CHAPTER 1 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM REQUISITES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

United Nations World Tourism Organization (2005) defines sustainable tourism as Sustainability simply means being able to continue for and indefinite period of time.
“[lone that] meets the needs of present tourist and host regions while protecting Many tourism projects suffer from the “ningas cogon” syndrome wherein they tend
and enhancing opportunity for the future. to experience rapid boom and bust cycle.

To increase the chances of success of tourism sites, a few questions need to be

GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM addressed first (DOT et al. 2014)
Sustainable tourism aims to achieve the following goals: 1. is the area safe?
1. Economic prosperity 2. are the attractions unique?
2. social equity 3. Do the attractions have social and cultural value?
3. environmental conservation 4. is it accessible?
5. is there political support
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 6. Is there community supportive of the project
According to the United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7. are there sources of funds for the project
(n.d.) the principles of sustainable tourism are the following: 8. are there available utilities and infrastructure
1. enhances the well-being of communities 9. are there onsite facilities
2. supports the protection and enhancement of the natural and cultural 10. is the area open for tourism development
resources of the destination 11. is the quality of the area conducive for tourism development
3. recognizes the importance of product quality (physical products, hospitality,
and services) and tourist satisfaction as key factors for the economic success
of tourism; and CHAPTER 2: DEFINITION, DIMENSIONS, AND DETERMINATION OF TOURISM
4. adopts adequate management and monitoring measure. IMPACTS

According to the Economist (2012) quality of life is an overarching concept that TOURISM IMPACTS
covers the following: 1. Actual or Objective- backed up by hard data
1. material well-being
2. life expectancy at birth 2. Perceived or Subjective- refers to the opinions of somebody concerning the
3. family life based primarily on divorce rates; effects of tourism.
4. political freedom
5. job security 3. Quantitative Impacts- which can be measured and expressed in numerical form.
6. climate
4. Qualitative Impacts- can only e observed and described
7. personal physical security ratings
8. gender equality
5. Direct Impacts- one that is immediate and flows from tourism to the receiver of 3. France
impact.
4. USA
6. Cumulative Impact- caused by tourism development over time
5. Spain
7. Long-term Impacts- those that will be born or experienced by the affected sectors
6. UK
or stakeholders for years or even generations to come.
7. Italy
8. Irreversible Impacts- requires a long period of time to recover
FOUR MAJOR OF 14 SUB-INDICES
9. Indirect Impacts- flows form tourism to the receiver of the impacts through
intervening persons, agencies, or industries 1. Enabling Environment- Supports that facilitates the development for travel and
tourism sectors.
10. Immediate Impact- caused by single event, and could happen within a short
period of time. 2. Policy and Enabling Conditions- this category assesses the policies and conditions
that foster tourism growth.
11. Reversible Impacts- one which can be corrected immediately or over a short
period of time. 3. Infrastructure- refers to infrastructure that supports smooth and enjoyable travel
experience.
12. Point and Non-point Source
4. Natural Cultural Resources- Natural Attractions and resources that the
-Point Source- is a specific tourism related facility, project, or object.
destinations can offer.
-Non-Point- source is mobile, intangible, and has an indefinite lifespan.

LEVEL OF DEVELOPMT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

CRUZ’S A’S FRAMEWORK
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index- A tool used to measure a country’s
1. ACCESS- refers to the process of how visitors can get to the destinations.
tourism development.
2. ATMOSPHERE- refers to the general impression of being welcome and safe in a
 Countries with high scores on the TTCI are expected to attract more tourists
destination.
and gain economic benefits.
3. ATTITUDE- is about friendless and readiness of residents in a destination.
 Philippines rank remained at the 75th spot out of 117 countries
4. ADMINISTRATION- is the management of the tourism in the destination.
1. Switzerland
5. ASSISTANCE- is the level of support provided by the government to tourist and to
2. Japan
the tourism industry.
 TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY- the level of human activity an area can
accommodate without the being deteriorating.
STRENGTH OF THE ECONOMY LINKAGES

1. Leakage- happened when we import products CHAPTER 3: TOURISM IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY
2. Stakeholder Power and Capacity-which the benefits and opportunities and TOURISM ACT OF 2009 (RA 9593)
shared by the stakeholders.
“Tourism as an indispensable element of the national economy and an industry of
3. Social Representation- refers to how people construct knowledge about tourism national interest and importance which must be harnessed as an engine of
and its impacts. socioeconomic growth and cultural affirmation to generate investment, foreign
4. Social Representation- “where there is limited knowledge of tourism, a exchange and employment.”
destination community must either develop its own social representation of tourism  DIRECT IMPACT- produced when tourist spend such commodities as
or adopt an existing one.” accommodation, transportation, entertainment and attractions”

Visitor exports- refers to the money spent by international tourists on goods and
TOURISM DENSITY OR RATIO services within destination country.

1. Tourism Density- refers to the number of tourists at a given time in relation to  INDIRECT IMPACT- arise from the subsequent rounds of spending by
the area of the destination. businesses that supply goods and services to the tourism-related businesses.

2. Tourism Ratio- the volume of tourists in relation to the local population.  DYNAMIC IMPACT- refers to the longer-term macro-level effects , such as
general enhancement of skills within the economy, provision of better social
service (health, education, security), and infrastructure (roads, airports,
TOURIST MARKETS SERVED internet).

 DEMOSNTRATION EFFECTS- how the behavior of people is influenced by  INDUCED EFFECTS- the collective spending by direct and indirect employees on
observing, and imitating the actions of tourist. food and beverages, recreation, clothing housing, and household goods.

