UNIT 4

Q1 What are the different types of road intersection? Elaborate any one with
proper sketch.

Q2 Enlist the components of at grade intersection and explain importance of

at grade intersection

Q3Draw a neat sketch of a fully clover leaf intersection and mark all the
traffic movements. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of it.

Q4 Enlist the components of at grade intersection and explain importance of

at grade intersection

ANS-: TRE UNIT 2

Q5 Draw the neat sketch of rotary intersection and show all the design
elements in it. Also explain any two design elements of it.

ANS-: TRE UNIT 3

Q6 What facilities and functions are provided at passenger terminal

Passenger terminals are designed to facilitate the smooth and efficient movement of passengers
between different modes of transportation or within a transportation system. They provide
essential services and amenities that ensure comfort, convenience, and safety for travelers.
Below are the primary facilities and functions provided at passenger terminals:

Facilities at Passenger Terminals

1. Passenger Access and Circulation:

o Entrances and Exits: Clearly marked for efficient flow.
o Waiting Areas: Seating for passengers, often with climate control.
o Ticketing Counters: For ticket purchase and inquiries.
o Self-Service Kiosks: For online check-in, ticket printing, and information access.
2. Transportation Linkage:
o Loading and Unloading Zones: For private vehicles, taxis, and ride-sharing.
o Bus Bays: For local and long-distance bus services.
o Rail Platforms: For metro, suburban, or long-distance trains.
o Dedicated Drop-Off/Pick-Up Points: For smooth passenger flow.
 3. Baggage Handling:
o Luggage Trolleys: For passenger convenience.
o Baggage Check-in Counters: At airports or long-distance terminals.
o Baggage Claim Areas: Equipped with conveyors or designated zones.
4. Information Services:
o Digital Displays: Showing arrival, departure, and delay information.
o Help Desks: Staffed counters for traveler assistance.
o Signage: Multilingual signs for directions and facilities.
5. Amenities:
o Restrooms: Including accessible options for persons with disabilities.
o Food and Beverage Outlets: Restaurants, cafes, and vending machines.
o Shopping Areas: Duty-free shops, convenience stores, and kiosks.
o Lounge Areas: Premium lounges for comfort and privacy.
6. Safety and Security:
o Surveillance Systems: CCTV cameras and monitoring systems.
o Security Screening: Metal detectors, baggage scanners.
o Emergency Exits: Clearly marked for evacuation.
o Medical Facilities: First aid rooms and access to emergency medical services.
7. Connectivity and Accessibility:
o Wi-Fi Access: Free or paid internet services.
o Charging Stations: For electronic devices.
o Accessibility Features:
▪ Ramps and elevators.
▪ Tactile pathways for visually impaired passengers.
8. Transportation Connectivity:
o Intermodal Integration: Smooth connections between buses, trains, and flights.
o Parking Facilities: Short-term and long-term parking options.
o Rental Services: Cars, scooters, or bicycles.

Functions of Passenger Terminals

1. Passenger Management:
o Ensuring the efficient movement of passengers between transportation modes.
o Providing adequate space for waiting, boarding, and alighting.
2. Ticketing and Check-In:
o Facilitating reservation, purchase, and validation of tickets.
o Managing check-in processes for air and long-distance travel.
3. Baggage Handling:
o Smooth transfer of luggage through conveyor systems or manual handling.
4. Safety and Security:
o Conducting checks to prevent unauthorized access and ensuring passenger safety.
5. Customer Service:
o Addressing passenger inquiries and providing assistance for special needs.
6. Commercial Activities:
o Generating revenue through retail, dining, and other amenities.
7. Intermodal Connectivity:
o Providing seamless integration with various modes of transport, such as buses,
trains, and taxis.
 8. Environmental Comfort:
o Maintaining ventilation, lighting, and climate control for passenger comfort.

Q7 Which issues consider under road safety management and Also explain
the various activities conducted by Government of India for road safety.

Issues Considered Under Road Safety Management

Road safety management addresses the risks, challenges, and systemic issues contributing to
road accidents and their consequences. The key issues include:

1. Human Factors:

• Driver Behavior:
o Overspeeding.
o Drunk driving or driving under the influence of drugs.
o Fatigue and distractions, such as mobile phone use.
• Pedestrian Safety:
o Lack of safe crossings.
o Pedestrian non-compliance with traffic rules.
• Public Awareness:
o Inadequate education on traffic rules and safe practices.

2. Road Infrastructure:

• Deficient Road Design:

o Absence of adequate signage and markings.
o Poorly designed intersections and curves.
• Maintenance Issues:
o Potholes, uneven surfaces, and poor drainage.
• Safety Features:
o Lack of guardrails, speed breakers, and crash barriers.

3. Vehicle-Related Factors:

• Vehicle Conditions:
o Poor maintenance of brakes, tires, and lights.
o Non-compliance with vehicle safety standards.
• Overloading:
o Passenger and cargo overloading leading to vehicle instability.

4. Enforcement:

• Inadequate Law Enforcement:

o Weak monitoring of traffic rules.
o Insufficient penalties for violations.
• Corruption:
 o Bribery enabling offenders to bypass penalties.

5. Emergency Response:

• Delayed Medical Assistance:

o Lack of prompt and trained medical response.
• Deficient Trauma Care:
o Inadequate infrastructure for accident victims.

Activities Conducted by the Government of India for Road Safety

The Government of India has implemented several initiatives to enhance road safety. Key
programs and activities include:

1. Policy and Legislation:

• Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (Amendments):

o Stringent penalties for violations like drunk driving and over speeding.
o Mandatory vehicle safety standards.
• National Road Safety Policy:
o Focuses on education, enforcement, and infrastructure improvement.

2. Infrastructure Improvements:

• Black Spot Identification and Rectification:

o Identifying high-risk accident zones and improving design.
• Road Safety Audits:
o Regular audits to assess safety and recommend improvements.
• Crash Barriers and Signage:
o Installation of barriers, reflectors, and road markings.

3. Awareness Campaigns:

• National Road Safety Week:

o Annual campaign to educate the public about road safety.
• Media Campaigns:
o Use of radio, television, and social media to promote safety awareness.

4. Vehicle Safety Standards:

• Bharat New Vehicle Safety Assessment Program (BNVSAP):

o Crash testing and rating of vehicles.
• Compulsory Safety Features:
o ABS (Anti-lock Braking System), airbags, and seat belts.
5. Enforcement Initiatives:

• Speed Monitoring Systems:

o Installation of speed cameras and radar systems.
• Automated Traffic Management:
o Use of automated signals and violation detection.

6. Emergency Response:

• Integrated Emergency Response System (Dial 112):

o Unified emergency helpline for accidents and other emergencies.
• Ambulance Services:
o Deployment of 108 emergency ambulances with trained paramedics.
• Trauma Care Centers:
o Establishment of advanced trauma care units on highways.

Q8 What is logistics management and how it affects on urban transportation

What is Logistics Management?

Logistics management refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the
efficient movement and storage of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to
the point of consumption. It is a critical component of supply chain management and ensures that
resources are available at the right place, time, and cost.

Key Functions of Logistics Management

1. Transportation: Managing the movement of goods via road, rail, air, or water.
2. Warehousing: Storage of goods to ensure timely delivery.
3. Inventory Management: Monitoring stock levels to meet demand without overstocking.
4. Order Fulfillment: Ensuring accurate and timely delivery of customer orders.
5. Information Flow: Tracking shipments and sharing updates with stakeholders.
6. Demand Forecasting: Predicting customer demand to optimize resource allocation.

Impact of Logistics Management on Urban Transportation

Logistics management significantly influences urban transportation systems. Here's how:

1. Increased Freight Traffic

• Challenge: Urban areas experience higher traffic volumes due to the movement of goods by
trucks, delivery vans, and other vehicles.
 • Effect: Increased congestion, delays, and pollution.

2. Delivery Patterns

• Challenge: Just-in-Time (JIT) logistics and e-commerce lead to frequent and fragmented
deliveries.
• Effect: More vehicles on the road during peak hours, contributing to traffic bottlenecks.

3. Infrastructure Strain

• Challenge: Heavy vehicles cause wear and tear on urban roads and bridges.
• Effect: Accelerated deterioration of infrastructure, requiring frequent maintenance.

4. Land Use and Zoning

• Challenge: Warehouses, distribution centers, and loading zones compete for space in urban areas.
• Effect: Increased pressure on land resources, often conflicting with residential and commercial
needs.

5. Environmental Impact

• Challenge: High reliance on fossil-fuel-powered transportation leads to air and noise pollution.
• Effect: Deterioration of urban air quality and increased carbon footprint.

6. Road Safety

• Challenge: Large vehicles navigating through urban areas pose safety risks to pedestrians and
smaller vehicles.
• Effect: Increased accidents and reduced walkability.

Q9 What is freight terminal? write down its function

What is a Freight Terminal?

A freight terminal is a designated facility where goods are transferred between different modes
of transportation (e.g., rail to road, ship to truck) or stored temporarily during transit. These
terminals are critical nodes in the logistics and supply chain network, enabling the efficient
handling, sorting, and redistribution of freight.

Freight terminals are commonly found in ports, railway yards, airports, and along highways
and serve as hubs for the consolidation and distribution of goods.

Functions/ facilities of a Freight Terminal

Freight terminals play a vital role in facilitating the movement of goods. Below are their key
functions:
1. Freight Transfer and Intermodal Operations

• Transfer goods between different modes of transport (e.g., from ships to trucks or from trains to
trucks).
• Facilitate seamless intermodal transportation by providing the necessary equipment, such as
cranes, forklifts, and conveyors.

3. Warehousing and Storage

• Temporary storage of goods before further transportation.

• Provide secure facilities for storing bulk commodities, containerized freight, or special goods
requiring temperature control (e.g., cold storage).

4. Loading and Unloading

• Efficiently manage the loading and unloading of goods onto and off transport vehicles (ships,
trucks, trains).
• Utilize specialized equipment like gantry cranes, forklifts, and conveyor systems.

6. Sorting and Distribution

• Organize goods based on destination and mode of transport.

• Ensure proper labeling, routing, and scheduling for delivery.

7. Freight Inspection

• Conduct inspections to verify cargo integrity, weight, and adherence to regulations.

• Implement security measures to prevent theft or tampering.

8. Maintenance and Refueling

• Provide maintenance facilities for transport vehicles.

• Offer refueling and other services for trucks and other freight-carrying vehicles.

Examples of Freight Terminals

• Seaports: Handle large volumes of containerized and bulk cargo (e.g., Jawaharlal Nehru Port in
Mumbai).
• Rail Freight Terminals: Transfer goods between trains and road transport (e.g., Inland Container
Depots).