Biology 2022

Semester 1 Study Guide

Unit 1: What is Life?

Identify the eight characteristics of living things. Describe an example of each.

1) ____________________:

2) ____________________:

3) ____________________:

4) ____________________:

5) ____________________:

6) ____________________:

7) ____________________:

8) ____________________:

What is the name for the study of life? _________________________

Unit 2: Scientific Method

Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

1) Q

2) O

3) H

4) E

5) C
Define the following terms.

• Science:

• Observation:

• Data:

• Hypothesis:

• Controlled experiment:

- Independent variable:

- Dependent variable:

- Controlled variables:

- Control group:

Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.

A student wants to investigate how different types of exercise affect his heart rate.

The student first measures his resting heart rate, which is how many times his heart beats per minute when
he is not doing any exercise. He measures it five times, then calculates an average.

For the exercises, he decides he will test sit ups, jumping jacks, walking, and running. He does each
activity for 30 seconds, then measures his heart rate. He does this five times for each activity and finds an
average. Between each trial he rests and lets his heart rate go back to the resting heart rate.

A) Write a research question for this experiment.

B) Make a hypothesis for this experiment.

C) Identify the parts of the controlled experiment.

Independent variable: Controlled variable(s):

Dependent variable: Control group:

Unit 3: Graphing
What is a graph?

Why are graphs used?

Label the parts of the graph:

• X-axis
• Y-axis
• Categories
• Scale
• Labels
• Key/Legend
• Title
• Data

What are the two overall conclusions that can be made from the graph on the previous page?

Identify the four types of graphs. Describe the situation in which each is used.

• ____________________:

• ____________________:

• ____________________:

• ____________________:
Unit 4: Microscopes

Label the parts of the microscope. Describe the function of each part.

The image seen through a microscope is ____________________ and ____________________ with respect to
the actual object.

The total magnification of an image is calculated by ____________________ the magnification of each of the
lenses. For example, if the eyepiece has a magnification of 15x and the objective lens has a magnification of
10x, the total magnification of the image is __________.

How should the microscope be handled when working with a partner who wants to look through the
microscope?

What should be done before switching to an objective lens with greater magnification?

What should be done when you are finished using the microscope?
Unit 5: Cells
State the three parts of cells theory.

1) 2) 3)

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

What type(s) of cells are prokaryotic? _________________________

What type(s) of cells are eukaryotic? _________________________

Describe the function of each of the parts of an animal cell.

• Cell membrane

• Centrosome/centrioles

• Chromatin/chromosomes

• Cytoplasm

• Endocytic vesicle

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi complex

• Lysosome
• Microtubules/microfilaments

• Mitochondrion

• Nuclear membrane

• Nucleus

• Nucleolus

• Ribosome

• Vacuole

Describe the function of each of the parts that are unique to plant cells:

• Cell wall

• Chloroplast

• Large permanent vacuole

• Plasmodesmata

What cellular structures do ALL cells have in common?

What type of cell is this? ____________________
Label the parts.

What type of cell is this? ____________________

Label the parts.
Unit 6: Transport
What is the cell membrane composed of?

What does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

Label the picture with the following terms. (Some terms will be used more than once)

• Passive transport • Active transport

- High concentration - High concentration
- Low concentration - Low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion - Molecular Transport
- Simple diffusion

What are the differences between active transport and passive transport?
Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis.

Define the term osmosis.

Fill in the table below.

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
Solute concentration is Solution concentration is Solute concentration
greater ______________ the __________ inside and is greater __________
the cell. outside the cell. the cell.

Water moves _________ Water moves… Water moves

the cell. _________ the cell.
Unit 7: Inorganic Chemistry
Definite the following terms.

• Atomic number:

• Atom:

• Ion:

• Element:

• Compound:

• Chemical bond:

- Covalent bond:

- Ionic bond:

What are the four most abundant elements in the human body? _______________

Write the nuclear symbol and electron dot notation

for a neutral atom with 13 protons and 14 neutrons.

What is the ideal number of valence electrons for an atom? _____

Why do atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms?

Describe the concentration of ions and pH for acidic substances. ______________________________________

Describe the concentration of ions and pH for basic substances. ______________________________________

Describe the concentration of ions and pH for neutral substances. _____________________________________

Unit 8: Organic Chemistry
What is organic chemistry?

Draw a picture to represent each aspect of carbon’s versatility.

1) Carbon can form bonds with up to _____

other atoms at a time.

2) Carbon can form bonds with other

carbon atoms, creating long chains.

3) Carbon can form strong double and

triple bonds with other atoms.

4) Chains of carbon can close up to form rings