 TECHNOLOGY-

 CAPACITY- the impact will depend on the volume of tourism. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON THE ECONOMY

1. LEAKAGE- tourist look for products that they have been accustomed to
consuming or using many such products and services cannot be sourced locally.
 2. Poor Quality of Jobs- Critics of tourism argue that workers from tourism suffer  Seasonality
from low wages, unpaid overtime pay, lack of security of tenure, and seasonality.
 Quality of Human Resource
3. Price Increase- Tourist represent demand for goods and services available in a
destination.
THE ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION
4. Over-dependence- Tourism, because of its attractiveness as a business venture,
tends to encourage investment in tourism - A well-diversified economy will be better able to provide such inputs, compared to
one which is underdeveloped or totally dependent on tourism.
5. Opportunity Cost- Another dark side to tourism is that investing in tourism
development requires billions of pesos for infrastructure alone, such as airports,
roads, and terminals.
THE STRENGTH OF BACKWARD AND FORWARD LINKAGES

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM IN THE ECONOMY 1. SEASONLITY -Dictated by climate, wind patterns, school openings, vacation times,
and the occasion of certain festivals, among others
1. Jobs- Tourism generates job, with the most optimistic estimate being one job
created for every tourist received by the country. 2. QUALITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES- The host destination can gain a lot in terms of
all levels of impacts if the employees hired for tourism establishments are from the
2. Livelihood Generation- Tourism provide economic opportunities for other
local community.
industries. Farming communities can venture into agritourism, offering farm-related
experiences to tourist.

3. Hometown’s Share of Tourism Income- The tourist’s place of origin and transit CHAPTER 4: TOURISM IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
routes, which include areas such as pit stops by travelers, take sizeable chunk of
travel and tourism-related expenditure.

4. Taxes and Fees- Several sources of tourism-related revenues for the government. THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
These include passport processing fee, fees for National Statistics Office (NSO). - Natural Environment - Wildfire

- Farms - Built Environment

DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM IMAPCTS - Natural Resource - Weather/Climate
 The Economic Diversification - Natural Phenomenon
 The Strength of Backward and Forward Linkages
 CAUSES OF IMPACTS

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM - Tourist Behavior

- Construction

1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM - Quality of Infrastructure

FOREST ECOSYSTEM – A community of plants, animals, and microbes interacting - Dynamic between tourism supply and demand
with their environment, often used for leisure activities.
- Design of Facilities and Infrastructure
DESERT ECOSYSTEM – Found in regions with less than 25 inches of annual rainfall,
- Violation of tourism development guidelines bu developers and ineffective law
supporting activities like dune bashing and caravanning.
enforcement.
GRASSLANDS – Ecosystems in tropical and temperate regions dominated by grasses
and legumes, offering opportunities for camping and hunting.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM
MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEM – An ecosystem in mountainous regions with diverse
organisms, where activities like mountaineering and skiing are common. - Land Depletion

- Waste
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM - Pollution
MARINE ECOSYSTEM – Ecosystems in the ocean, characterized by high salinity and - Climate Change
diverse habitats like coral reefs, playing a key role in the global carbon cycle.
- Water Stress
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM – Ecosystems in inland water bodies, divided into lentic
(slow-moving), lotic (fast-moving), and wetlands with saturated soil. - Habitat Fragmentation

- Animal Species Extinction

IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONTMENT - Impact on Coral Reefs

- Tourism can negatively affect the environment through resource over- - Beach Encroachment and Crowding
consumption and can contribute to wildfires, environmental degradation,
and climate change.
LAND DEGRADATION – Tourism can lead to land degradation through urban sprawl,
commercial development, and activities like over hunting and quarrying.
TYPES OF WATER SCARCITY
WASTE DEPLETION – Improper disposal of solid waste can result in litter that clogs
PHYSICAL WATER SCARCITY – occurs when there is not enough water to meet all
drainage systems and causes environmental damage.
demands, Including environmental flows.

ECONOMIC WATER SCARCITY – occurs when water is adequate, but is unavailable

POLLUTION – The introduction of harmful substances or energy into the due to a lack of significant investment in water Infrastructure.
environment at a rate faster than it can be naturally processed.

HABITAT FRAGMENTATION & ANIMAL SPECIES EXTINCTION

TYPES OF POLLUTION
1. PROMOTE CONSERVATION
WATER POLLUTION – The contamination of water bodies to a level that interferes
2. FORSTER ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS
with ecosystem functions or human use.
3. SUPPORT LOCAL CONSERVATION PROJECTS
NOISE POLLUTION – Harmful or excessive noise that negatively affects humans,
wildlife, and the environment. 4. ENCOURAGE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
AIR POLLUTION – The contamination of the atmosphere by harmful chemicals or 5. BOLSTER LOCAL ECONOMIES
biological agents that affect air quality.
6. PRESERVE CULTURAL HERITAGE
LIGHT POLLUTION – Excessive or improper use of artificial light, which impacts
wildlife, human health, and the visibility of celestial objects.

VISUAL POLLUTION – The presence of unattractive or obstructive objects in natural IMPACTS ON CORAL REEFS – Tourists accidentally touch, pollute or break off parts
or man-made landscapes, such as billboards and litter. of the reef, corals experience stress. The coral organisms try to fight off the
intrusion, but this process often leads to coral bleaching.

BEACH ENCROACHMENT AND CROWDING – An impact that has been observed in

CLIMATE CHANGE – Long-term changes in weather patterns and temperatures, with Boracay was beach encroachment by resort owners, abetted by beach setbacks that
tourism contributing through activities that have a large carbon footprint. got smaller and smaller over the year.
WATER STRESS – Occurs when water demand exceeds supply or quality, often
worsened by tourism-related pollution, unregulated development, and population
growth. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM
- AWARENESS RAISING AND EXPERIENCE

- CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES

- EDUCATION

- PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION