldozers.[494] On 16 September, Lazzarini said that first phase of polio vaccination was a success and it
reached 90% of the children.[495] On 12 October, the WHO was able to begin its vaccination campaign in
Central Gaza despite strikes on al-Aqsa Hospital.[496][497][498] Strikes on the Mufti school in Nuseirat
also delayed the distribution of polio vaccines.[499] On 17 October, the vaccination campaign in central
Gaza was completed.[500] On 23 October, vaccinations in northern Gaza were postponed due to Israeli
bombardment, mass displacement and lack of access.[501] On 2 November, the WHO began its
vaccination campaign in northern Gaza. An Israeli quadcopter fired on the Sheikh Radwan clinic, injuring
six people. The IDF denied responsibility for the attack.[502][503] On 6 November, WHO chief Tedros
Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced that polio vaccination campaign in northern Gaza was completed a
day prior. He said that up to 10,000 children could not be reached for receiving a second dose and added
that "efforts will continue to reach more children through regular health services".[504]

Ground operation in Rafah

On 1 September, Israel bombed a school sheltering displaced Palestinians, killing 11 people.[505] The IDF
claimed to have killed 200 militants and discovered dozens of weapons in Tel al-Sultan in one week in its
operation in Rafah.[506] On 10 September, Israeli missile strikes on a tent encampment in Al-Mawasi
killed 19 to 40 people.[507][508][509] On 11 September, an Israeli airstrike on a family home in eastern
Khan Yunis killed at least 13 Palestinians.[510] An IAF UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter crashed in Rafah
while trying to evacuate a critically injured combat engineer, killing two Israeli soldiers and injuring
seven others.[511]

Attacks in central Gaza

An Israeli airstrike on a UNRWA-run school-turned-shelter in Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 18
people.[512][38][513] In September, an Israeli strike on a home in Nuseirat refugee camp killed 10
Palestinians.[514][515] An Israeli air strike on Zeitoun school in Gaza City killed at least 21
Palestinians.[516][517][518] Israel returned 88 bodies to Gaza in a container truck, providing no personal or
location information where the victims had been killed. Nasser Hospital health officials refused to bury
the bodies until they were identified.[519] An Israeli strike on a school-turned-shelter in Jabalia killed at
least 15 Palestinians.[520][521] Israeli forces bombed two houses on the Nuseirat camp, killing at least 13
people.[522][523]

In October, Israeli airstrikes on Shuhada al-Aqsa mosque in Deir el-Balah and a school in central Gaza
killed at least 26 Palestinians and injured over 93.[524][525][526] Palestinian journalist Hassan Hamad was
killed in an airstrike on his home after receiving threats from an Israeli officer over WhatsApp.[527] Video
of a fire at a tent camp outside Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital showed a person burned alive in the flames, and
at least four others were killed.[499] An Israeli air strike on a residential building in the Maghazi refugee
camp killed at least 10.[528][529] Israeli tank shelling on a school which serves as shelter for displaced
people in Nuseirat killed at least 22 people and injured 80 others.[530][531] An Israeli strike on Rufaida
school which was serving as a shelter for displaced people in Deir el-Balah killed at least 28 people and
injured 54 others.[532][533][534] Oxfam condemned the killing of four engineers working with one of its
partners, Coastal Municipalities Water Union near Khuzaa by an Israeli airstrike, despite prior
coordination of their activities with Israeli authorities.[535] Israeli missile strikes on Shuhadaa al-Nuseirat
school serving as a shelter for displaced families in Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 18 Palestinians
and injured at least 52 others.[536][537][538]

In November, Israeli bombardment in Deir Al-Balah, the Nuseirat refugee camp and Al-Zawayda killed
47 Palestinians and injured dozens of people.[539] An Israeli strike on the entrance of a school serving as
shelter for displaced people in the Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 14 Palestinians.[540] An Israeli
strike on a car in Khan Yunis killed 10 people.[540] An Israeli strike on a school serving as shelter for
displaced people in the Al-Shati refugee camp killed 12 people.[541][542] An Israeli drone strike on a small
cafe in Israeli designated humanitarian zone in al-Mawasi, Khan Yunis killed 11 people and injured
dozens of people.[543][544] Israeli air strikes killed at least 20 Palestinians in Nuseirat refugee camp.[545]
An Israeli strike on a group of Palestinians waiting for aid killed 12 people and injured several
others.[546] An Israeli airstrike on Abu Assi School used for housing displaced families in Al-Shati
refugee camp killed at least 10 people and wounded at least 20 others.[547][548]

In December, an Israeli air strike targeted a home in Nuseirat refugee camp that was evacuated before the
strike, killing at least 26 Palestinians and injuring over 60 others in nearby houses.[549][550][551] An Israeli
air strike on a residential home in Bureij refugee camp killed at least 11 people.[552] Israeli strikes hit a
post office serving as shelter for displaced Palestinians and nearby homes in a residential area in Nuseirat
refugee camp killing 36 people and injuring approximately 50 others.[553][554][555] An Israeli airstrike in
the vicinity of the municipality building in Deir al-Balah killed at least 10 Palestinians and wounded
several others.[556][557][558]

Siege of Jabalia (5 October – present)

On 8 October, the IDF began to encircle Jabalia camp and said it had killed about 20 Palestinian militants
in air strikes and street battles. Casualties also included at least seven Palestinian civilians.[559][560] On 10
October, the IDF issued evacuation orders for three hospitals in northern Gaza, threatening that they
would meet "the same fate as al-Shifa hospital, with destruction, killing and arrest."[559] After an initial
14 October strike on the Alsayed family home in Jabalia, an American member of the family passed the
home's coordinates to the Israeli military through the White House to coordinate an ambulance dispatch.
However, the Alsayed family home was bombed again, killing several members of the family and the
doctor sent to aid them.[561] The IDF said that an Israeli airstrike on a Hamas base in Jabaliya killed at
least 12 Hamas and PIJ commanders.[562] The IDF said that it killed 20 Hamas militants in the Jabalia
refugee camp in the past 24 hours.[563] The IDF said that its air force killed dozens of militants in Jabalia
on 17 October.[564] On 28 October, the IDF said that it continued air and ground operations in Jabalia,
killing dozens of fighters.[565]

In October, Israeli strikes on Jabalia killed at least 152 people. Strikes included the bombardment of
Jabalia refugee camp on 6 October,[566] Al-Yemen Al-Saeed Hospital on 9 October,[567] an evacuation
center in the western part of Jabalia on 10 October,[568] a multistory building on 11 October,[569][570] a
food distribution center on 14 October,[571] the al-Faluja area on 15 October,[572] the UNRWA-run Abu
Hussein school on 17 October,[573][574][575] and houses in the vicinity of Nassar Junction on 18
October.[576][577][578]

Strikes on Jabalia in November killed at least an additional 95 people. Strikes included the bombardment
of a house on 7 November,[579] another house on Old Gaza Street on 10 November,[580][581][582][583] a
strike on another home on 13 November,[584] shelling on 14 November,[585] and a strike in Jabalia al-
Balad on 20 November.[586][587]

On 10 December, the IDF said that it killed 10 Hamas operatives who were involved in the killing of
three Israeli soldiers and injuring of 12 others in Jabalia one day prior in an air strike.[588]

Killing of Yahya Sinwar

On 16 October, IDF ground forces killed Yahya Sinwar in a shootout in Tal as-Sultan.[589] The conscript
soldiers who participated in the shootout were initially unaware that one of the militants they had killed
was Sinwar, and he was identified the following day by his dental records.[590] Sinwar's death while
participating in ground battles alongside a small group of militants ran counter to the Israeli defense
establishment's assumptions that he would be hiding underground, surrounded by hostages. There were
no hostages in Sinwar's vicinity at the time of his death,[591] and no civilian casualties were reported.[592]
Joe Biden urged Israel to end the war citing victory as a result of Sinwar's death.[593]

Generals' plan
On 13 October, senior IDF officials told Haaretz that the government was not seeking to revive hostage
talks and that political leadership was pushing for the annexation of parts of the Gaza Strip.[594] In the
later weeks of October, Israel's siege on North Gaza intensified and daily aid shipments dropped
significantly. Eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals, razing of shelters, and abductions of men
and boys by the Israeli military, leading to speculation that Israel had decided to implement a plan by a
group of retired generals to turn the northern Strip into a closed military zone and declare all who refuse
to leave as combatants.[595] On 19 October, Israel bombed al-Awda Hospital in Jabalia and Kamal Adwan
and the Indonesian hospitals in Beit Lahiya.[596] The IDF continued its encirclement of Jabalia by
sending tanks to Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun and issuing evacuation orders to residents. Israeli Colonel
Ehsan Daxa was killed on 20 October during fighting in Jabalia when his tank squadron was hit with
explosive devices.[597] Civilian sources also told Mondoweiss that on 20 October, Israel detained over
700 people at the UN-run Abu Hussein school in Jabalia camp. The army then forced the detainees to
huddle together in a ditch and made each person stand in front of a camera that scanned their faces,
revealing detailed personal information about them. Suspected members or relatives of members were
taken to an unknown location and may have been executed.[598] On 24 October, an IDF attack destroyed
at least 10 residential buildings in the al-Hawja residential area inside the Jabalia refugee camp.
According to an assessment by Gaza Civil Defense, 150 people were killed or injured.[599] Gaza's civil
defense ministry said that since the start of Israel's siege of north Gaza, at least 770 people had been
killed there in total.[600] On 25 October, Gaza Civil Defense said that an Israeli drone strike on a group of
Palestinians receiving aid near Shati refugee camp killed 12 people.[601] The WHO said it had lost contact
with Kamal Adwan hospital that night, and UN human rights chief Volker Türk called recent
developments in North Gaza the "darkest moment" in the war so far. In his statement, Türk invoked the
international obligation to prevent genocide, marking a departure from UN hesitancy to use that word
regarding the war.[602] Food aid to Gaza reached a new low in October at an average of 30 trucks per day,
or less than 6% of the daily pre-war average.[603] Residents of northern Gaza have said no aid has
reached its cities since 5 October.[604]

Israeli strikes on Beit Lahia in October killed at least 270 people. Israel struck several homes and a
multistory building on 20 October,[605][606][607] a residential area on 26 October,[608] a building housing
displaced people on 27 October,[609] a residential building on 29 October where over 100 people were
killed,[610][611][612] and another residential area the same day,[613][614] as well as a market on 30
October.[615]

An Israeli airstrike on the UN-run Asmaa school sheltering displaced families in Al-Shati refugee camp
killed at least 11 people and injured several others.[616][617][618] On 1 November, two Israeli strikes on
buildings in northern Gaza killed 84 Palestinians.[619] The UN warned that the situation had become
"apocalyptic" and that "The entire Palestinian population in North Gaza is at imminent risk of dying from
disease, famine and violence".[620] On 2 November, UNICEF said that over 50 children were killed in
Israeli strikes in Jabalia in the past two days.[621] On 5 November, Israeli Brigadier General Itzik Cohen
told reporters that "there is no intention of allowing the residents of the northern Gaza Strip to return" and
that no food aid had entered northern Gaza because there were "no more civilians left".[604] On 7
November, the IDF said that it killed an estimated 50 militants in Jabalia and Beit Lahia and killed a
number of militants in Rafah one day prior.[622] On 9 November, the IDF said that its 162nd Division
killed dozens of militants in Jabalia in the past day.[623] On 12 November, aid in Gaza fell to its lowest
level in 11 months despite a US ultimatum that it be restored.[624]
In November, Israeli strikes on Beit Lahia killed at least 248 people. Strikes hit a home on 4
November,[625] a building serving as a shelter on 6 November,[626] a multi-story building on 17
November,[627][628][629] a home near Kamal Adwan Hospital on 18 November,[630] a residential
neighborhood near Kamal Adwan on 20 November,[631][632][633] and another residential building on 29
November.[634][635] Hamas said an additional 112 people were killed in Israeli attacks on 22
November.[636]

Attacks on Gaza City in November killed at least 58 people. Targets included the Sheikh Radwan
neighborhood on 20 November,[637] al-Tabin school on 27 November,[638][639][640] a home in the Abu
Iskandar neighborhood on 29 November,[641][642] and Al-Hurreya School, which served as a shelter for
displaced people, on 26 November.[643][644][645]

On 16 November, PIJ said it destroyed an Israeli army vehicle in Beit Lahia.[627] On 23 November,
Hamas said an Israeli hostage had been killed in northern Gaza in an area where Israel was operating. On
24 November, Israel issued a new wave of evacuation orders, triggering another round of displacements
in Jabalia.[646] UNRWA said that Israel had rejected nine attempts to deliver aid to north Gaza in the
month of November and obstructed an additional 82 attempts; they added that the survival conditions
were diminishing for the 60,000 to 70,000 civilians remaining in north Gaza.[647] On 30 November, more
than 40 people were killed in an Israeli air raid on the Tel al-Zataar area of Jabalia which caused the
collapse of a six-story building and trapped several others under the rubble.[648][649][650] Al-Aqsa TV
journalist Mamdouh Qanita was killed by an Israeli quadcopter in Gaza City.[651] On 1 December, an
Israeli strike on a home in Beit Lahia killed 25 people.[652][653] Mahmoud Almadhoun, a chef who
founded the Gaza Soup Kitchen, was targeted and killed by an Israeli quadcopter near Kamal Adwan
hospital.[654] On 3 December, an Israeli strike on a residential building in Beit Lahia killed 12
people.[655] On 4 December, two consecutive Israeli strikes in Israeli designated humanitarian safe zone
of al-Mawasi killed at least 21 Palestinians, injured at least 28 others.[656][657][658] Four multi-story
buildings collapsed as a result of an Israeli strike in the Sheikh Radwan neighborhood of Gaza City,
killing at least 25 people, injuring many others.[659][660][661] On 5 December, an Israeli strike on a
residential building in Beit Lahia killed 15 people.[662] Israeli Army Radio announced that soldiers killed
approximately 20 militants during fighting in Beit Lahia in the previous day.[663] On 6 December, Israeli
shelling around the Kamal Adwan Hospital killed at least 33 people and dozens were injured.[664][665] On
9 December, an Israeli strike hit people who lined up for buying flour in Rafah, killing 10 people.[666] An
Israeli air strike on a building in northern Gaza sheltering a displaced family from Beit Lahia and Jabalia
killed 22 people.[667] On 10 December, an Israeli airstrike on a multi-floored building in Beit Hanoun
killed at least 10 people and wounded dozens of others.[668] On 11 December, an Israeli strike on a
residential building in Beit Lahia, in the vicinity of Kamal Adwan Hospital killed at least 22
people.[669][670][671] On 12 December, two Israeli strikes on an aid convoy killed 13 people and wounded
at least 30 people, including several of them seriously.[672][673][674] On 13 December Israeli tank fire
killed Dr. Sayeed Joudeh, the last orthopedic surgeon in northern Gaza.[675] On 15 December, Israeli
artillery strikes on Khalil Oweida School serving as shelter for displaced people in Beit Hanoun killed at
least 43 Palestinians and wounded several others, many of them seriously.[676][40][677] At least 15 people
were killed when an Israeli airstrike hit Khalil Awida school in Beit Hanoun. The IDF said this was part
of a raid on a "terrorist meeting point"[678] and said it had killed several gunmen in the combined ground
and air operation.[679] An Israeli strike on UNRWA-run Ahmed bin Abdul Aziz school sheltering
displaced people in Khan Yunis, killed at least 20 people and injured many others.[680][677][681] On 16
December, an Israeli strike in Shuja'iyya killed 10 people.[157][682] On 17 December, an Israeli airstrike
on a residential building in Daraj neighbourhood, east of Gaza City killed at least 10 people.[683][684] An
Israeli airstrike on a home in Beit Lahia killed at least 15 Palestinians and trapped several others under
the rubble.[685][686] On 18 December, an Israeli strike on a home in Jabalia killed 10 people.[687] On 20
December, an Israeli strike on a home in Jabalia killed at least 12 Palestinians, and wounded 15
others.[688][689] [690] On 25 December, an Israeli strike on a home in the Maen area of southern Khan
Younis killed at least 10 people and injured several others.[691]

Interference with aid deliveries in central Gaza

After several incidents of aid convoys at the occupied Kerem Shalom crossing being looted by armed
gangs, an internal UN memo concluded that gangs in Israeli occupied areas of Gaza "may be benefiting
from a passive if not active benevolence" or "protection" from the IDF. WHO teams were shot at by
Israeli forces during several attempts to clear an alternative route for aid convoys, leading to allegations
that the IDF was deliberately steering convoys into the path of the looters.[692]

On 16 November, 98 out of 109 food trucks carrying UN aid from Kerem Shalom crossing were looted in
Israeli-controlled areas of the Gaza strip.[692][693][694] An Israeli strike on a home in Bureij refugee camp
killed at least 10 Palestinians including a child and injured several others including children.[695][696][629]
On 30 November, a strike on a World Central Kitchen vehicle transporting supplies along Salah al-Din
Road near Khan Yunis killed three aid workers.[697][698][699] Israel alleged that one of the workers was
affiliated with Hamas, a claim WCK denied.[700] World Central Kitchen announced it would suspend its
operations in response to the killing of its aid workers.[701] An Israeli airstrike on a group of Palestinians
waiting for receiving food from an aid convoy in Khan Yunis killed at least 12 Palestinians and injured
several others.[702] On 1 December, the UN suspended its aid shipments to Gaza through the Kerem
Shalom crossing, blaming Israel for failing to "ensure safe conditions for delivering relief supplies."[703]

Other confrontations
Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the Houthi movement in Yemen have launched limited attacks
against Israel, raising fears of a wider regional military conflict. Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria
have also traded attacks with the US and IDF.[704] Israel has bombed targets in and around Damascus
throughout the war,[705][706][707] with an attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April leading to
a direct Iranian response.[708] Iran launched a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel.[708][709] Over 100
Palestinians have been killed in confrontations with Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank since 7
October. The IDF has condemned some acts of Israeli settler violence.[710][711]

West Bank and Israel

Amnesty International released a report[712] on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out
unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that
Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of
international law.[713][714]

Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20
years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and
over 25 Israelis killed.[715][716] At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270
attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.[717] About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers
since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli
forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while
carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.[718]
According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, since the 7
October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned
due to the violence.[719]

By 10 October, confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli

forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East
Jerusalem.[720] On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village
of Qusra, killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old child was fatally
shot by the IDF in Bani Na'im, while another person was shot
dead by the IDF near Bethlehem.[721] On 12 October, two
Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral
procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and
opened fire.[722][723][724]

On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital

explosion, with clashes reported in Ramallah.[725] In Jenin, a 12-
year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority
security forces, and another youth was injured by PA forces in
Tubas. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli
West Bank sector of war
forces in Nabi Salih, and 30 others were injured across the West West Bank Palestinian enclaves
Bank.[726] On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were (Areas A & B)
arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight Israeli raids across West Bank under Israeli control
the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's (Area C)
spokesperson in the West Bank, Hassan Yousef.[727] Israeli-annexed Jerusalem/East
Jerusalem
On 22 October, Israel struck the al-Ansar Mosque in the Jenin
refugee camp, saying that it had killed several "terror operatives"
from Hamas and Islamic Jihad who were planning attacks inside without providing evidence.[728] Within
a few days Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed
during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp.[729] On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around
Shuweika.[730]

On 20 April 14 Palestinians were killed in clashes during an Israeli raid in the West Bank. Palestinian
sources identified one of the victims as a militant,[731] while Israel said that 14 gunmen were killed.[732]

In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied
West Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993
Oslo accords."[733] On 4 July, Israeli authorities approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied
West Bank.[734]

On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata
Camp.[735][736]

On 14 August, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West Bank.[737][738]
On 28 August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the northern West Bank in more than 20
years. Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said that the operation was a "full-fledged war".[739] Israeli
forces carried out simultaneous operations in Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarem. In Jenin,
Israeli forces devastated civilian infrastructure with anti-tank munitions and armored bulldozers, set fire
to the Jenin farmers' market, and carried out mass arrests of men and boys. Civilians were trapped in their
homes and denied access to food, water and medicine. Members of the press were denied access to the
city while the operation was ongoing. Eyewitnesses also reported the use of Palestinian detainees as
human shields and the use of attack dogs against civilian families. The army blocked access to hospitals
and ambulances.[740] On 29 August, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres demanded a halt to the
operations.[741] EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the operations "must not constitute the
premises of a war extension from Gaza, including full-scale destruction."[742] On 3 September, Israeli
media reported that the IDF had classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" and now viewed it as the
second most important front in the war.[743][744] Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn"
with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to "pull out the roots".[745] On 6
September, Turkish-American protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a demonstration
near Nablus.[746]

On 3 October, an Israeli airstrike in Tulkarm Camp killed at least 20 people.[747][748]

On 13 November, Smotrich said that with Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 United States presidential
election, Israel was "a step away" from "sovereignty in Judea and Samaria." Later comments by Mike
Huckabee, chosen by Trump as the next ambassador to Israel, corroborated the possibility of an Israeli
annexation of the West Bank.[749]

Israeli settlements
Israeli settlers have taken advantage of the ongoing war to expand settlement activity supported by a far-
right Israeli government,[750][717][751] including land seizure and large scale settlement plans.[752] In
2024, Israeli land seizures exceeded the combined total of the previous 20 years.[753]

Attacks in Israel
During the war, civilians in Israel have been subjected to intermittent killings and other violence. For
example, on 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen killed three and wounded eleven Israeli civilians at a
bus stop on the Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.[754] On 16 February
2024, a Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in Kiryat Malakhi,
Israel. The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene.[755] On 12 April a 14-year-old
Israeli shepherd was killed and on 16 April two Palestinians were killed by Israeli settlers in Aqraba.[756]
On 13 May, at the Tarqumiya checkpoint, a convoy of trucks carrying food supplies to Gaza was attacked
by Israeli settlers, who damaged the trucks and threw supplies on the ground.[757]

Israeli prisons and detention camps

Israel has increased its administrative detention of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, as well as
Palestinian citizens of Israel, since the start of the war. Administrative detention was already at a 20-year
high before October 2023.[758] More than 11,000 Palestinians are held in Israeli jails, not counting
detainees taken from Gaza during the war.[759] At least 60 Palestinians have died in Israeli detention since
7 October.[760]
In December 2023, a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp
by the IDF. Whistleblowers and detainees reported beatings and torture of Palestinian detainees at the
camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing, medical neglect,
arbitrary punishment and sexual abuse. Prisoners have been coerced to make confessions that they are
members of Hamas.[761][762][763] After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024, the Supreme
Court of Israel held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to Ofer Prison.[764]
Detainees have reported severe instances of violence during transfers between prisons.[760][765]

Several Palestinian healthcare workers have been abducted from Gaza hospitals during sieges by Israeli
forces.[765] On 5 December, Israeli forces abducted the adult men present at Al-Awda hospital and took
them to Sde Teiman camp. Dr. Adnan Al-Bursh was detained and later died in Israeli custody.[766] In
March, Israeli forces abducted Khaled Alser, lead author of the first Lancet paper on trauma among
Gazan ER patients and doctors, from Nasser Hospital. As of 31 August, he remains in detention and his
whereabouts are unknown.[767]

Al-Araby TV correspondent Mohammed Arab was abducted from the Gaza strip in March 2024 and
transferred to Ofer prison in July. After reports of his treatment were leaked to al-Araby, he was beaten,
threatened and tortured. According to Arab's testimony, prison guards used dogs and fire extinguishers to
enact sexual violence on other prisoners.[759]

In July 2024, military police raided Sde Teiman to arrest ten soldiers "suspected of the serious sexual
abuse" of a Palestinian detainee. Itamar Ben-Gvir and other members of the Otzma Yehudit party
condemned the arrests.[761] Supporters of the arrested soldiers including Ben Gvir, Amihai Eliyahu, Zvi
Sukkot, and Nissim Vaturi stormed Sde Teiman that night in protest. Hours later, protestors broke into
Beit Lid where the soldiers were being held.[768]

On 7 October 2024, American journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli
journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war"
for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. The journalists' cameras and phones
were confiscated. Loffredo was released after four days in detention, and barred from leaving the country
until 20 October.[769]

Lebanon
A series of border clashes with Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began shortly after the 7
October attack. In 2024, Israel escalated its assault on Lebanon, carrying out explosive device attacks,
assassinations of Hezbollah and Hamas leaders, and expanding its bombing campaign. On 1 October,
Israel began a ground invasion of Lebanon. More than 2,500 people have been killed and 20% of
Lebanon's population has been displaced.[770]

Clashes
On 8 October, Hezbollah launched an artillery attack on Israeli positions in Shebaa Farms; this was met
with immediate retaliation.[771][772] Skirmishes have occurred every day since, spilling over to the
occupied Golan Heights.[773][118] more than a million people in Lebanon and over 96,000 more in Israel
have been displaced.[774][775][770] On 13 October, Reuters journalist Issam Abdullah was killed by Israeli
tank fire while reporting on the border skirmishes.[776] The inability of Israelis to return to settlements
and homes in the north of the country led to Antony Blinken stating that Israel had effectively "lost
sovereignty in the northern quadrant of its country".[777] On 27
July 2024, the Majdal Shams attack occurred, killing 12 children
in the Golan Heights area.[778][779] The attack, which Israel and
the US said was carried out by Hezbollah, marked an escalation in
hostilities and opened discussion about a broader war with
Lebanon. Hezbollah denied responsibility for the attack.[780]

Escalation
While the Biden administration publicly urged Israel to reach a
negotiated solution with Hezbollah, senior white house officials
including Amos Hochstein and Brett McGurk privately assured Northern Israel sector of war
Israel that the US backed its decision to escalate militarily.[781] On Israel
17 September 2024, at least 12 people were killed and thousands Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
of others including Hezbollah members and civilians were Hezbollah presence in Lebanon
wounded across Lebanon and Syria following multiple explosions Lebanese territory under Israeli
blamed on pagers used by Hezbollah to prevent their members control
being targeted by mobile phone signals. Among those reported Syria
injured was the Iranian ambassador to Lebanon, Mojtaba Areas ordered evacuated by
Amani. [782][783][784] On 18 September 2024, a second series of Israel

explosions involving Hezbollah communication devices occurred

across Lebanon.[785] On 20 September, Israel launched an airstrike in Dahieh, Beirut targeting
Hezbollah's operations commander Ibrahim Aqil. At least 45 people were killed[786] including Aqil,
senior Hezbollah commander Ahmed Mahmoud Wahabi.[787][788][789] Between 19 and 22 September,
Hezbollah launched multiple rocket attacks against Israel causing injuries and damage.[790][791]
Hezbollah also said that it targeted Israeli airbases, intelligence bases and a tank.[792] On 23 September,
Israel conducted over 1,600 strikes in its deadliest attack on Lebanon since 2006,[793] killing at least 558
people and injuring over 1,835.[794][795][796] Hezbollah launched over 300 rockets at Israel on the same
day.[797][798] On 26 September, an Israeli strike on a building in Younine killed at least 20
people.[799][800]

On 27 September, the IDF struck Hezbollah's central headquarters in Beirut, targeting Hezbollah leader
Hassan Nasrallah.[801] Al-Manar reported that four buildings collapsed in the attack. At least six people
including Nasrallah died and at least 100 were injured.[802][803] On 28 September, the IDF struck civil
defense centres and a medical clinic in Taybeh and Deir Siriane killing 11 people.[804] On 29 September,
an Israeli air strike on a home in Dahr-al-Ain killed at least 11 people.[805][806] The Lebanese National
News Agency reported that at least 17 members of a family were killed in an Israeli air strike in
Zboud.[807] An Israeli strike in Ain El Delb killed 45 people.[808][809] Another strike in Bekaa killed 12
people.[808]

Invasion
On 1 October, the IDF confirmed that it was conducting a "limited, localized" ground operation into
southern Lebanon.[810] An Israeli strike on a house in Al-Dawoudiya killed at least 10 people and injured
five others.[811] On 2 October, Israeli forces were ambushed by Hezbollah fighters in Odaisseh and forced
to retreat while attempting to dismantle militant infrastructure. Six soldiers from the Egoz Unit were
killed and several others were injured, including five seriously. Two soldiers of the Golani Brigade were
killed. The IDF said that 20 Hezbollah militants were killed during the clash.[812][813] An Israeli air strike
destroyed three houses in the Bekaa Valley killing 11 people.[814] On 3 October, an Israeli strike on the
municipality building in Bint Jbeil killed 15 people.[815] On 7 October, two Israeli airstrikes in towns
south of Beirut killed at least 12 people.[816] Israeli warplanes struck a fire station affiliated with the
Islamic Health Authority in Baraachit, killing ten people.[817][818] On 10 October, an Israeli airstrike in
central Beirut killed at least 22 people and injured 117 others. Israel said it was targeting Wafic Safa, but
Safa reportedly survived.[819][820] On 12 October, four Israeli soldiers were killed and 61 were wounded
in a drone strike on an army base near Binyamina.[821] On 14 October, an Israeli airstrike on an apartment
building in Aitou in northern Lebanon killed at least 21 people.[822][823][824] On 15 October, the UNHCR
said that over 25% of Lebanon was under evacuation orders of Israel.[825] Israeli air strikes in Qana killed
15 people.[826] On 16 October, an Israeli airstrike on the municipal building of Nabatieh killed at least 16
people, including the town's mayor Ahmad Kahil and injured 52 others.[827][828] Israeli forces also
detonated explosives throughout the town of Muhajbib, home to the tomb of the prophet Benjamin,
destroying nearly all of it. Videos surfaced of soldiers laughing and celebrating as they watched the
destruction from a distance.[829][830] On 19 October, a drone struck Benjamin Netanyahu's residence in
Caesarea. Netanyahu was not in the residence at the time and no casualties were reported.[831] Hezbollah
later claimed responsibility for the attack.[832] On 22 October, an Israeli airstrike on a house in Teffahta
killed 19 people.[833] An Israeli airstrike near the Rafik Hariri University Hospital in Beirut killed at least
18 people, and injured at least 60 others.[834][835][836] On 23 October, the IDF said that it killed three
Hezbollah sector commanders and 70 other Hezbollah militants.[837] Air attacks on Dahieh resumed in
what was called one of the worst nights of bombing in the neighborhood to date. Six buildings, including
the offices of Al Mayadeen, were destroyed in seventeen raids.[770] On 24 October, the IAF attacked over
160 targets in Lebanon.[838] On 27 October, the IDF claimed to have killed 70 Hezbollah fighters.[839] On
29 October, nine people were killed in an Israeli airstrike southeast of Sidon.[840][841] Another airstrike in
Sarafand killed 10 people.[842][843] On 30 October the IAF hit more than 100 targets in Lebanon.[844]
Israeli airstrikes in Sohmor killed 11 people.[845] Israeli strikes killed 19 people in two towns in Baalbek
District.[846][847] On 1 November, an Israeli airstrike on a home in Amhaz killed at least 12.[848][849] On 5
November, an Israeli strike on a residential building in Barja killed at least 30 people and injured several
others.[850] On 7 November, the IAF said that it struck about 20 sites in the Bekaa Valley and north of the
Litani River killing approximately 60 Hezbollah operatives one day prior.[851][852] On 10 November, an
Israeli strike on a civil defense centre affiliated to the Islamic Mission Scouts Association in Ras al-Ain,
Lebanon killed 15 people and injured two others.[853][854] An Israeli strike on a home in Almat, Jbeil
district killed 23 people and wounded six others.[855] On 11 November, an Israeli airstrike on a building
in Ain Yaaqoub killed at least 14 people, injured 15 others and trapped some people under the rubble.[856]
On 12 November, an Israeli air strike in Joun killed 15 people and wounded 12 others.[857] On 14
November, an Israeli airstrike on a civil defense center in Duris, Lebanon killed at least 15
people.[858][859][860] On 23 November, an Israeli airstrike on a building in Basta area of Beirut Central
District targeting Hezbollah official Muhammad Haydar killed at least 29 people and injured 67
others.[861][862][863] The target was reportedly not present in the building.[864] On 26 November, Israel
approved a ceasefire with Hezbollah.[865] On 27 November, the IDF estimated that it killed several
dozens of Hezbollah operatives in its strikes on a Radwan Force base in the Bekaa Valley in the night
leading up to the truce.[866] The ceasefire deal between Israel and Hezbollah went into effect at 4:00 a.m.
UTC+02:00.[867] On 2 December, Hezbollah launched two mortars towards Shebaa Farms, claiming that
it was responding defensively to repeated ceasefire violations by the IDF.[868] In response, the IDF struck
dozens of Hezbollah members and rocket launchers, including the one used in the mortar attack.[869] Six
people were killed in Haris and four others in Talloussah.[870][871]
Yemen and the Red Sea
Houthi militants in Yemen have launched strikes against Israel and
commercial ships in the Red Sea.[872][873][874] On 19 October
2023, the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down
several missiles that were traveling north over the Red Sea
towards Israel.[875] On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson
Yahya Saree said that the group had launched ballistic missiles and
drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to
help the Palestinians to victory."[12] On 19 November, the Galaxy
Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company
with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a
Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[876]

On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships,
the Unity Explorer and Number 9 in order "to prevent Israeli ships Houthi attacks on commercial ships
from navigating the Red Sea". [877][878] Any ship destined for in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait
Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree
announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the
Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is
supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this
development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to
prevent this" otherwise, the country would "act in order to remove this naval siege".[879]

On 19 July, a Houthi drone strike killed one person and wounded 10 near the US embassy in Tel
Aviv.[880] On 20 July Israeli planes struck military facilities and oil depots at the port of Hodeidah in
response, killing at least 6 people and wounding at least 83 people.[881] On 29 September, the Israeli Air
Force struck power plants and port facilities in al-Hudaydah and Ras Issa killing at least six people and
injuring 57 others.[882][883][884] The Ministry of Information claimed that the group had emptied the
facilities used to store fuel prior to the attack.[885] On 19 December, 14 Israeli warplanes dropped dozens
of munitions on five locations in Yemen in two waves of airstrikes. The first wave saw four strikes hit
Hudaydah Port, two hit the Ras Isa oil terminal,[886] and other strikes hit the Port of Salif. The second
wave targeted two power stations north and south of Sanaa.[887][888] The IDF said that the strikes hit
targets "used by Houthi forces for their military operations."[889] Houthi-affiliated media outlet Al
Masirah reported that Israeli attacks killed at least nine civilians and wounded three others.[886][890]

Iraq
Since November 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed responsibility for drone and missile
attacks against targets within Israel in retaliation for Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. The
group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds". Strikes were recorded in Eilat,[891] the
Dead Sea coastline,[892][893] the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights,[894] the Karish rig,[895] Haifa Bay,[896]
Ashdod,[897] Kiryat Shmona,[898] Tel Aviv,[899][900] and in Elifelet.[901]

In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations
which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports.[897]
Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in
Haifa port.[902][903]
On 3 October 2024, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a kamikaze drone attack on a military base in
the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, killing two IDF soldiers and injuring 24 others.[904] By late October,
the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period
in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.[905]

Syria
There have been numerous attacks claimed by or blamed on Israel since the start of the war in Gaza. In
roughly the first year of the war, Israel struck Syria more than 220 times, killing 296 people.[906] On 10
October 2023, Israel exchanged rocket and mortar fire with forces in southern Syria. On 12 October,
Israel bombed Damascus International Airport and Aleppo International Airport ahead of a visit to Syria
by Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian.[705] Since 2024, Israel has continued to launch
airstrikes at targets in Syria, including in Damascus[707] and Aleppo.[907] A January 2024 strike on
Damascus may have killed Iranian general Sadegh Omidzadeh, though the IRGC did not officially
corroborate the news of his death.[908] In April, Israel bombed the Iranian consulate in
Damascus.[909][910] On 13 July 2024, one soldier was killed and three other people were injured in Israeli
strikes in and around Damascus.[911] On 27 September 2024, Israeli forces struck the Lebanon-Syria
border, killing five Syrian soldiers.[912] On 30 September, several people including a state television
presenter were killed in an Israeli strike on Damascus.[913][914] On 4 October, two Israeli soldiers were
killed and 24 were wounded in a drone attack by the Islamic Resistance in Iraq on an Israeli base in the
Golan Heights.[915] However, the group denied responsibility for the attack.[916] On 8 October an Israeli
airstrike on Damascus killed 13 people.[906] On 14 October, two Israeli tanks crossed into Syria,
positioning themselves south of Quneitra.[917] On 20 October, a guided missile attack on a car killed two
people near the Golden Mazzeh hotel in Damascus.[918] On 31 October, SANA reported that Israeli
strikes hit a number of residential buildings in Al-Qusayr, damaging its industrial zone and killing 10
people, including civilians.[919][920] The IDF said that it struck Hezbollah command centers and weapon
depots.[921] On 14 November, an Israeli strike on a residential building in Mazzeh and another Israeli
strike on a residential building in Qudsaya killed 23 people including seven civilians. Israeli Army Radio
said that the strikes targeted assets and headquarters of PIJ.[922][923][924] PIJ confirmed the death of two
of its leaders and a group of its cadres.[925] On 20 November, Israeli strikes in Palmyra killed 92 Iran-
backed fighters, including four from Hezbollah, and injured 21 others including seven civilians.[926][927]

Iran
On 24 November 2023, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the CMA CGM Symi, owned by Eastern
Pacific Shipping, whose principal is Israeli, in the Indian Ocean, according to a US defense official. An
anonymous source said the drone was suspected to have been a Shahed-136 drone. The attack caused
damage to the ship but did not injure any of the crew.[928]

In December, the US military was reportedly looking to build a maritime task force to protect trade
against Iranian harassment.[929]

On 23 December, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the Israel-affiliated oil tanker MV Chem Pluto in the
Indian Ocean, off the coast of Gujarat. The attack did not harm any of its 20 crew members, but caused a
fire that was extinguished. The vessel was reportedly carrying Saudi oil to Mangalore, India.[930]
On 13 April 2024, the IRGC Navy boarded the Portuguese-
registered and Madeira-flagged container ship MSC Aries in the
Strait of Hormuz via helicopter, and directed it to Iranian territory
for "violating maritime law". The ship is leased by MSC from
Gortal Shipping, an affiliate of Zodiac Maritime, whose principal
is Israeli.[931][932]

On 31 July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was

assassinated in Tehran, where he had traveled to attend the Israeli Chief of General Staff Herzi
inauguration of President Masoud Pezeshkian. Iranian media said Halevi, Israeli Defense Minister
an Israeli strike took place at 02:00 and targeted a residence for Yoav Gallant, US Secretary of
war veterans in North Tehran, where Haniyeh was staying.[933] Defense Lloyd Austin and US Joint
Chiefs of Staff Chairman Charles Q.
Brown Jr. in Tel Aviv, Israel, 18
Iranian strikes on Israel December 2023
On 13 April, following an Israeli airstrike on its consulate building
in Damascus, Syria on 1 April,[934] Iran launched Operation True
Promise,[935] a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel,[708][709] attacking the country from Iranian soil for
the first time.[936]

On 1 October 2024, Iran began firing missiles at Israel in at least two waves,[937][938] with sirens being
heard across the country. Explosions were heard overhead across Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.[937] The IDF
confirmed over 100 missiles were fired by Iran.[939]

Israeli response
On 12 October, the United States authorized the deployment of THAAD missile defense systems and
American crews to man them to Israel in anticipation of an Iranian response to the planned Israeli
retaliation for Iran's 1 October strikes.[940][941] Massive cyberattacks were reported on nuclear facilities
and government agencies of Iran.[942] Leaked US intelligence documents revealed that Israel was
conducting covert drone operations over Iran in preparation for a strike. The documents also showed that
the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency was monitoring Israeli weapons movements, ground forces,
air defenses, navy, air and special forces, and nuclear weapons, but that it lacked the intelligence to
anticipate an Israeli strike. US intelligence did not find any indication that Israel was planning to use
nuclear weapons in its response.[943][944] On 23 October, Gholamreza Jalali, the head of Iran's National
Organization for Passive Defense said that Israeli cyberattacks against Iranian interests are continuing,
but they are facing a "layer-by-layer" defence strategy that have kept them at bay.[945] On 24 October,
IRGC chief Hossein Salami claimed that THAAD systems will not be enough if Israel prompts an Iranian
attack by attacking Iran.[946] On 26 October, the IDF carried out airstrikes in Iran in response to its
attacks against Israel.[947][948] An Iranian civilian and four Iranian soldiers were killed in the
strikes.[949][950]

Casualties
As of 10 December 2024, over 46,000 people – 44,786 Palestinian[953] and 1,706 Israeli[960] – have been
reported killed in the Israel–Hamas war, as well as 141–156 journalists and media workers,[963] 120
academics,[964] and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, a number that includes 179 employees of
UNRWA.[965] In Nov 2024, the UN published its analysis covering
only victims verified from at least three independent sources over 6
months span between Nov 2023 and April 2024 found that 70% of
Palestinian deaths in Gaza are women and children.[952]

The majority of casualties have been in the Gaza Strip. The Gaza
Health Ministry (GHM) total casualty count is the number of deaths
directly caused by the war. The demographic breakdown is a subset
of those individually identified.[33][966] On 17 September 2024, the
GHM published the names, gender and birth date of 34,344
individual Palestinians whose identities were confirmed. This reflects
over 80% of the casualties reported so far; of these, 60% were not UN analysis covering only
killed Palestinians verified
men of fighting age.[33] The GHM count does not include those who
have died from "preventable disease, malnutrition and other by at least three
independent sources over
consequences of the war".[967] An analysis by the Gaza Health
six months between
Projections Working Group predicted thousands of excess deaths
November 2023 and April
from disease and birth complications.[968] According to a PCPSR
2024, with the most
report, over 60% of Gazans have lost family members since 7
frequent age among the
October 2023.[969][970] Indirect deaths[971][50] are likely to be
victims being 5–9 years
multiple times higher.[51][52] Thousands of more dead bodies are
old.[951][952]
thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[160][972] The
number of injured is greater than 100,000;[162] Gaza has the most Children (44%)
amputated children per capita in the world.[973] Women (26%)
Men (30%)
The 7 October attacks on Israel killed 1,195 people, including 815
civilians.[99] A further 479 Palestinians, including 116 children,
and 9 Israelis have been killed in the occupied West Bank
(including East Jerusalem).[953] Casualties have also occurred in
other parts of Israel, as well as in southern Lebanon,[974]
Syria,[975] Yemen,[976] and Iran.[977]

According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Rehabilitation

Division, about 1,000 soldiers are wounded every month.[978] On
14 August 2024, the ministry predicted that it would have to
account for 100,000 disabled IDF veterans by 2030 due to the
war.[979] In November 2024, Hamas said it killed 20 armed young
men from local Bedouin tribes who were stealing humanitarian
aid.[980]

Humanitarian crisis
UN OCHA casualties summary, as
The Gaza Strip is experiencing a humanitarian crisis as a result of of 19 June 2024
the Israel–Hamas war, [981][982] including a hunger crisis, in which
famine-like conditions occurred in some areas of the strip and a
high risk of famine persists as of October 2024,[983][159] as well as a healthcare collapse. At the start of
the war, Israel tightened its blockade on the Gaza Strip, resulting in significant shortages of fuel, food,
medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[981][984][985]
This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability,
impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting
down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[986] In
July 2024, available water worked out to 4.74 litres per person per
day, just under a third of the recommended minimum in
emergencies.[987] Doctors warned of disease outbreaks spreading
due to overcrowded hospitals.[982] A polio epidemic was the target
Residents inspect the ruins of an
of mostly-successful vaccination campaigns.[988] apartment in Gaza destroyed by
Israeli airstrikes
Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic
damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis.
Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades, and fuel shortages
caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[989][990][991] Lack of internet
access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations,
and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.[989] The blackouts
impeded emergency services, making it harder to locate and access the time-critical injured,[989] and have
impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists.[989] By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans
(approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by
Connecting Humanity.[992]

The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month.[993] UN Secretary-
General António Guterres stated that Gaza had "become a graveyard for children."[ah][996][997] Indirect
Palestinian deaths are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of
healthcare infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee to, and reduction
in UNRWA funding, with one Lancet study stating that the death toll in Gaza, including future deaths
indirectly caused by the war, might exceed 186,000.[998][999]

Scale of destruction
The scale and pace of destruction and damage of buildings in the
Gaza Strip ranks among the severest in modern
history,[1000][1001][1002] surpassing the bombing of Dresden,
Hamburg, and London combined during World War
II,[1003][1004][1005][ai] and included apartment buildings, hospitals,
schools, religious sites, factories, shopping centres, and municipal
infrastructure.[1005] As of January 2024, researchers at Oregon
State University and the City University of New York estimated
that 50–62% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or Rimal in Gaza City following an
destroyed.[1007][1008][aj][ak] The damage to buildings in northern Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023

Gaza reportedly exceeds that in Bakhmut and Mariupol in the

Russian invasion of Ukraine,[1004] Aleppo in the Battle of Aleppo,[1000] and Mosul and Raqqa in the War
against the Islamic State.[1000] The 29,000 munitions Israel had dropped on Gaza in three months
exceeded the amount (3,678) dropped by the US between 2004 and 2010 after its invasion of Iraq.[1011]
According to satellite analyses, 68% of roads, 70% of greenhouses, and nearly 70% of tree crops have
been damaged or destroyed.[1012] After a year, the UN estimates that a total of 42m tonnes of rubble
clutter the Strip, to clear and rebuild which might take 80 years and cost over $80bn.[1013] An earlier
estimate worked out that 300 kilograms of rubble on average existed per square meter of Gaza.[1014]

The Guardian reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept
of domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a] territory
uninhabitable".[1001] In October 2024, after monitoring and analyzing Israel's war conduct in Gaza for
more than a year, Forensic Architecture published a cartographic map platform detailing Israel's
campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by an 827-page text report that
concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy
conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".[1015]

War crimes
A UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may
have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have
violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."[1016][1017][1018] On 27
October, a spokesperson for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.[1019]

The International Criminal Court (ICC) confirmed that its mandate to investigate alleged war crimes
committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine extends to the current conflict.[1020][1021] On 20 May,
ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced his intention to seek arrest warrants against Hamas leaders Yahya
Sinwar, Mohammed Deif and Ismail Haniyeh and Israeli leaders Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
and Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity during the
war.[1022][1023][1024] On 21 November, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and Deif
for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity.[1025][1026][1027]

On 7 June 2024, both Israel and Hamas were added to the list of shame, an annex attached to an annual
report submitted by the UN Secretary-General documenting rights violations against children in armed
conflict. While past reports accused Israel of grave rights violations against children, the country was
never included in the annex.[1028][1029][1030]

On 19 June 2024, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian
Territory presented a detailed report to the United Nations Human Rights Council covering the war from
7 October to 31 December 2023, affirming that both Hamas and Israel committed war crimes and that
Israel's actions also constituted crimes against humanity.[1031] In a second report, the Commission found
that Israel had carried out a policy of destroying Gaza's healthcare system.[1032][1033]

The June report found that the military wing of Hamas and six other Palestinian armed groups were
responsible for the war crimes of intentionally directing attacks against civilians, murder or willful
killing, torture, inhuman or cruel treatment, destroying or seizing the property, outrages upon personal
dignity, and taking hostages, including children.[1034][1035] In relation to IDF operations and attacks in
Gaza, the commission concluded that Israeli authorities are responsible for the war crimes of starvation as
a method of warfare, murder or willful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian
objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and
outrages upon personal dignity. It also found that Israel committed numerous crimes against humanity,
including carrying out the extermination of Palestinians and gender persecution targeting Palestinian men
and boys.[1036][1037][1038] The commission said that they had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence to the
ICC related to crimes committed by Israel and Hamas, as part of the International Criminal Court
investigation in Palestine.[1039]

In another report published in October 2024, the commission accused Israel of "committing war crimes
and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical
personnel and facilities" as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical
personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza. The report also
addressed the detention of Palestinians in Israeli military camps and facilities, finding that thousands of
child and adult detainees, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including physical and
psychological violence, rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, and conditions
amounting to torture, highlighting that deaths resulting from such abuse or neglect constituted war crimes
and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had
an "anti-Israel" bias.[1033][1040]

On 5 December 2024, Amnesty International published a report concluding that Israel was committing
genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.[188][1041]

On 19 December 2024, Human Rights Watch published a 179-page report concluding that Israel is
responsible for the crime of genocide by intentionally deprived Palestinians in Gaza of access to safe
water for drinking and sanitation needed for basic human survival.[1042]

Diplomatic impact
The war sparked a diplomatic crisis, with countries around the
world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum
of regional relations.[1043] At least nine countries withdrew their
ambassadors and cut diplomatic ties with Israel.[1044][1045] The
war has also resulted in a renewed focus on a two-state solution to
the broader conflict.[1046][1047] Global public opinion of Israel
dropped during the war; a Morning Consult poll published in
US Secretary of State Antony
January 2024 indicated that the United States was the only
Blinken and foreign ministers of the
remaining wealthy country in which Israel had net positive
Gulf Cooperation Council member
approval.[1048] states in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 19
April 2024
Negotiations have focused on the possibility of a ceasefire, with
Egypt and Qatar serving as negotiation mediators between Israel
and Hamas.[1049][1050] The United Nations Security Council passed resolution 2728 in March 2024,
demanding an immediate ceasefire and the unconditional release of hostages for the month of
Ramadan.[1051][1052]

Following talks mediated by China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian groups including Hamas and Fatah
reached an agreement to end their divisions and form a unity government for Gaza, which they
announced in the Beijing Declaration.[1053]
At the UNGA, Saudi Arabia announced a global alliance to seek a two-state solution to the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict. Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said almost 90 countries were at the
launch of The Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State
Solution.[1054][1055][1056] On 29 September, Saudi Arabia said they would send aid to the Palestinian
Authority, $60 million in six installments according to a senior PA official. The aid is seen as means of
keeping the PA solvent and keeping the push for a two state solution alive notwithstanding Israeli
financial restrictions.[1057]

Reactions

Israel
The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including
a military response leading to the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. In October, the Knesset approved a
war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu
and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.

Settler expansions and officials' remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's
law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism.[1058]

In an interview to the Wall Street Journal on 25 December, Netanyahu said that Israel's objectives were to
"destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza and deradicalize the whole of Palestinian society".[1059] There was
broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza.[1060][1061] Public opinion poll conducted
in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war
in Gaza.[1062]

Palestinian territories
Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinian people's right to self-defense
against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"[1063] and condemned the orders by Israel for
residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".[1064] Later, Abbas rejected the killing of
civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative
of the Palestinian people.[1065]

International
Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Much of the Western world provided strong
diplomatic and military support to Israel,[1066] including the United States,[1067] United Kingdom,[1068]
and Germany,[1069] however several European nations have been less supportive of Israel's actions, most
notably Spain, Norway, and Ireland who formally recognised the State of Palestine in a coordinated move
in June 2024.[1070] Spain and Ireland have also supported South Africa's genocide case against
Israel.[1071][1072] This has led to retaliatory action by Israel, who recalled its ambassadors to all three
countries and later announced that it would be closing its embassy in Dublin.[1073][1074][1075] Hugh
Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations says that during the Cold War, Israel sided with the
West against the Arab countries supported by the Soviets, and Western leaders generally see Israel "as a
fellow member of the liberal democratic club" and that this partially "explains the continued strong
Western support for Israel – which has now largely become
reflexive".[1066] At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly
condemned its conduct on 7 October as terrorism, including a joint
statement by the US, UK, France, Italy, and Germany.[1076]

In contrast, the Islamic world and much of the Global South

denounced the actions of Israel and its allies, criticizing the "moral
authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards
surrounding human rights.[1066][1077] The double standards, in their
view, is condemning an illegal occupation in Ukraine while
standing firmly behind Israel that has occupied Palestinian
lands.[1078] Bolivia has cut all ties with Israel as a result of the
conflict, while Colombia and Chile recalled their ambassadors to US Vice President Kamala Harris
the country.[322][1077] with Israeli President Isaac Herzog
at the 60th Munich Security
The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have supplied Conference in Germany, February
2024
Israel with substantial military and medical aid.[1068][1079][1080]

The Israeli government's response prompted international protests,

arrests, and harassment.[1081]

Evacuations of foreign nationals

Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.[1082] Poland
announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 Polish nationals.[1083]
Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania
evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two TAROM planes and two private
aircraft on the same day.[1084] Australia also announced repatriation flights.[1085] 300 Nigerian pilgrims in
Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.[1086]

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben
Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due
to available commercial flights. However, most commercial flights were suspended.[1087] Nepal arranged
a flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel.[1088] India launched Operation
Ajay to evacuate its citizens from Israel.[1089] Ukraine facilitated the evacuation of ~450 of its citizens
from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights planned for the near future.[1090]

Impacts

Regional impact
According to Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in Palestinian politics. They
predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held.[1091] Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate
effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO.[1092]
Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's Channel 12, said that the conflict would test
Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as prime minister, noting that past wars had toppled the governments of
several of his predecessors such as that of Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Menachem
Begin following the 1982 Lebanon War, and Ehud Olmert following the 2006 Lebanon War.[1093] Citing
the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to the incumbent government focusing
more on internal dissent, the judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian
territories,[1094] some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up
Hamas,[1095] and described him as a liability.[1096][1097]

In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes
back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered
deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."[1098] Andreas Kluth wrote in his Bloomberg News column that
Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed
between Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the US would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to
"blow the whole thing up". He added that viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse,
considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution. He suggested they would
prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid
state.[1099]

Economic impact
The Bank of Israel estimates that by 2025, the war will have cost the country US$67 billion,
notwithstanding a $14.5 billion US aid package, part of the $22.76 billion the U.S. has so far allocated for
military assistance.[1100][1101]

As early as 9 November 2023, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war
was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that
the estimate did not include damage caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.[1102] In
the final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labour shortages
in construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists.[1103] While Israel did still see economic
growth of 2%, this was down from 6.5% growth in the year before the war. Consumer spending declined
by 27%, imports declined by 42% and exports declined by 18%.

Israel's high-tech factories reported in December that recent bureaucratic obstacles with electronic
imports from China had led to higher import costs and delayed delivery times.[1104] Israeli officials also
reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a
worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors.[1105] China's actions were described as a de
facto sanction.[1106][1104]

The 3,500-member Water Transport Workers Federation of India said it would refuse to operate
shipments carrying weapons to Israel.[1107] The declaration came a few months after one Indian company
halted production of Israeli police uniforms due to the war in Gaza.[1108]

About 9,855 Thai workers in the agricultural sector, 4,331 workers in the construction sector and 2,997 in
the nursing sector left Israel following the 7 October attack. In addition, the prevention of 85,000
Palestinian workers from entering Israel created a shortage of about 100,000 foreign and Palestinian
workers.[1109]
It has been calculated that the carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the
annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.[1110]

Media coverage
In reporting on the conflict, foreign media have limited access to Gaza and only in the presence of Israeli
soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for
review before publication".[1111] The conflict has also seen large numbers of journalists wounded or
killed in action. On 14 December, CBS reported on a statement from the International Federation of
Journalists that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed
the amount killed in the Vietnam War, which lasted two decades".[1112] Reporters Without Borders filed a
complaint with the International Criminal Court under section 8.2.b of the Rome Statute, accusing Israel
of committing war crimes against 8 journalists.[1113][1111] It also lodged a complaint against Hamas,
under section 8.2.a of the Rome Statute for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack.[1113]
The Committee to Protect Journalists accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their
families, saying that in at least two cases, "journalists reported receiving threats from Israeli officials and
Israel Defense Forces officers before their family members were killed".[1114]

See also
Misinformation in the Israel-Hamas war
Outline of the Israel–Hamas war
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
List of wars involving Israel
List of wars involving the State of Palestine
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2024

Notes
a. Activity outside the Gaza Strip is unconfirmed for PRC and PFLP-GC.
b. Lions' Den are only active in the West Bank.
c. See List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war for more details
d. Acting leader of Hamas since the killing of Yahya Sinwar on 16 October 2024.
e. The assassination of Deif was claimed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). However, it was
denied by Hamas.
f. Fired by Netanyahu as defense minister on 5 November 2024.
g. The combined forces of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad add up to 37,000.[23][24]
Estimates for Hamas alone are highly variable, from 20,000 to over 40,000.[25][26]
h. Including 169,500 active personnel[27] and 360,000 reservists[28]
i. Per United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: 493 (May 2024)[32]
Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Wafa: 997 (September 2024)[34] 1,057+ (December
2024)[35]
j. Per the UN[36][37][38]
k. Per the Gaza Health Ministry[29] the number recorded killed is 45,361.[30][31]
The number of killed identified is 34,344, including:[32][33]
13,737+ men
11,355+ children
6,297+ women
2,955+ elderly
79+ paramedics and 1,000+ medical staff[i]
251+ UN staff[j]
197+ journalists.[39][40]

Per Hamas

≤ 20% Hamas fighters (late April 2024)[41]

Per Israel:

36,000+ Palestinians killed (November 2024)[42]

16,000 civilians (May 2024)[43]
20,000+ militants (November 2024)[44][45][46]

Per US intelligence:

9,000–12,000 militants (as of 6 June 2024)[47][48]

l. In addition to direct deaths, armed conflicts result in indirect deaths "attributable to the
conflict". Mortality due to indirect deaths could be due to a variety of causes, such as
infectious diseases.[49]

m. Estimated 51,000 natural deaths, natural death rate has gone up from 3.5/1000 to
22/1000 (late June 2024).[53]
At least 45 deaths confirmed due to starvation and malnutrition only and deaths were
also confirmed due to dehydration,[54][55][56][57] but the true figure is likely to be far
higher.[58][59]
n. Per International Committee of the Red Cross:

Approximately 6,400.[60]
Per Palestinian Civil Defence:

10,000 people are missing under rubble, mostly presumed dead.[61]

o. 107,803+ wounded[30][31][62]

Including 3000+ children with amputated limbs[63][64][65]

Additionally, 8,000+ children have required medical treatment for acute malnutrition.[66]
p. Per the Palestinian Health Authority
q. * Per Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education: Including 103 students (July
2024).[69]

Per Al Jazeera English: Including 170+ children.[30]

Per Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics[70]
r. Based in Israel proper (1967 borders).
s. Per Israel[73]
t. Per Israel
u. With 521 Hezbollah deaths confirmed as of 18 November 2024,[1] (https://www.timesofisrae
l.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-says-4-members-killed-in-idf-airstrike-yesterday-that-targeted
-its-media-chief/) including 67 in Syria,[2] (https://www.syriahr.com/en/321581/) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20240114134220/https://www.syriahr.com/en/321581/) 14 January
2024 at the Wayback Machine[3] (https://www.syriahr.com/en/345681/) a total of 449 were
confirmed to have died in Lebanon
v. (per Hezbollah, Hamas, PIJ and Lebanese Health Ministry)[75]

449+ Hezbollah members in Lebanon[u] (including 2 Saraya personnel)[76]

40 Palestinian militants 25 killed (8 Oct 2023–31 March 2024; on the border),[4] (https://
www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2024/4/15/mapping-israel-lebanon-cross-border-atta
cks) 7 killed (2 Jan 2024; in Beirut),[5] (https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-firing-in-sou
th-lebanon-kills-200-since-start-of-gaza-war-d7b2b73c) 7 killed (3 April–15 June 2024;
on the border),[6] (https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/spotlight-on-terrorism-hezbollah-le
banon-and-syria-april-1-8-2024/)[7] (https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1413030/us-wit
hholds-bomb-shipment-to-israel-over-rafah-concerns-day-215-of-the-gaza-war.html)[8]
(https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/spotlight-on-terrorism-hezbollah-lebanon-and-syria-
may-12-20-2024/)[9] (https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/spotlight-on-terrorism-hezbollah
-lebanon-and-syria-may-27-june-3-2024/)[10] (https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1417
425/one-killed-one-injured-in-drone-strike-on-moto-in-south-lebanon-day-253-of-the-gaz
a-war.html) and a Hamas official assassinated on 9 August,[77] total of 40 reported killed
20 Amal Movement members[78][79][80]
16 Islamic Group members[81][82][83]
3 Islamic Azz Brigades fighters[11]
43 Lebanese security forces members[84][85][86]
1 Eagles of the Whirlwind fighter[87]
984+ civilians (including 248+ children and 736+ women)[88][89][90][91]
(610 killed until 15 September 2024 and 1,952+ killed since 16 September 2024)[92][93]
w. (per Syrian Observatory for Human Rights)[96][97]
290 Iran-backed militiamen
83 Hezbollah fighters
78 Syrian soldiers
28 IRGC soldiers
10 unidentified people
68 civilians
232 Syrian refugees killed by Israeli Armed Forces[98]
x. Total is derived from taking the current number of killed in Gaza, the current number of killed
in West Bank, the current number of militants killed inside Israel, the current number of killed
in Lebanon and the current number of killed in Syria.
y. Per Israel
 z. Including:

828 on October 7[99][100][101][102][103] (including 258 foreign or dual national citizens and
14+ hostages in Gaza)[104]
34 additional hostages in Gaza thought dead[103]
45 on the Lebanese border[105][106]
3 in Alexandria, Egypt
21 in the West Bank and Israel by 12 December 2024 (per OCHA oPt),[107] not including
1 mistakenly killed by Israeli forces in Jerusalem[108] and 4 killed by militants (2 near
Ofra,[109] 1 in Tel Aviv[110] and 1 near al-Khader),[111] bringing the total to 26 conflict-
related deaths for the period
1 in Rafah, Gaza Strip[112]
8 in Tel Aviv[113][114]
3 in Allenby Bridge[115]
1 in Hadera[116]
1 in Afula by heart attack in Iranian missile attack[117]
aa. Including:[118][119]
822 Israel Defence Force soldiers
68 Israel Police officers
10 Shin Bet personnel
ab. including over 13,500 soldiers (as of 17 December 2024)
ac. Including:[122]
<131 soldiers
120+ civilians[123][124]

32 children[125]
52 foreign or dual nationals

117 released or rescued[103]

72 confirmed dead by Israel[103][126] (71 dead claimed by Hamas)[127][128][129][130]
7 hostages mistakenly killed by IDF (confirmed by IDF)[131][132][133]
27 hostages killed by Hamas (claimed by Israel)[131]
70+ mistakenly killed by Israel (claimed by Hamas)[134]
38 bodies recovered[103][126] (7 mistakenly killed by Israel)[131][103][132]
at least 34 bodies still held[103][126][135]
Between 50 (per US)[136] and 51 (per Israel) captives are still alive.[131][132][126]
ad. Including Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.[3]
ae. These casualty numbers exclude the invading Palestinian militants who died in the
subsequent fighting with Israeli armed personnel.
af. 34,344 Palestinians of which have been fully identified as of 17 September 2024.
ag. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu is reported to have backed changing the name of
the war to 'Genesis,' evoking the biblical Book of Genesis.[180][181] A group of Israeli
politicians supported the name change because of what they see as "its universality and
association with a new reality, separating between darkness and light, good and evil,
barbarism and civilization."[181] The plan has also been presented to National Unity Party
leader Benny Gantz and Israel's Public Diplomacy Directorate.[181]
ah. Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan responded directly to Guterres, stating, "Shame on
[Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and
children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against
their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate
this terrorist organization."[994][995]
ai. By December 2023, the percentage of buildings damaged or destroyed in Gaza exceeded
Dresden and Cologne during World War II and approached the level of destruction seen in
Hamburg.[1004][1006]
aj. In northern Gaza, including Gaza City, the number of buildings damaged or destroyed is as
high as 80 percent.[1009]
ak. In October 2024, The New York Times estimated 168,000 buildings in Gaza had been
damaged or destroyed.[1010]

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28 October 2024. "Israeli forces began by targeting at least five houses in Beit Lahiya,
where at least dozens of Palestinians remain under the rubble till this point. They also
targeted a UN shelter school, where at least nine Palestinians were killed, among them
three journalists and a nine-year-old child."
617. Nasser, Irene (28 October 2024). "Israeli strike kills several people sheltering at school near
Gaza City, Civil Defense says" (https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-palestine-
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618. Rowlands, Lyndal; Rasheed, Zaheena (28 October 2024). "Death toll from Israeli raid on
Shati rises to 11" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/28/live-medics-among-s
even-killed-in-israeli-attack-on-south-lebanon). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 October 2024. "As
we've been reporting, the attack targeted the Asmaa School housing displaced Palestinians
in the Shati refugee camp in northern Gaza. The Wafa news agency said 11 people were
killed in the attack."
619. "Fifty children killed in Israeli attack on northern Gaza" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/live
blog/2024/11/1/live-israeli-attacks-kill-95-in-gaza-6-medics-among-45-killed-in-lebanon). Al
Jazeera. 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024. "Two Israeli attacks on residential
buildings in northern Gaza have killed 84 Palestinians, including more than 50 children,
Gaza's Government Media Office says."
620. Nichols, Michelle (1 November 2024). "North Gaza 'apocalyptic,' everyone at 'imminent risk'
of death, warns UN" (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/north-gaza-apocalyptic-eve
ryone-imminent-risk-death-warns-un-2024-11-01/). Reuters.
621. "Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell on a deadly weekend of
attacks in North Gaza" (https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/statement-unicef-executive-di
rector-catherine-russell-deadly-weekend-attacks-north). UNICEF. 2 November 2024.
Retrieved 2 November 2024.
622. "Israeli military says fighter jets hit Lebanon, Gaza more than 110 times" (https://www.aljaze
era.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/7/live-israeli-strikes-kill-40-in-eastern-lebanon-as-besieged-
gaza-starves). Al Jazeera. 7 November 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024. "Israeli troops
laying siege to Jabalia and Beit Lahiya in northern Gaza claimed to have killed an estimated
50 "terrorists" on Wednesday, as troops in southern Gaza's Rafah city "eliminated a number
of armed terrorists"."
623. "Israeli military says it has killed 'dozens of terrorists' in Jabalia" (https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/liveblog/2024/11/8/live-israeli-air-strikes-kill-more-than-100-across-gaza-lebanon). Al
Jazeera. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024. "The Israeli military has said its
162nd Division is continuing to operate in the Jabalia area of northern Gaza, where its
forces have "eliminated dozens of terrorists" and "destroyed a weapons warehouse" over
the past day."
624. Burke, Jason (11 November 2024). "Aid to Gaza falls to lowest level in 11 months despite
US ultimatum to Israel" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/11/aid-gaza-trucks-fo
od-lowest-level-year-despite-us-ultimatum). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 (https://search.
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625. "Gaza's Beit Lahiya death toll rises to 25" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1
1/5/live-israel-bombs-syria-attacks-gazas-kamal-adwan-hospital-again). Al Jazeera. 4
November 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024. "The death toll from an Israeli air attack on
the al-Masry family home in the town of Beit Lahiya in besieged northern Gaza has risen to
25, according to the Wafa news agency. The report citing medical sources said the victims
included 13 children and that more people are still under the rubble."
626. "At least 15 people killed in Gaza's Beit Lahiya" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/20
24/11/6/live-protests-in-israel-after-gallants-sacking-attacks-continue-in-gaza). Al Jazeera. 6
November 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024. "That's according to our colleagues at Al
Jazeera Arabic. The Israeli attack targeted a building housing displaced people in the al-
Manshiyya area in Beit Lahiya."
627. "Tens killed, wounded in Israeli strike on residential building in Gaza's Beit Lahiya, medics
say" (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tens-killed-wounded-israeli-strike-residentia
l-building-gazas-beit-lahiya-medics-2024-11-17/). Reuters. 17 November 2024.
628. "Health Ministry: '30 percent of victims in Beit Lahiya massacre are children' " (https://www.al
jazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/17/live-israeli-attacks-on-gaza-lebanon-target-shelters-r
escue-workers). Al Jazeera. 17 November 2024. "Gaza Health Ministry's Director-General
Munir al-Bursh has given Al Jazeera an update on the latest developments: 30 percent of
the victims of the Beit Lahiya massacre today are children."
629. "Israel's war on many fronts" (https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/17/middleeast/israel-beirut-ga
za-airstrikes-intl). CNN. 17 November 2024.
630. "Israeli attacks kill dozens across Gaza" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/
18/live-israeli-attacks-kill-111-in-gaza-as-pope-calls-for-genocide-inquiry). Al Jazeera. 18
November 2024. "Our colleagues at Al Jazeera Arabic report that an Israeli raid on a house
near Kamal Adwan Hospital in the northern Gaza Strip has killed at least 17 people."
631. "Israeli attack kills 30, wounds 100 near Kamal Adwan Hospital" (https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/liveblog/2024/11/20/live-israeli-tanks-fire-on-gaza-hospital-treating-malnutrition). Al
Jazeera. 20 November 2024. "Al Jazeera Arabic's correspondent in the Gaza Strip reports
that 30 people have been killed and more than 100 others wounded, in an Israeli attack on a
residential neighbourhood in Beit Lahiya near the Kamal Adwan Hospital in the north of the
Gaza Strip."
632. "Most victims of Israel's attack on Beit Lahiya are women, children" (https://www.aljazeera.c
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Jazeera. 20 November 2024. "Dr Hussam Abu Safia, the director of the Kamal Adwan
Hospital in Beit Lahiya, told Al Jazeera Arabic that the bodies of dozens of people have
been brought to the hospital following Israel's attack on the northern town. Most of the
bodies are that of women and children, he said, adding that many more were people were
still buried under the rubble. But there is no way to save those trapped in the rubble, he
said."
633. "Several disabled people trapped under rubble in Gaza's Beit Lahiya" (https://www.aljazeer
a.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/20/live-israeli-tanks-fire-on-gaza-hospital-treating-malnutritio
n). Al Jazeera. 20 November 2024. "As we've been reporting, Palestinians in Beit Lahiya are
reeling from a huge Israeli bombardment that killed at least 66 people, many women and
children. Residents are frantically working to pull dozens of injured people out from the
rubble of collapsed buildings, many using their bare hands, reports Al Jazeera's Tareq Abu
Azzoum. Among those still trapped are three people with disabilities, including a blind girl,
according to Abu Azzoum. "The rescue operation might take a very long time due to the lack
of essential equipment," he said."
634. " 'Families obliterated': Death toll in Beit Lahiya rises to 75" (https://www.aljazeera.com/new
s/liveblog/2024/11/29/live-israel-kills-42-across-gaza-accused-of-truce-violations-in-lebano
n). Al Jazeera. 29 November 2024. "We earlier reported on an Israeli attack that struck a
residential building in northern Gaza's Beit Lahiya. Gaza's civil defence spokesperson
Mahmoud Bassal says there has been another attack, and the death from both now stands
at 75. In a statement, Bassal said it is difficult to know what is happening on the ground in
the besieged and battered north, where Israeli forces are pressing ahead with a brutal
ground and aerial assault. "Entire families are being obliterated in northern Gaza and we do
not know anything about them. There are many who survive attacks under the rubble and
there are no civil defence workers there to help," he said. Bassal added there are an
estimated 10,000 wounded individuals in northern Gaza who have sustained wounds over
the past 50 days when Israel's renewed assault on the area began."
635. "Hamas decries Beit Lahiya attacks that killed 75 Palestinians" (https://www.aljazeera.com/n
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on). Al Jazeera. 29 November 2024. "Hamas condemned Israel's "brutal crime" after Israeli
forces launched attacks on two residential homes in northern Gaza's Beit Lahiya, killing at
least 75 people and wounding dozens more. The group said the attacks killed mostly
women and children."
636. "Israel claims to have killed five Hamas fighters in Gaza's Beit Lahiya" (https://www.aljazeer
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aeli-leaders). Al Jazeera. 22 November 2024. "Avichay Adraee, an Israeli military
spokesman, says the army and the Shin Bet internal security service have killed five Hamas
fighters in northern Gaza's Beit Lahiya town. He claimed the air attack that killed them came
in the early hours of Thursday. Hamas said on Thursday afternoon that the Israeli attacks in
Beit Lahiya killed 112 people, including 64 children and women, in "four brutal massacres by
bombing a residential neighbourhood around Kamal Adwan Hospital and other areas"."
637. "Death toll from attack on Gaza City rises to 22, including 10 children" (https://www.aljazeer
a.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/20/live-israeli-tanks-fire-on-gaza-hospital-treating-malnutritio
n). Al Jazeera. 20 November 2024. "Our colleagues at Al Jazeera Arabic are reporting that
22 people have been killed in an Israeli bombing in the Sheikh Radwan neighbourhood of
the city in the north of the Gaza Strip. Earlier, we reported that Gaza's civil defence said its
teams were rushing to a house that had been bombed there."
638. "Alongside Cease-Fire in Lebanon, Israeli Forces Keep Striking in Gaza" (https://www.nytim
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639. "Death toll from Gaza City school attack rises to 12, more casualties near Khan Younis" (htt
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have now been confirmed killed from the Israeli military's early-morning strike on Gaza
City's al-Tabin school, according to the Wafa news agency. Women and children are among
the victims, it said, citing local medical sources."
640. "Israeli attacks on Gaza kill 33 amid Hamas truce hopes" (https://www.newarab.com/news/is
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641. "Death toll in Gaza City attack rises" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/29/li
ve-israel-kills-42-across-gaza-accused-of-truce-violations-in-lebanon). Al Jazeera. 29
November 2024. "Earlier, we reported eight people had been killed in an Israeli attack on the
Sheikh Radwan neighbourhood. Our colleagues at Al Jazeera Arabic are now reporting that
10 people have been killed in the attack on a house in the Abu Iskandar area."
642. McCready, Alastair; Quillen, Stephen; Jamal, Urooba; Siddiqui, Usaid; Najjar, Farah (29
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residential house in the Sheikh Radwan neighbourhood ... was targeted. At least 10 civilians
were killed in that strike."
643. "Israeli Strike Kills at Least 13 at School Sheltering Displaced in Gaza City, Medics Say" (htt
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644. Rowlands, Lyndal; Rasheed, Zaheena; Quillen, Stephen; Najjar, Farah (26 November
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350374). Al Jazeera. "Earlier, we reported Israeli forces had launched a deadly attack in
Gaza City, this one hitting a school sheltering displaced people in the Zeitoun
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645. Fabian, Emanuel (26 November 2024). "IDF soldier killed in Gaza fighting, another
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646. Burke, Jason; Christou, William (24 November 2024). "Hundreds flee north Gaza as IDF
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647. "Israel's Genocide Day 419: UNRWA warns conditions for survival are 'diminishing' for
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651. "Hamas says 'ready to discuss all proposals' for a ceasefire in Gaza as Israel intensifies
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657. "Children, women 'incinerated' in Israel's latest attack on al-Mawasi" (https://www.aljazeera.
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658. "IDF says strike in Gaza humanitarian zone killed several Hamas operatives, top
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660. "Entire family still trapped under wreckage in Gaza City" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liv
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661. " 'I wonder why the Arab states have abandoned us' " (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/livebl
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662. "Israeli attack on residential building in Gaza kills 15" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/livebl
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663. "18,000 Palestinians said to evacuate north Gaza's Beit Lahiya in past day" (https://www.tim
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were Hezbollah fighters and the building was used to store weapons."
816. Mccready, Alastair; Rasheed, Zaheena (7 October 2024). "If you're just joining us" (https://w
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817. "8 MARTYRS IN ENEMY STRIKE ON ISLAMIC HEALTH AUTHORITY CENTER IN
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818. Uras, Umut; Milisic, Alma; Mohamed, Edna (7 October 2024). "Death toll in Israeli attack on
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819. "Target of major Israeli strike in central Beirut reportedly senior Hezbollah official" (https://ww
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820. "Senior Hezbollah figure Wafiq Safa survived Beirut strike, sources tell Reuters" (https://ww
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Lebanon were women and children: UN" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/
15/live-israeli-army-planting-explosives-in-jabalia-amid-siege-of-north-gaza). Al Jazeera.
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majority town of Aitou."
823. Adler, Nils (14 October 2024). "Aitou death toll rises" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/livebl
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826. Siddiqui, Usaid; Pietromarchi, Virginia (16 October 2024). "Death toll from Israeli attack on
Qana rises to 15" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/16/live-ten-killed-as-isr
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The strike targeted a local municipal building, with the town's mayor among those killed."
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year-old survived and is now in hospital. She was pulled out alive, but what people here are
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915 civilians killed

828 on October 7[99][100][101][102][103] (including 258 foreign or dual national citizens

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33 additional hostages in Gaza thought dead[103]
27 on the Lebanese border[954][955]
3 in Alexandria, Egypt
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1 in Rafah, Gaza Strip[957]
1 in Tel Aviv[958]
3 in Allenby Bridge[115]
791 security forces killed[118]
715 soldiers
66 Israel Police officers
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destroyed by Israel in the first four months of the war on Gaza will generate as much as
60m tonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e), according to new analysis by researchers in the UK
and US. This is on a par with the total 2022 emissions generated by countries such as
Portugal and Sweden – and more than twice the annual emissions of Afghanistan."
111. Narea, Nicole (8 December 2023). "Israel's wartime assault on the free press" (https://www.
vox.com/23972456/journalists-killed-gaza-israel-press-freedom). Vox.com. Retrieved
25 December 2023.
112. Price, Mikayla (14 December 2023). "Chicago journalists hold vigil for colleagues killed in
Gaza and Israel" (https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/journalists-vigil-killed-gaza-israe
l/). CBS. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
113. "RSF files complaint with ICC for war crimes against journalists in Palestine and Israel" (http
s://rsf.org/en/rsf-files-complaint-icc-war-crimes-against-journalists-palestine-and-israel).
rsf.org. Reporters Without Borders. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
114. McGreal, Chris (21 December 2023). "Israeli military accused of targeting journalists and
their families in Gaza" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/21/israel-idf-accused-t
argeting-journalists-gaza). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/
0261-3077). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240201175951/https://www.theguardia
n.com/world/2023/dec/21/israel-idf-accused-targeting-journalists-gaza) from the original on
1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

External links
Israel–Hamas war (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2235848) at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
Israel–Hamas war (https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqKAgKIiJDQkFTRXdvTkwyY3ZNVE
ZzTXpaclgyNDVaaElDWlc0b0FBUAE) at Google News
Hostilities in Gaza and Israel, Humanitarian Situation Updates (https://www.ochaopt.org/upd
ates), OCHA.
Monthly Bulletin (Action by UN System and IGOs Relevant to Question of Palestine) (https://
www.un.org/unispal/data-collection/monthly-bulletin/), UNRWA
Swords of Iron (https://www.gov.il/en/departments/topics/swords-of-iron/govil-landing-page),
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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